排水综合评价中的生物毒性测试技术

随着工业化和城市化的发展,工业废水和城市污水成为环境水体的主要污染源. 发达国家在实施基于BAT(the best applicable technology,最佳可行技术)的排放政策后,针对成分复杂的有毒排放废水,以排水生物毒性测试为基础,分别建立了WET(whole effluent toxicity,排水综合毒性)评价技术体系,将生态毒理学测试和毒性指标应用于排放废水的管理. 各国和区域组织选用的排放废水生物毒性测试方法存在较大差异: 美国、加拿大和澳大利亚国土面积大、气候类型复杂、生物物种差异大,开发了许多本土生物的毒性测试方法;德国、OSPAR(欧洲大陆国家组织《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》15国)和COHIBA(波罗的海有害物质控制项目8国)则重视开发标准受试生物的测试方法,并且开发了遗传毒性和内分泌干扰性等新型测试方法,便于不同国家采用统一测试方法和排放限值;英国和新西兰是岛国,河流较短,更加关注海岸带生态系统. 我国从20世纪80年代开始开展排水生物毒性测试技术研究,相关测试标准门类和数量不足,应充分借鉴发达国家的经验,分步、分区建立排水综合毒性测试标准体系.      

Phosphorus recovery from municipal and fertilizer wastewater: China's potential and perspective

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource, which can neither be synthesized nor substituted in its essential functions as nutrient. Currently explored and economically feasible global reserves may be depleted within generations. China is the largest phosphate fertilizer producing and consuming country in the world. China''s municipal wastewater contains up to 293,163 Mg year of phosphorus, which equals approximately 5.5% of the chemical fertilizer phosphorus consumed in China. Phosphorus in wastewater can be seen not only as a source of pollution to be reduced, but also as a limited resource to be recovered. Based upon existing phosphorus-recovery technologies and the current wastewater infrastructure in China, three options for phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge, sludge ash and the fertilizer industry were analyzed according to the specific conditions in China.     

Review on environmental policies in China:Evolvement,features,and evaluation

This article reviews the development of current environmental policies in China and the great progress made during 1979–2006. Applying lessons learned from industrialized countries to its own situation, China’s environmental policies have the following main features: (1) to explore command and control measures to their fullest extent, (2) to strive to raise funding for environmental protection, (3) to identify who should take accountability for environmental protection; (4) to encourage strategies of “combination of prevention and control” and “integrated utilization”, (5) to embrace openness in the field of environmental policy and early international cooperation. During the past 30 years, China’s environmental policies have evolved and deepened: status expanded the national basic policies of environmental protection by adding a sustainable development strategy, focus changed from pollution control to a combination of pollution control and ecological protection, method changed from end control to source control, scope changed form point source control to watershed and territory pollution control, and management style changed from primarily using executive power to using legal and economic measures. This article introduces how they are evaluated by the international community and provides the prospects of the policies.     

Development and application of some renovated technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in China

China has been experiencing fast economic development in recent decades at the cost of serious environmental deterioration. Wastewater discharge, especially municipal wastewater discharge, and non-point pollution sources are becoming the major water pollution source and research focus. Great efforts have been made on water pollution control and a number of renovated technologies and processes for municipal wastewater treatment and reclamation as well as non-point pollution control have been developed and applied in China. This paper discusses the development and application of the appropriate technologies, including natural treatment systems, anaerobic biological treatment, biofilm reactors and wastewater reclamation technologies, for water pollution control in the country.     

