印度芥菜对土壤中难溶态Cd的吸收及活化

 通过根际袋法土培试验,研究了印度芥菜对石灰性土壤中难溶态Cd的吸收、活化和体内累积规律.结果表明,印度芥菜能活化、吸收石灰性土壤中的难溶态Cd,随着土壤中加入CdCO₃量的增加,印度芥菜地上部和根系中Cd含量显著增加.印度芥菜吸收的Cd 71%～82%累积在地上部;在土壤中加入难溶态Cd 5～40mg/kg条件下,印度芥菜对土壤的净化率为0.83%～1.25%.     

铁肥形态及施用方式对印度芥菜镉积累的影响

利用实际镉污染土壤(含镉0.08~1.89 mg/kg)进行盆栽试验,研究FeSO4、Fe(2SO4)3、EDTA.Na2Fe 3种铁肥和底施、追施2种施肥方式对印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)镉积累的影响。结果表明:施用Fe(2SO4)3的印度芥菜生物量与对照非常接近,而施用FeSO4和EDTA.Na2Fe的印度芥菜生物量均明显高于对照;底施EDTA.Na2Fe时,印度芥菜地上部Cd含量最低,比对照低76%~85%;追施Fe(2SO4)3时,印度芥菜地上部Cd含量、吸Cd量、对土壤中Cd的净化率均最高,分别比对照提高48%~236%、52%~63%、110%~260%。研究认为底施EDTA.Na2Fe等络合态亚铁肥,可用于改善食用印度芥菜的品质;追施Fe(2SO4)3时,可用于强化印度芥菜对镉污染土壤的修复。为铁基复合肥生产及其在镉污染土壤修复和无公害农产品生产中的应用提供了依据。     

叶用油菜和孔雀草间作对植物生长和镉累积的影响

为揭示镉（Cd）低积累作物与超富集植物间作对Cd污染土壤安全利用和提取修复的作用,通过盆栽试验,将两种Cd累积能力不同的叶用油菜（Brassica chinenesis L.,低积累油菜华骏和普通油菜寒绿）与4种孔雀草（Tagetes patula L.,矮杆红花、矮杆黄花、高杆红花和高杆黄花）间作,研究间作措施对两类植物生长、光合作用参数、Cd累积以及土壤有效态Cd和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量的影响.结果表明,与单作相比,间作后油菜生物量显著降低,孔雀草生物量显著升高.间作处理中油菜叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较单作均显著降低.华骏与矮杆红花间作时,华骏地上部Cd含量较单作显著降低14.5%,矮秆红花地上部Cd含量显著增加36.5%;其余间作处理下油菜地上部Cd含量均显著升高或无显著变化,而孔雀草地上部Cd含量无显著变化.间作处理下,油菜地上部Cd累积量较单作处理显著降低,孔雀草地上部Cd累积量显著升高.间作处理下土壤Cd提取率与孔雀草单作处理无显著差异.油菜地上部Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd以及DOC含量分别呈极显著和显著的正相关关系.总之,Cd低积累油菜华骏与孔雀草矮杆红花间作组合表现最佳,在Cd污染菜地土壤的修复和安全利用中有较好的应用价值.     

油菜作为超累积植物修复镉污染土壤的潜力

 以超累积植物印度芥菜为参比植物,通过温室盆栽土培试验研究了筛选出的两种芥菜型油菜的吸Cd特征和作为超累积植物修复Cd污染土壤的潜力.试验结果表明,土壤中Cd浓度在0～20mg/kg范围内,油菜溪口花籽的地上部生物量、地上部吸Cd量和对土壤的净化率均明显高于朱苍花籽油菜和参比超累积植物印度芥菜.体内Cd浓度也和印度芥菜相当,其吸收的Cd 88%以上分布在地上部且有较强的耐Cd毒能力.油菜溪口花籽具备超累积植物的特征且有较强的修复Cd污染土壤的能力.     

