海洋生态环境保护信息分类编码研究

从海洋生态环境保护信息分类与编码对海洋生态环境保护信息化建设的基础重要性和海洋生态环境保护信息多来源、多层次、多时态、多格式和多学科的基本特点出发,结合海洋生态环境管理业务及信息化建设的应用需求,研究了海洋生态环境保护信息的分类与编码的原则和方法,确定了我国海洋生态环境保护信息基本类型框架和五级分类体系及与其对应的类型编码方法,并提出了海洋生态环境保护信息的数据类型、数据格式、所属学科和安全级别的扩展编码方法。     

全国环境系统河流代码标准编制规则初探

以我国环境管理和工作的实际需要为目的,通过探索国内外现存的河流编码系统,提出了适应环境管理需要的以线分类法为主、面分类法为补充,线、面结合的层次编码法。并针对我国河流流域广、跨行政区多、水环境之间层级关系复杂的实际情况,综合考虑了编码与水环境的自然属性、环境要素、管理属性、行政属性之间的关系,确定了代码的组成和编制规则。     

面向全过程管理的污染源编码体系研究

污染源是中国环境保护监管的重要对象。文章从回顾中国污染源管理及污染源数据资料的现状入手,提出了污染源编码规则体系的组成框架,分析了污染源编码规则体系对环保监管业务的必要性。基于框架研究,阐述了编码规则体系中排污单位编码、产污设备编码、排污口编码、污染物处理设施编码的赋码对象、编码规则及编码应用说明。基于面向污染源产排过程的编码方案,进一步提出了构建污染源综合信息平台系统的框架,阐述了支撑平台系统的污染源数据库群组成结构,对促进环保部门间的污染源信息共享,更好地发挥环境信息化投资效益,提升污染源管理的科学化、精细化具有现实意义。     

连云港市化工园区环境管理信息查询平台设计与开发研究

针对当前连云港市化工园区环境问题频发,给连云港市各级环境管理部门带来了空前的压力,提出运用信息化手段,建立以网络技术、数据库技术为基础的环境管理信息查询平台,实现了化工园区企业环境信息动态管理和分类查询。结合卫星地图,还可以方便地查询化工园区内企业分布、企业地理位置及周边环境状况,有效地提高化工园区环境管理工作效率和科学决策水平,规范化工园区运行监管。     

玻璃幕墙类废弃物产生特性及其管理特征研究

中国正处于城镇化高速发展时期,伴随大规模的旧城改造、拆迁项目及新建工程,产生了大量的建筑废弃物。其中包含玻璃幕墙在内的一类新型建筑材料废弃物,已成为建筑废弃物资源化回收处理和环境管理面临的新课题。目前中国对于玻璃幕墙废弃物的相关研究及其环境管理对策尚属空白。论文从深圳市玻璃幕墙建筑工程发展现状及趋势出发,并分别以某在建金融大厦玻璃幕墙工程项目及某废弃玻璃幕墙结构综合商业大楼拆迁工程项目为例,分析了产生特性及流向特征。此外,结合发达国家对玻璃幕墙废弃物资源化处理与环境管理经验,提出了改进此类废弃物资源化处理的具体措施。研究结果可为玻璃幕墙废弃物的深度资源化回收处理和环境管理提供参考依据。     

中国环境统计历史与展望

自1980年国务院环保办与国家统计局联合建立环境保护统计制度,中国环境统计已经走过27个春秋.期间,环境统计从无到有,环境统计制度不断完善.在环境统计指标体系、统计方法、统计范围、统计手段、统计报告期等诸方面得到不断改进,环境统计网络基本形成,拓展了信息发布渠道,提高了信息发布频率等.环境统计数据在综合反映环境状况、服务于环境管理和科学决策方面发挥了重要作用.但是,随着经济快速增长,环境问题日益显现,信息需求越来越多,环境统计暴露出很多不足.为适应新时期环境管理与环境经济宏观调控对环境统计的要求,提高统计数据的科学性、准确性、全面性和时效性,对现行环境统计进行改革已十分迫切.本文回顾了中国环境统计的起步与进展,强调了改革的紧迫性,进而展望了环境统计改革的目标和任务.     

基于环境信息化的电子政务服务探索研究

本文基于国家大力发展信息化的背景,结合环境管理业务需求,开展电子政务服务探索研究。通过构建电子政务服务一体化平台,运用大数据、云计算、移动互联等新技术,促进信息化在生态环境大数据资源共享、公众服务水平、环境管理与决策等方面的应用。利用开放的电子政务系统突破管理部门之间的行政阻隔,实现环境业务"一网通办",同时也为今后解决环境业务协同不足、生态环境数据共享不畅等问题打下基础。未来还需在实践中进行深入研究,进一步提升环境管理服务水平。     

基于B/S结构的环境基础数据管理系统设计与实现

环境基础数据是环境信息化建设的基础,合理存储、管理数据可大大提高工作人员的工作效率.首先分析环保局各业务部门的需求,以企业为中心,收集环境管理、监测等方面的数据、报表、报告信息,后台数据库采用SQL Server 2005对数据进行存储与管理.然后基于B/S体系结构,在VB.NET环境下结合ASP.NET 2.0平台开...     

关于环境监测数据产品化的探讨

本文在分析了当前环境监测数据产品化的现状与发展趋势的基础之上,结合信息化技术对监测数据产品化发展提出了几点建议,以实现数据的管理、产品生成、发布和共享,促进监测数据最大限度满足环境管理、科研和民生的需求。     

广州市环境统计工作现状分析及建议

自开展环境统计工作以来,环境统计为环保部门搜集和整理了大量数据,为综合反映环境状况、服务环境管理和科学决策等方面起到了重要的作用。随着中国经济的快速发展,不断深化环境管理和环境决策的需要,环境问题越来越受到重视,对环境统计数据的需求越来越多,对统计数据的全面性、及时性、准确性以及综合分析等方面提出更高的要求,现行环境统计制度无法满足地方环保部门实际工作需要等问题越来越突出。文章从统计工作实际出发,从环境统计工作备受关注的几个方面、工作中存在的问题及其原因等方面探讨广州市环境统计工作现状并提出工作建议。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.