枯水期贵阳市饮用水源农药污染特征及健康风险

为确定贵阳市饮用水源地中农药污染特征及潜在风险,以贵阳市"两湖一库"(红枫湖、百花湖和阿哈水库)为研究对象,在枯水期设置15个取样断面,采用气相色谱/质普联用技术(GC/MS),同时检测9种有机农药残留物含量。结果表明,水体中均存在六六六类持久有机氯污染物,百花湖、阿哈水库检出率高于红枫湖,但红枫湖检出的农药种类较百花湖和阿哈水库多。利用US EPA健康风险评价模型对检出农药进行评价,结果显示贵阳市城市饮用水源地中农药污染对人体健康的风险处于较低水平,在4.96×10-11~1.22×10-5/a范围内,为可接受风险。     

二龙湖水环境问题及对策研究

作为四平市区生活饮用水源地,二龙湖正遭受水量减少、水质恶化、水库淤积、底泥污染等问题,不仅对饮用水安全构成严重威胁,还加剧了区域水资源短缺。二龙湖水环境问题的解决应以水源保护区划为切入点,水资源保障与污染防治相结合,同时充分发挥市场调节作用,建立源头区生态补偿机制。     

饮用水源地非点源风险遥感提取及定量评估

基于高空间分辨率卫星数据,以面向对象分类方法结合人工解译方法获得我国25个典型湖库型饮用水源地保护区的非点源风险空间分布,并基于水源地非点源风险指数(NPPRI)对非点源风险进行定量评价. 结果表明,我国典型水源地一级保护区与二级保护区内居民点、开采用地、农田类用地等非点源风险普遍存在,部分水源地还存在水产养殖、旅游用地、畜禽养殖等风险源. 在监测的25个水源地中,水源地非点源风险隐患为高、较高、偏高、中度、低的比例分别为12%、4%、44%、20%、20%,风险隐患中度及以下的为40%,偏高及以上的为60%,说明水源地中非点源风险隐患总体明显. 另一方面,25个水源地中,非点源风险指数最大为42.0,最小为0.8,表明全国水源地非点源风险现状差异较大,需引起重视. 水源地非点源风险的大小与保护区面积没有正相关关系,各水源地非点源风险程度在全国的空间分布没有明显的空间分布格局,而主要和水源地与城市距离、当地相关部门对水源地重视程度、配套的管理措施及历史状况等因素相关.      

饮用水水源有机污染研究综述

由于工业的发展,特别是近年来化学工业的迅速发展,使原本就十分短缺的饮用水资源受到了严重的污染。本文综述了国内外饮用水水源有机污染的现状,分析了有机污染物的种类、特点及对人体健康的危害,同时也介绍了目前几种国内外水质检测中的常用分析方法。     

兰州市西固区儿童饮用水重金属暴露及健康风险精细化评估

饮用水是人体暴露重金属的重要途径之一,准确评估人体经饮用水暴露重金属的健康风险对其采取有针对性地健康风险防范措施具有重要意义.为探索并准确识别兰州市西固区人群经饮用水途径对重金属暴露的健康风险,本研究于2015年7～9月(非采暖期)和2015年12月～2016年1月(采暖期)开展现场入户调查,采集当地0～5岁和6～17岁儿童的饮水和用水样品,并开展人群饮用水行为模式问卷调查.通过饮水和用水中Cd、Cr、Pb和As的浓度分析,结合儿童饮用水暴露行为模式特征,采用美国环保署推荐的暴露和健康风险评价模型开展儿童饮水和用水重金属暴露的健康风险研究.结果表明,两种水体中Cd、Cr、Pb和As的浓度均未超过国家生活饮用水卫生标准限值,用水重金属的浓度受季节性影响较大,而饮水较小.饮水和用水中4种重金属的非致癌和致癌风险水平范围分别为2. 82E-08～2. 43E-02和7. 55E-09～3. 62E-05,均处于可接受风险水平;但饮水中重金属的致癌和非致癌健康风险均高于用水.同一时期0～5岁儿童用水重金属暴露的致癌和非致癌风险均低于6～17岁;而0～5岁儿童饮水中重金属暴露的致癌风险低于6～17岁,非致癌风险却高于6～17岁.研究表明该地区饮水/用水重金属暴露不会对人体健康产生明显危害,精细化的暴露评估方法可减少健康风险评估的不确定性.     