氮肥和钾肥强化龙葵修复镉污染土壤

采用室外盆栽实验,研究了施用氮肥[(NH4)2SO4]和钾肥(KCl)对镉超积累植物龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)的生长和吸收累积Cd 的影响.结果表明,(NH4)2SO4 虽不能显著提高龙葵地上部Cd 含量,但可显著提高龙葵地上部干重,因而显著提高了龙葵地上部Cd 的积累量,最大可提高2.8 倍;KCl 在高浓度处理时可以显著提高龙葵地上部Cd 含量,然而它对地上部干重有抑制作用,最终没能提高龙葵地上部Cd 的积累量.施用(NH4)2SO4 可显著降低土壤pH 值,但对土壤有效态Cd 含量无显著影响;施用KCl 可使土壤pH 值显著提高,同时使土壤有效态Cd含量显著增加. (NH4)2SO4 的强化龙葵修复效果较好.     

Lelliottia sp.Kz9与纳米零价铁强化印度芥菜修复土壤镉污染

利用植物富集土壤中重金属，是进行重金属污染土壤生态修复的一种重要手段。重金属抑制植物的生长发育，导致植株矮小、生物量较低，是植物生态修复的难点。通过盆栽试验，探究根际促生菌(Lelliottia sp.Kz9)和100 nm纳米零价铁(nZVI₁₀₀)单一或联合施用对不同浓度镉污染土壤中印度芥菜的生长及富集重金属的影响。结果表明：nZVI₁₀₀在低浓度(5 mg/kg)镉胁迫下可显著促进印度芥菜的生物量、根系发育，以及地上部分镉和铁的吸收(p<0.05),nZVI₁₀₀在高浓度(20 mg/kg)镉胁迫下可显著提高印度芥菜的生物量、根系发育和地上部分铁的吸收(p<0.05);联合施用Kz9和nZVI₁₀₀对不同浓度镉污染土壤印度芥菜叶片中叶绿素含量和铁吸收均有显著促进作用(p<0.01);不同浓度镉污染土壤中印度芥菜受Kz9和nZVI₁₀₀的正向影响依次为nZVI₁₀₀处理组>Kz9与nZVI₁₀₀联合处理组&...     

镉锌铅复合污染土壤的超富集植物修复能力研究

在分析某金属矿区周边及试验基地土壤基本特征的基础上,采用正交试验法对超富集植物龙葵及印度芥菜进行镉、锌、铅复合污染的盆栽试验,同时对龙葵及印度芥菜的根、茎、叶样品中镉、锌、铅含量进行测定和方差分析。主要研究结果如下:1)龙葵和印度芥菜对重金属Cd、Zn具有很强的吸纳与耐受能力,且其吸收量随土壤中重金属浓度的增加而增加,但是对Pb的吸纳能力并不强。2)在3种重金属同时存在的情况下,龙葵和印度芥菜地下部对重金属Pb的吸收富集能力分别为地上部的2~4倍和2~12倍;龙葵和印度芥菜地下部对重金属Cd的吸收富集能力略小于地上部;而龙葵和印度芥菜地下部对Zn的吸收富集能力则小于地上部。3)在镉、锌、铅复合污染条件下,龙葵和印度芥菜对3种重金属吸收富集能力的大小依次为Zn>Cd>Pb。龙葵对重金属Cd和Pb的转运系数大于印度芥菜,而印度芥菜对Zn的转运系数大于龙葵。     

钝化剂与肥料对油菜和孔雀草间作体系的影响

通过盆栽实验,采用镉（Cd）低积累油菜单作和低积累油菜-超富集植物孔雀草间作两种种植模式,设置施用巯基坡缕石和硫酸钾以及叶面喷施硫酸锰的调控处理,研究不同处理对单作和间作模式下植物生长与Cd累积以及土壤Cd形态的影响.结果表明：施用巯基坡缕石可显著降低油菜和孔雀草地上部Cd含量、油菜Cd累积量、Cd提取率以及土壤有效态Cd含量.施用0.4g/kg的硫酸钾显著增加孔雀草Cd累积量,降低间作油菜地上部Cd含量,使间作油菜根际土壤可交换态Cd比例减少,残渣态Cd比例增加.喷施0.6g/L的硫酸锰使单作油菜地上部Cd含量、Cd累积量以及Cd提取率显著降低.从降低油菜地上部Cd含量保障安全生产,同时不影响Cd植物提取修复角度综合考虑,在间作模式下,施用0.4g/kg的硫酸钾处理调控效果最佳.     

