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1.
采用批量吸附实验研究了高岭石和蒙脱石两种黏土矿物对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附,利用各种吸附模型分析了两种黏土矿物对单一Cu(Ⅱ)溶液及Cu(Ⅱ)-Cr(Ⅵ)复合溶液中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附机制,同时探讨了pH对两种黏土矿物Cu(Ⅱ)吸附的影响,旨在搞清土壤中重金属的环境化学行为并为土壤中重金属复合污染的修复提供依据.结果表明,高岭石和蒙脱石对单一及复合溶液中Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附是一个先快后慢的过程,120 min基本达到吸附平衡;二级动力学方程为描述两种黏土矿物Cu(Ⅱ)吸附的最佳动力学模型(R2>0.983),其次是内表面扩散模型和一级动力学模型.内表面扩散模型和Boyd模型拟合结果均说明发生在矿物边缘和表面的膜扩散作用是影响吸附的限速步骤.高岭石对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Freundlich方程(R2>0.971),说明高岭石表面有多种能量不一致的吸附位点,即为不均匀表面;而蒙脱石对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmuir方程(R2>0.983),说明其为单层分子吸附,即化学吸附.两种黏土矿物对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附均随pH的升高呈先升高后下降的趋势,在pH=5.0时达到最大吸附量;且以Q蒙脱石>Q高岭石,Q单一Cu>Q Cu-Cr复合.Cr(Ⅵ)存在会降低Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附,以pH=6.0时Cr(Ⅵ)对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附影响最小.  相似文献   

2.
以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料,用氯化锌活化法研究一种柱状污泥基活性炭(CSAC)的制备方法及其工艺条件优化,并选择粉末污泥基活性炭(PSAC)和一种商品煤质碳(MAC)作为对照,考察了CSAC对重金属离子Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)及有机污染物硝基苯的吸附去除效能.结果表明,CSAC的比表面积及微孔容积分别是306.9 m2·g-1和0.109 cm3·g-1,仅为MAC的36.7%和23.6%,但其对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量却远远高于MAC,说明CSAC表面存在的高含量酸性官能团在吸附去除重金属过程中起到了重要的作用.由于制备原料相同及制备工艺相似,CSAC与PSAC的理化性质基本相同,两种炭的表面酸性官能团含量较高,对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)均具有较好的吸附去除效果,优于MAC,只是CSAC的比表面积和微孔容积略低于PSAC;在对硝基苯的吸附实验中,CSAC及PSAC的吸附效率均远远低于MAC,说明在对有机物硝基苯的吸附中,活性炭的比表面积等物理性质起到了较大的作用.同时,所制备的CSAC的稳定度大于95%,易于分离回收,不会造成二次污染,适合废水中重金属离子的吸附去除.  相似文献   

3.
施氏矿物对水体中的重金属具有较强的吸附和固载能力,但随着环境条件的改变,施氏矿物可能会溶解并发生相转变,引起重金属的释放.利用化学合成的含Cr施氏矿物,探究其在不同Cu(Ⅱ)浓度与pH条件下含Cr施氏矿物的溶解和相转变.研究结果表明,在pH~3时,含Cr施氏矿物对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量较少,Cu(Ⅱ)对矿物溶解的影响不明显;在该pH条件下,含Cr施氏矿物会发生相转变生成部分针铁矿,但是随着溶液中初始Cu(Ⅱ)浓度的升高,矿物的相转变得到抑制.当pH升高至pH~5时,含铬施氏矿物对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量显著增加,Cu(Ⅱ)主要以Cu(OH)+与Cu2_(OH)_2~(2+)的形态吸附在含Cr施氏矿物表面,而高浓度Cu(Ⅱ)存在时也会生成部分Cu(OH)_2固体直接沉淀在矿物表面,覆盖矿物的反应位点从而阻碍SO_4~(2-)和CrO_4~(2-)的释放,而且随着Cu(Ⅱ)浓度的升高,这种抑制作用显著增强.在不同pH条件下,Cu(Ⅱ)的存在能够有效促进含Cr施氏矿物的稳定性,促进矿物对重金属Cr的固载能力,这些结果对酸性矿山废水环境中施氏矿物的稳定性和重金属污染控制具有重要意义.  相似文献   

