Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings(Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously iuence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously iuence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

Can phosphate compounds be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in Pb-contaminated soils？

The effects of di erent phosphate-amendments on lead (Pb) uptake, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in contaminated soils with 2500, or 5000 mg P2O5/kg soil of hydroxyapatite (HA), phosphate rock (PR), single-superphosphate (SSP) and the mix of HA/SSP (HASSP) were evaluated in pot experiments. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in shoots and roots decreased by 18.3%–51.6% and 16.8%–57.3% among the treatments respectively compared to the control samples. The e ciency order of these phosphate-amendments in reducing Pb uptake was as follows: HASSPt HA > SSP t PR.With the addition of SSP, HA and the mix of HA/SSP, the SOD activity in shoot was reduced markedly (P < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. For example, the SOD activities in shoot by the treatments of HASSP, SSP, and HA in 5000 mg P2O5/kg were found to be only 51.3%, 56.2%, and 56.7%, respectively. Similar e ects were also observed on the level of MDA in the shoots with a decrease in 24.5%–56.3%. The results verified the inference that phosphate compounds could be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in the plant vegetated in Pb-contaminated soils.     

有机物料对紫色土微生物量碳、氮及氮素供应的影响

以猪粪沼渣(PM)、牛粪沼渣(CM)、污泥堆肥(SC)、农村生活垃圾堆肥(RWC1)、农村生活垃圾与污泥的堆肥产物(污泥比例20%,RWC2)为材料,采用培养试验和盆栽试验研究了有机物料对酸性紫色土和石灰性紫色土中微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量及玉米幼苗氮吸收的影响.结果表明,有机物料使酸性和石灰性紫色土MBC含量分别提高了53. 63%～102. 91%和12. 14%～137. 00%,有机物料分解愈慢、碳氮比(C/N)愈高,土壤MBC愈大;而MBN含量分别提高了23. 37%～150. 08%和35. 02%～160. 02%,受物料的有机氮形态影响.两种土壤MBC/MBN随物料C/N的升高总体降低,高C/N物料有利于MBN的长期维持.除牛粪沼渣外,有机物料均可提高两种紫色土中玉米幼苗的生物量及氮吸收量,提高幅度为SC PM RWC2 RWC1,但其对氮素吸收的促进效果不及化肥.牛粪沼渣对玉米幼苗氮吸收的抑制作用与其较高的C/N有关,而其余物料的促进作用随MBC/MBN降低而增高.因此,有机物料对氮素吸收利用的影响不仅与其性质有关,也与其对土壤MBC/MBN的作用有关.     

硅对酸性土壤铝毒的缓解作用

铝毒是酸性土壤限制作物生长的主要因素,寻找缓解甚至消除土壤铝毒的措施是合理开发利用酸性土壤,提高作物产量的重要途径。本试验选择湖北温泉第四纪母质发育的酸性红壤（ｐＨ值４．８）,作了加硅处理的小麦土培和根际培养试验,测定了麦苗植株生长量、部分矿质元素含量以及根际土壤活性铝的含量。结果表明,加硅０．３ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ即可促进麦苗根系对钙、镁等元素的吸收,增加植株的生长量。硅加入量达到０．９ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on adsorption and desorption of mercury by soils

Effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on adsorption and desorption of Hg were investigated in two kinds of soils, Xanthi-Udic Ferralosols (XUF) and Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosols (TPUC). The DOM was obtained from humus soil (DOMH), rice straw (DOMR), and pig manure (DOMP). The presence of DOM obviously reduced Hg maximum adsorption capacity with up to 40% decreases over the control, being an order of DOMH (250.00 mg/kg)< DOMR (303.03 mg/kg) < DOMP (322.58 mg/kg) < CK (control 416.67 mg/kg) for the XUF and ...     

E ects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities of wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic （As） were investigated on seed germination, root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As. The results showed low concentrations of As （0-1 mg/kg） stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot, however, these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As （5-20 mg/kg）. The contents of O2^-, MDA, soluble protein and peroxidase （POD） activity all increased with increasing As concentrations. Soluble sugar content, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities decreased at low concentrations of As, and increased at high concentrations of As. While acetylsalicylic acid （ASA） and chlorophyll contents, catalase （CAT） activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg, and then decreasing trend. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （PAGE）, As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings. As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg. However, As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg. The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

不同磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的影响

施肥是提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率的必要强化措施之一.通过研究农业生产中常用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草生长、砷累积及氮磷钾吸收的影响,确定可提高蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤能力的最佳磷肥类型.结果表明,与不施砷对照组相比.添加砷处理中施用相应磷肥的蜈蚣草总生物量中蜈蚣草均有所降低(除钙镁磷肥外);在添加砷的情况下,钙镁磷肥、磷酸二氢钙和磷酸二氢铵等3个施磷处理总生物量相对较高.显著高于其他磷肥处理和不施磷处理(0.83 g/pot);地上部砷累积量由大到小的顺序为:磷酸二氢钙>钙镁磷肥>磷酸二氢铵>磷酸二氢钾>磷酸二氢钠>不施磷>过磷酸钙;磷酸二氢钙处理的砷去除效率高达7.28%.由此可见,磷肥能一定程度提高砷超富集植物的修复能力,但不同磷肥对其砷去除效率的影响可达数倍之差,磷酸二氢钙是首选磷肥类型,综合考虑土壤pH、N、P和有效态砷等各种因子,磷酸二氢铵和钙镁磷肥也可作备选肥料类型.     

华南四座固体废物综合处理产业园周边土壤重金属研究

采集了华南四座固体废物综合处理产业园周边表层土壤样品,并分析各样品中Cd、Pb、Hg、As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Co等9种重金属以及氟化物的含量,研究了重金属和氟化物的含量水平、空间分布及来源构成.结果表明,研究范围内表层土壤重金属和氟化物含量均值范围分别为Cd（0.165~1.161mg/kg）、Pb（37.8~60.7mg/kg）、Hg（0.041~0.103mg/kg）、As（3.6~26.2mg/kg）、Cr（26.4~67.7mg/kg）、Cu（19.1~54.6mg/kg）、Ni（10.4~26.8mg/kg）、Zn（70.8~109.1mg/kg）、Co（5.51~18.69mg/kg）、F（349.1~618.1mg/kg）.除四座园区周边表层土壤的Cd含量超出背景值1.9~19.7倍以及RFH周边表层土壤的As含量超出背景值1.9倍外,其余指标的含量与背景值相差不大.综合空间分布特征分析和主成分分析的结果,可以将9种重金属和氟化物分为2个大类.Cr、Ni、Cu、Co、Zn的分布特征极为相似,且相互之间有极显著相关性,结合聚类分析和主成分分析结果,其来源主要为土壤母质;Hg、Cd、Pb、As和F的与土壤母质和多种人类活动污染有关.采用各固体废物焚烧设施累积排放量和污染源周边土壤背景总量对比,构建了各污染源的指纹谱,研究结果显示Hg、Cd、Pb、As和F可以作为固体废物综合处理产业园焚烧烟气污染源的指纹谱备选因子.