一株铅镉抗性菌株WS34的生物学特性及其对植物修复铅镉污染土壤的强化作用

从土壤样品中筛选出一株对碳酸铅、碳酸镉活化能力最强的铅镉抗性细菌WS34,并研究其生物学特性.经生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,菌株WS34被鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia sp.WS34).菌株WS34对多种重金属和抗生素具有抗性,具有溶磷、分泌吲哚乙酸、产生铁载体和ACC脱氨酶的能力,并对温度、pH、盐浓度具有一定耐受性.利用盆栽试验研究了菌株WS34、EDTA及EDTA和WS34复合3种处理下对印度芥菜和油菜生长及富集铅镉能力的影响.结果表明,菌株WS34能促进供试植物生长,使印度芥菜和油菜的干重分别比对照增加21.4%～76.3%和18.0%～236%,铅镉积累量比对照增加9.0%～46.4%和13.9%～329%,且油菜中的增加量大于印度芥菜.EDTA能使印度芥菜和油菜的铅镉积累量比对照分别增加25.1%～475%和10.1%～84.5%.0.5mmol·kg-1EDTA 菌株WS34的复合处理下,植物的重金属吸收量与EDTA处理相当甚至高于EDTA处理.     

不同栽培条件下印度芥菜对重金属的吸收比较

分别以石英砂(砂培)和潮褐土(土培)为栽培基质,以印度芥菜为供试植物,以巨大芽胞杆菌和胶质芽胞杆菌为强化微生物,开展盆栽模拟试验,探讨印度芥菜在不同栽培基质条件下对土壤中重金属的吸收规律以及微生物对印度芥菜吸收重金属能力的增效.结果表明:砂培条件下印度芥菜对重金属的吸收量远大于土培基质,其中Cd表现最为明显;砂培条件下印度芥菜地上部w(Cd)为土培基质中的10.99倍,w(Pb)为6.19倍,w(Zn)为1.72倍;地下部w(Cd)为土培基质中的33.95倍,w(Pb)为28.04倍,w(Zn)为10.61倍.印度芥菜地下部对重金属的吸收富集能力远高于地上部,约为地上部的1~3倍.经微生物强化处理后,印度芥菜对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn的富集系数分别增加了0.09、0.09和0.12,说明微生物可强化植物对重金属的吸收.印度芥菜对重金属吸收潜力较大,但土壤中重金属的生物有效性限制了植物吸收的效率,因此采用微生物强化植物修复土壤重金属污染意义很大.     

Characteristics of Cd uptake and accumulation in two Cd accumulator oilseed rape species

Two pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate the characteristics of Cd uptake and accumulation by two Cd accumulator oilseed rape varieties and one Indian mustard grown on a loamy soil that had been artificially contaminated by different amounts of CdSO4 (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 mg/kg soil). The relationship between shoot Cd uptake of the two oilseed rape cultivars and the soil Cd concentrations could be simulated via quadratic equations. The curve showed that maximum shoot Cd uptake of Indian mustard was 314.7μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 87.8 mg/kg, while maximum uptake of the variety Xikou Huazi was 543.3 μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 69.1 mg/kg and that of the variety Zhongyou Za-lhao was 576.7 μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 84.0 mg/kg, suggesting that shoot Cd uptake ability of the two Cd accumulator oilseed rapes was significantly higher than that of the Indian mustard. Xikou Huazi had higher phytoremediation potential for Cd contaminated soil. Shoot Cd accumulation ability of the two Cd accumulator oilseed rapes was correspond and Cdwas easier translocated to the shoot than hyperaccumulator Indian mustard as comparation plant. Shoot Cd distribution pattern showed consistent and significant reduction from older leaves to younger ones of two oilseed rapes and Indian mustard. Cd uptake by oilseed rapes in growth prophase was higher than that of growth anaphase.     

Distribution of cadmium in oilseed rape and Indian mustard grown on cadmium contaminated soil

Heavy metal distribution in the specialized accumulating plants was important for phytoextraction technique. Hydroponic and pot experiment were conducted to investigated Cd phytoextraction ability and Cd distribution in the plant of oilseed rape species. The results showed that oilseed rape Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 was more effective in phytoexetraction Cd among 21 varieties of oilseed rape and indicator plant Indian mustard. Cd concentration in the shoot of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard gradually decreased with an increase in growth period, while the amount of Cd uptake increased with the increase of growth period. There was constantly decrease in Cd concentration from the base leaves to the top leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard, the percentages of Cd uptake in older leaves were higher than those of younger leaves. Older leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard extracted more Cd for the Cd contamination soil, leaves should as far as possible develop before they reached the soil and the older leaves were harvested in priority.     