荆州市乡镇集中式饮用水水源现状及应对措施

农村饮用水安全事关人民群众生活质量和健康,是和谐社会建设的重要组成部分。本文通过调查基本摸清了荆州市乡镇集中供水水源的质量情况,调查结果显示,本市乡镇集中式饮用水水源质量达标率仅为42%,其中地下水作为饮用水的水质基本不达标。饮用水安全形势严峻的原因是在经济发展过程中忽视水资源保护,未能有效地遏制水污染、防止水质恶化,从而形成了比较严重的水质性缺水。本文针对水源现状,在调查研究的基础上探讨了具体的应对措施。     

我国冰川水资源状况及开发利用途径

我国是冰川水资源拥有大国之一。本文对我国冰川水资源特性、冰水化学特征及开发利用进行了综合分析论述。指出冰川水资源是以固体水库效应为基础的水资源体系,有必要重新认识冰川的水资源价值,并进一步开展冰川应用基础研究,为合理开发利用和保护冰川水资源提供依据。     

Contributing institutional factors of rural environmental pollution in the process of modernization in China —In the perspective of the efficiency of environmental management system

With the development of rural pollution, its characteristic and institutional factor should be studied for pollution control through economics and sociology. Based on the data gathered from investigations by several government sectors, rural environmental pollution can be divided into two types by its sources: internal source type and external source type. The internal source type is the main component of rural pollution at present, which can be further divided into three types. Research shows that the contributing institutional factors of rural pollution issues and the effectiveness of environmental management system over rural pollution can be summarized as distinctiveness. In essence, the rural pollution issue results from the dualism of rural and urban areas’ inadaptability to rural modernization. In detail, the contributing factors can be summed up on three institutional levels. There are obvious loopholes in rural environmental management system which, in the meantime, is incapable and inadaptable to rural pollution control. There exist similar questions in the related public service system, which are intensified by inappropriate reform which brought about incompatible incentive in the recent years. However, in the eleventh five-year plan period, there are advantageous trends in the three institutional levels. Main data sources in this paper: ➀ the surveys on TVEs (township and village enterprises) conducted by Township Enterprise Bureau of Ministry of Agriculture of China in 1997 and 2002; ➁ the partial survey on rural environmental conditions by EPA (environmental protection administration) of Zhejiang Province in 2002; ➂ the survey on the pollution of IPLFs (livestock and poultry farms) in 23 provinces, municipalities, and directly administered cities by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China in 2002; ➃ the research report on Mechanism of Investment and Financing for Environmental Protection by China Council for International Environment and Development Cooperation in 2003; ➄ the third investigation on national hygiene service in 2003; ➅ the regular monitoring of safe quality of agricultural products by the Ministry of Agriculture of China in 2005; ➆ the investigation arranged by the Ministry of Health which finished in 2007 and showed the total situation of rural environmental health and drinking water security of the whole country.     

新兴污染物水环境保护标准及其实用型去除技术

近年来,在国内外的城市污水、地表水、饮用水中,频繁检出一些新兴污染物,严重威胁着生态安全和饮用水水质安全.传统的有机污染物综合指标,如化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)等不能反映该类污染物的污染状况,也不能完全代表水质状况,因此建立控制新兴污染物的水环境保护标准十分必要.另外,从众多研究的去除技术中识别出高效、经济、可行的实用型去除技术对实际污水处理厂去除新兴污染物的意义重大.本文主要分析与介绍国内外有关新兴污染物的水环境保护标准现状,并基于发达国家的实际案例,总结了针对新兴污染物的一些实用型去除技术,以期对相关水环境保护标准的制定起到推动作用,并为后续污水处理厂的升级改造提供技术支持.     

滦河流域上游地区主要河流水污染特征及评价

在水资源管理与污染控制的研究过程中,进行水质特征分析与评价具有重要意义.本研究选取滦河流域上游地区29个监测站点,在2010年对河流溶解氧、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数等14项指标进行监测,并分别采用了单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、分级评价法、内梅罗污染指数法、模糊综合评价法及水质标识指数法6种方法对该地区主要河流水污染特征进行分析及评价.结果表明,水质标识指数法比较适于滦河流域上游地区河流的评价.单因子水质标识指数显示,该地区的主要污染物为总氮、氨氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,基本呈现富营养化状态;29个站点中小东区水质最差,达到劣Ⅴ类水质,且出现黑臭现象;波罗诺、窑沟门、下板城和平泉4个站点水质最好,均达到Ⅰ类标准;在河流总体评价中,柳河污染最为严重.根据评价结果将所有监测站点分为达标和未达标两类,并应用主成分分析和多元线性回归进行分析,结果表明达标站点和未达标站点的污染物的最大贡献者分别是生活污水和工业废水.研究结果对指导滦河流域水污染防治及水资源管理具有重要意义.     