4.
陆建  李耀悦  周彦波 《环境科学学报》2019,39(10):3395-3401
高盐印染废水是一种难处理的工业废水,其盐度高、色度高,含有染料、重金属等多种污染物.本文针对高盐印染废水中污染物的特点,设计了一种制备过程简单、成本经济的柠檬酸/丙烯酰胺改性秸秆材料(WA-CA-AM),并通过SEM、FI-IR和DTG等表征手段分别观测材料形貌、测定表面官能团和热稳定性.同时在不同盐度下,考察了单元/多元污染物体系中WS-CA-AM对4种污染物亚甲基蓝(MB)、甲基橙(MO)、铜离子(Cu~(2+))和铬离子(Cr~(6+))的吸附效果.结果表明:在单元污染物体系中,WS-CA-AM对污染物的吸附量随盐度的升高而降低;在多元污染物体系中同时存在竞争吸附和协同吸附;通过二元体系得出4种污染物的吸附受盐度影响大小顺序为MOCu~(2+)Cr~(6+)MB.在高盐度下,四元混合体系中MB和Cu~(2+)的吸附量均比染料/重金属二元混合体系的要大,Cr~(6+)的吸附量虽受到一些抑制但依然可观,表明改性秸秆材料在高盐印染废水的处理中具有巨大的应用潜力.  相似文献   

5.
应用地质积累指数法和HaKanson生态风险指数法对月牙河9个监测点表层水体沉积物中重金属污染程度进行了连续多年的监测与实验研究。结果表明:水体沉积物中重金属的污染排列顺序是Cu>Ni>Zn>Pb,当水体沉积物大于60cm深度时其重金属污染物风险处于警戒线以下(即安全范围),检测出一个点位水体沉积物中重金属含量出现峰值现象,其中Cu污染程度为重度污染,以两种背景值为参比得出的重金属污染程度顺序相近.Cu对月牙河水体生态环境具有潜在影响的主要重金属元素。  相似文献   

6.
随着越来越多的污染物进入环境,水体抗生素和重金属复合污染问题已引起学者们的关注.在归纳和总结抗生素和重金属相互作用机理的基础上,综述了抗生素和重金属复合污染废水主要处理技术的研究进展,并总结了其作用机理及优缺点.结果表明:抗生素和重金属的相互作用主要受到抗生素官能团的种类、重金属离子的类型和溶液pH的影响;吸附法是当前应用最多的方法,而光催化法和人工湿地法具有广阔的应用前景,将絮凝剂或零价铁基改性能够增强抗生素和重金属复合污染废水的处理效果,各种方法相结合对处理水体抗生素和重金属复合污染有较大潜力.建议今后研究应着重关注以下几个方面:①各种处理技术在实际环境水体中的应用;②复合污染的环境影响及相关法规标准的制订与完善;③新污染物抗性基因的生成机理及其影响因素.   相似文献   

7.
以纳米Fe3O4负载浮游球衣菌(Sphaerotilus natans)制备复合生物吸附剂,对此吸附剂进行表征并考察了其吸附水中重金属离子的性能.红外光谱分析表明,此复合生物吸附剂表面的主要活性基团为酰胺基(-CONH-)和羟基(-OH).吸附性能研究表明,菌含量和流量是影响复合生物吸附剂吸附重金属离子的主要因素,在Cu2 初始浓度c0<20 mg/L,菌含量1.5 g/L(菌/Fe3O4=3:2),流量0.96 L/h时吸附剂对Cu2 的吸附效果最好;用稀盐酸对复合生物吸附剂进行再生,吸附剂可重复使用10次以上,再生液可重复使用3次;吸附选择性为:Pb2 >Cu2 >Zn2 >Cd2 .  相似文献   