东南景天与不同植物混作对土壤重金属吸收的影响

将超富集东南景天(Sedum alfredii)与具有不同根系特征的玉米、黑麦草、大豆混作在受Zn、Cd、Pb污染的土壤中,研究不同组别的混作对重金属吸收的效果.结果表明,在本试验条件下,与玉米和大豆的混作显著地提高了东南景天地上部分对Zn的吸收,由单种的15345mg/kg分别增至18673,17266mg/kg;与黑麦草的混作没有显著影响东南景天对3种重金属的吸收.混作后显著地降低了玉米和黑麦草对Cd和Zn的吸收.结合生物量的增加,与玉米和大豆混作处理中东南景天地上部3种重金属的吸收总量(按半盆计)分别约为单种的1.68~1.87倍,说明通过混作可提高超富集植物对重金属的吸收.     

改良剂对黄泥土镉锌复合污染修复效应与机理研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了镉锌复合污染黄泥土中施用石灰、有机肥、海泡石对小油菜生物产量、镉锌吸收量、土壤中镉锌形态转化、pH等的影响.结果表明,施用改良剂,小油菜(Brassica chinensis Linn)连种3季的生物产量都显著提高,对镉锌的吸收量降低,其中以石灰和有机肥配施的效果最好,增产170%以上;改良剂单施降低小油菜对镉锌的吸收以石灰的效果较好,海泡石的最差.这主要是因为施用改良剂后镉锌的交换态减少,而对作物有效性低的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态和残渣态增加,同时,pH也有不同程度的升高.小油菜对镉的吸收系数大于锌的吸收系数,说明镉在土壤中的移动性比锌大,施用石灰降低吸收系数的效果最好.石灰与有机肥配施能够显著提高镉锌复合污染黄泥土的修复效率,与对照相比,修复镉污染的效率提高13.5倍;修复锌污染的效率提高2.4倍.     

Cadmium uptake and speciation changes in the rhizosphere of cadmium accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties

Characteristics of cadmium (Cd) uptake kinetics and distribution of Cd speciation in the rhizosphere for Cd accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties were investigated under nutrient solution and rhizobox soil culture conditions. The results showed that the maximal influx (V_max) for Cd²⁺ andK_m were significantly different for the two oilseed rape varieties. The value of V_max for Cd accumulator oilseed rape Zhucang Huazi was two-fold greater than that for oilseed rape Chuan you II-93. The exchangeable Cd concentration in the rhizosphere was significantly lower than in non-rhizospheric soils supplemented with CdSO₄ for both the varieties. Carbonate-bound Cd in the rhizosphere of Cd accumulator oilseed rape was significantly higher than that in the rhizosphere of non-accumulator oilseed rape and non-rhizospheric soil. Cd accumulator oilseed rape had a higher Cd²⁺ affinity and more ability to uptake insoluble Cd in the soil than the non-accumulator oilseed rape.     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石对Cd污染土壤的钝化修复效应

土壤重金属Cd具有难降解、易迁移和累积性强等特点,会破坏土壤环境,威胁粮食安全。将聚合氯化铝铁负载到凹凸棒石上,制备5种聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石新型钝化材料,通过扫描电镜(SEM)表征实验、钝化实验和玉米盆栽实验评价聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石对土壤Cd的钝化效果和环境风险。结果表明:将聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石施用于土壤中,能显著降低污染土壤二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)提取态Cd和毒性特征浸出态(TCLP) Cd的浓度。其中,掺入聚合氯化铝铁比例(质量分数)为25%的改性凹凸棒石处理土壤中2种生物有效态Cd的含量降幅最大,分别为21.51%和22.19%。改性凹凸棒石的施用促进了玉米幼苗的生长,聚合氯化铝铁掺入比例为25%时钝化效果最佳,玉米幼苗茎长较对照组增加了52.2%,玉米幼苗茎、根鲜生物量较对照组分别增加了75.1%和64.5%,茎、根干生物量较对照组分别增加了80.5%和79.7%,玉米幼苗茎、根Cd的含量较对照组分别下降了43.4%和24.7%。聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石具有较大比表面积、良好的离子交换能力和表面络合性能,显著降低了土壤重金属的生物有效性,可应用于Cd污染农田土壤的钝化修复。