转子-轴承-干气密封系统振动响应及结构优化

目的为了提高干气密封系统在运行工况下的稳定性,对密封螺旋槽槽型参数进行优化。方法根据转子-轴承-干气密封系统轴向振动动力学模型,建立双自由度振动方程。在特定的工况下,通过Maple软件多次拟合求解气膜非线性方程,得到气膜轴向刚度和阻尼。运用MATLAB软件中的龙格-库塔法对三阶的非线性振动方程数值求解,绘制不同螺旋角度下的时间历程图和相图,分析对比不同螺旋角度下静环的振动位移。结果从螺旋角度与静环振动位移的关系得出,当α=74.53°时,静环振动位移最小,其最大振幅为7μm,最大振速为7μm/s;当α=73.78°时,静环振动位移最大,其最大振幅为16.5μm,最大振速为17μm/s。改变螺旋角度可以调节和减小静环的振幅。结论在考虑叶轮转子的气动力和轴承油膜力的干气密封系统下,螺旋角度的增加能够提高系统运行的稳定性,增加螺旋角度(0.5°~0.6°)使得动静环的追随性最佳,对干气密封结构的设计提出了指导。     

T型槽密封结构的有限元分析及试验验证

目的通过有限元分析,实现T型密封结构的优化设计。方法利用ABAQUS建立液压系统用T型槽密封结构的二维轴对称模型,分析计算密封结构中过渡圆角、槽宽、倾斜角度等对密封圈应力分布、接触应力的影响,通过设计密封圈老化寿命试验,验证分析结论。结果随着过渡圆角(R0.5～R2)的增大、倾斜角度(10°～3°)的减小,密封圈的局部应力最大值和接触应力均减小。随着槽宽(10～18mm)的增加,密封圈的局部应力最大值逐渐增加,接触应力逐渐减小。分析用密封结构的接触应力均大于密封介质压力0.7 MPa。最终通过试验证实了分析用密封结构均满足密封性能,且不合理的设计会降低密封圈寿命。结论在密封介质压力较小的情况下,建议选用较大的过渡圆角(推荐值为R2),较小的倾斜角度(推荐值为5°～6°)及槽宽(推荐值为密封圈截面直径的1.2～1.5倍)。     

基于热流固耦合的双槽阶梯槽应力变形分析

目的 获得双槽阶梯槽的干气密封性能。方法 运用热流固耦合方法,对双槽阶梯槽、单螺旋槽密封动、静环进行变形与应力分析,得到在不同工况下2种槽型密封环的变形图和应力分布图,讨论不同工况对2种槽型密封环变形量和应力的影响规律。结果 随压力的增加,单螺旋槽密封环最大变形量的增长率低于双槽阶梯槽,而双槽阶梯槽密封环最大应力值的增长率高于单螺旋槽。随转速的增加,2种槽型密封环的变形量均减小。在转速为25 000 r/min时,双槽阶梯槽动环的最大变形量比单螺旋槽低13.7%。在转速变化范围内,单螺旋槽和双槽阶梯槽的最大应力值分别下降了8%、13.9%。随着转速的增加,相对应的2槽型密封环最大应力值的差值越大。结论 双槽阶梯槽密封环最大变形量和最大应力的增长率均高于单螺旋槽,双槽阶梯槽密封环的变形量和最大应力值均小于单螺旋槽。这表明在高速工况下,双槽阶梯槽运行更稳定。     

微泄漏静密封的研制和应用

针对目前国内外密封安全环保问题的严峻性,综合国内外调研情况,研制微泄漏法兰密封组件技术,采用恒应力先进理念设计和材料处理技术,进一步提升微泄漏密封的长期密封可靠性和微泄漏密封性能,结合现场应用和资质认证,通过微泄漏密封技术的应用,提高石化装置的本质安全水平。     

核电厂换料水池底部密封结构密封元件的性能分析

目的研究某核电厂换料水池底部密封结构中密封元件的性能。方法利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,采用超弹单元建立换料水池底部密封结构密封元件的二维轴对称模型,并运用接触单元模拟密封接触界面进行计算分析。结果经计算得到换料水池底部密封结构密封元件的预紧力-变形量曲线。结论计算结果为分析换料水池底部密封结构密封试验的泄漏原因提供了理论依据,同时也为工程中密封元件预紧力的确定提供了较有价值的参考。     