8.
用十六烷基三甲基季铵盐(HDTMA)和乙硫醇铵盐(AET)双阳离子同时复合改性内蒙钙基膨润土(NMB),制得新型吸附材料HDTMA-AET-NMB.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、热分析(TG-DTA)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及N2-BET等测定发现,复合改性膨润土的表面性质和层间结构已发生显著改变.对重金属离子Cd2+和对硝基苯酚(PNP)的吸附研究表明,HDTMA-AET-NMB能协同吸附混合水溶液中的目标污染物,对水中重金属离子的吸附机理是膨润土层间的AET与被吸附的Cd2+形成了稳定的配合物;对水中对硝基苯酚的吸附源于其在长碳链疏水介质中的分配.复合改性膨润土可望应用于重金属-有机物混合废水的处理.  相似文献   

9.
太湖流域沉积物营养盐和重金属污染特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以太湖流域不同分区水体表层沉积物为研究对象,通过对流域表层沉积物103个点位的氮、磷(TN、TP)和8种重金属(Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr)的分析,对氮、磷和重金属空间分布特征和生态风险进行评价.结果表明,表层沉积物TN含量呈现:Ⅱ11区(湖西丘陵区)Ⅱ21区(无锡虞农田区)Ⅱ12区(浙西山区)Ⅱ23区(沪苏嘉农田区)Ⅱ22区(太湖湿地区),其值介于550~3453mg/kg之间.TP含量分布为Ⅱ23区Ⅱ21区Ⅱ22区Ⅱ11区Ⅱ12区,其值介于320~2481mg/kg之间.太湖流域水体表层沉积物重金属的含量分布特征为Ⅱ23区、Ⅱ21区较高,Ⅱ12区、Ⅱ11区、Ⅱ22区较低.综合污染指数评价(FF)对营养盐评价结果表明,太湖流域水体表层沉积物氮磷污染情况严重,整个太湖流域水体表层沉积物营养盐污染等级呈现:Ⅱ12区整体Ⅱ21区Ⅱ11区Ⅱ23区Ⅱ22区的分布.重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)表明,太湖流域水体表层沉积物重金属污染呈现Ⅱ21区最高,其次是Ⅱ23区、Ⅱ12区、Ⅱ22区,最低为Ⅱ11区.进一步运用地积累指数法(Igeo)表明,太湖流域表层沉积物重金属As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr污染状况较轻,而潜在生态危害指数法(Er)表明Hg、Cd的风险等级高,是造成太湖流域水体表层沉积物生态风险的主要因素.  相似文献   

10.
为研究复杂三元体系中HA(Humic acid,腐殖酸)对氧化锌吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响,探究HA对重金属Cu(Ⅱ)在环境中迁移转化的作用机理,通过改变HA的添加顺序及添加量,系统研究了HA在不同环境条件下对氧化锌吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响作用.结果表明,添加HA能显著降低氧化锌对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量,在p H为5.05时添加50mg/L的HA,Cu(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量降低了61.74%;离子强度增大会促进氧化锌对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附,在NaNO_3浓度为1.0mol/L时最大吸附量为21.79mg/g;p H值为5.05时吸附量达到最大值,升温有利于氧化锌对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附,氧化锌对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Freundlich模型.HA不同添加顺序对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量的影响表现为对照后添加HA同时添加HA先添加HA.红外光谱特征表明,HA和Cu(Ⅱ)在氧化锌表面吸附位点形成竞争吸附,并且氧化锌表面的羟基在吸附HA和Cu(Ⅱ)的过程中产生重要作用.  相似文献   

11.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

13.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

14.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

15.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

16.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

17.
A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several (halo)aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no (chloro)catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.  相似文献   

18.
Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3  
The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury (Hg) on urease activity in 4 soils (meadow burozem and phaeozem) was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase (up to 13%-21%) in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship (P〈0.05) between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose (ED50) values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.  相似文献   

19.
A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field > tree land > fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT >1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.  相似文献   

20.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

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