Approaches to municipal wastewater irrigation and environmental protection

To reuse the water and nutrient resources from ecological point of view the goals, criteria and constraint conditions of the scientifically municipal wastewater irrigation are discussed as well as the practice in major municipal wastewater irrigation areas in China is introduced, of which particularly the effects of municipal water irrigation mixing with oil refinery wastewater on the agricultural ecosystem are studied and described. It has been revealed that benzo(a)pyrene in various parts of paddy crop is attributed to air pollution, water-soil pollution and biosynthesis of plant. Of exogenous contributions of benzo(a)pyrene in paddy shoot system under natural condition, the dominant factor is the air pollution, whereas the water-soil factor is considered to be secondary. Therefore, it is mostly urgent to control the air pollution source of benzo(a)pyrene, to which the edible parts of various green plants are exposed directly.     

滨岸缓冲带在水源地农业面源污染防治上的应用

饮用水水源地污染已成为全球共同遭遇的重大环境问题之一,为保证人们的饮用水安全,有必要对进入水源地内的农业面源污染进行防治。滨岸缓冲带能够有效的防治农业面源污染已经得到广泛的认可,并在水源地保护上有一定的应用前景。文章综述了缓冲带的定义、结构、功能以及农业面源污染防治方面的应用等基础上,提出了我国滨岸缓冲带在饮用水源地保护中的应用前景。     

我国城市缺水问题及其缓解途径

我国目前有近３００个城市缺水,缺水问题己成为城市经济建设发展的重要制约因素之一。城市经济建设的持续发展影响着全国经济建设顺利发展的进程,所以,解决好城市缺水问题则成为关系到全局的重大课题。今后应进一步提高水的利用效益,在全面节流的基础上多途径开源。不断提高工业用水的重复利用率,并控制水污染,加速实现城市污水资源化。应制定鼓励节约用水的技术经济政策,支持节水型设备改造,调整产业结构和工业布局。缺水城市要限制需水多的行业发展。     

C市饮用水源风险评价实例分析

保护饮用水源、保障饮用安全是目前我国环境保护工作的重要任务.借鉴了美国科罗拉多州地表饮用水源风险评价的方法和思路,并根据C市饮用水源的特点,从污染物迁移可能性、污染危害、泄漏可能性以及污染物的量4个方面对C市136个饮用水源遭受污染的风险进行了定量和定性评价.结果表明:有5个饮用水源属于高风险级别,需要对其实施优先管理.这5个高风险的饮用水源具有共同的环境污染特点,即饮用水源保护区内土地利用率高、农业面源范围广,并且点源数量多、污染大. 风险评价结果与饮用水源保护区内的污染源特点表现出良好的一致性,同时也表明加强饮用水源保护区内的污染源防治工作是保障饮用水源免受污染的重要举措.      

广州市供水水源面临的问题和对策

通过分析广州市现有的水资源情况和饮用水的供水情况、地表水源和地下水水源概况等资料,针对广州市饮用水源面临的严峻形势,提出广州市应建设以地下水作为应急饮用水源,构建复合水源体系的规划。     

污灌--城市污水资源化的有效途径

以徐州市为例，论述了在干旱缺水而经济又欠发达地区，可在做好污染源治理及完善城市基础设施的基础上，合理地将城市污水用于发展农、林业，即有效地利用了水资源，又将产生相应的经济效益；不仅有效地保护了地表水环境，而且为污水处理后的去向寻找了新的出路，可谓一举多得。