炼油装置挥发性有机物泄露损失与风险评估

介绍了炼油装置挥发性有机化合物无组织排放泄漏损失评估方法,研究开发了一套石化装置密封点泄漏管理软件和泄漏风险管理系统,并对泄漏损失评估和泄漏风险分级在石化企业进行实际应用。结果表明,炼油装置泄漏损失评估与风险分级能够指导石化企业的密封设备管理,减少炼油加工损失和挥发性有机化合物排放,增加企业效益;石化装置密封点泄漏管理软件和泄漏风险管理系统在石化企业设备密封点管理方面应用前景广阔。     

液化天然气装卸泄漏扩散模拟研究

针对目前国内LNG槽车装卸采用万向旋转接卸臂+法兰盘接头进行LNG装卸作业,可能出现泄漏的位置为法兰盘接头和万向旋转接头情况,利用有限元仿真软件对LNG装卸时万向旋转接头密封完全失效进行模拟,计算得到泄漏量为1.507 t/h;并针对某接收站采用PHAST软件模拟计算法兰接头全脱、局部破裂及万向旋转接头密封意外失效工况下,LNG泄漏扩散情况,分析得到泄漏孔径、泄漏时间、天气条件对于形成可燃气云尺寸及扩散范围的影响情况,法兰接头完全脱开时泄漏形成气云的最大距离和最大面积为万向旋转接头密封失效泄漏时的12倍和1 000倍。LNG槽车装卸采用法兰盘接头,LNG泄漏可燃气云覆盖面积大,存在巨大爆炸风险,应开展LNG低温干式接头研究,避免LNG装卸接头泄漏爆炸事故发生。     

住宅小测验

你的住宅因泄漏热量而使你额外支付了多少钱?参与我们的测验,找出答案。1、哪种是减少房子空气泄漏的最好办法? A.增加隔热装置B.填缝和密封答案:B空气泄漏可以使你的致冷和供热帐单增加10%,填缝及密封可以使碳排放量每年减少389千克。     

基于DOC+CDPF后处理技术的公交车实际道路颗粒物排放特性

利用车载排放测试系统,对柴油公交车安装氧化催化转化器(DOC)+催化型颗粒捕集器(CDPF)前后的实际道路工况颗粒物排放特性进行了研究。安装DOC+CDPF前后,稳态工况下,颗粒物数量排放(PN)、质量排放(PM)分别在车速为25,30 km/h降幅最大;瞬态工况下,随着加速度的增加,PN、PM排放率降幅逐渐增大;颗粒粒径分布规律不同,安装前呈单峰或双峰分布,而安装后呈三峰分布,粒径124.1 nm左右降幅最大。     

某船用唇形密封失效因素试验及仿真模拟研究

目的 针对船用唇形密封使用过程中的唇口破坏问题,研究唇形密封失效影响因素及唇形密封应力、位移、接触压力分布特性。方法 模拟实船齿轮箱输入结构搭建试验台,进行密封失效因素分析,并利用有限元分析软件建立旋转唇形密封的二维轴对称模型,分析过盈量及橡胶本体材料参数对唇形密封应力、位移、唇尖接触压力分布的影响。结果 除密封材料及密封接触应力因素不确定外,其他所列因素几乎均未发生泄漏,因此进一步对不同材料及接触特性进行有限元分析。研究表明,3种材料中,2号材料的Von Mises应力值最大,且不管何种材料,随着过盈量增加,唇尖应力沿着参考线先增大后、逐渐减小、再增大,并呈现非对称分布,过盈量超过0.4 mm时,唇形密封的最大应力出现在骨架与橡胶本体接触圆角处。随着过盈量的增加,3种材料唇尖最大接触压力的变化趋势不同,最大Von Mises 接触应力逐渐增大,且过盈量在0.6 mm之后增速较快,唇尖接触线位置接触压力先减小、后逐渐增大,拐点在接触线位置0.25~0.3 mm处。结论 油温、油压、安装方式、偏心量、转速对于唇形密封失效的影响较小。材料属性与过盈量都会引起唇形密封Von Mises应力及唇尖接触压力发生较大变化,只是影响应力峰值大小不同,材料属性对于唇形密封本体位移的影响较小,过盈量会引起位移较大变化,且会引起最大应力位置变化,同时接触线接触应力与接触压力大小没有相关性。对于唇形密封安装来说,在过盈量为0.8 mm左右时较为合理。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.