Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.     

Fluoride removal from brackish groundwater by direct contact membrane distillation

The direct contact membrane distillation applied for fluoride removal from brackish groundwater was investigated.The self-prepared polyvinylidene fluoride membrane exhibited high rejection of inorganic salt solutes.The maximum permeate flux 35.6 kg/(m2 ·hr) was obtained with the feed solution at 80°C and the cold distillate water at 20°C.The feed concentration had no significant impact on the permeate flux and the rejection in fluoride.The precipitation of CaCO3 would clog the hollow fiber inlets and foul the membrane surface with increasing concentration factor when natural groundwater was used directly as the feed,which resulted in a rapid decline in the module efficiency.This phenomenon was diminished by acidification of the feed.The experimental results showed that the permeate flux and the quality of obtained distillate kept stable before concentration factor reached 5.0 with the acidified groundwater as feed.The membrane module efficiency began to decline gradually when the feed continued to be concentrated,which can be mainly attributed to the formation of CaF2 deposits on the membrane surface.In addition,a 300 hr continuous fluoride removal experiment of acidified groundwater was carried out with concentration factor at 4.0,the permeate flux kept stable and the permeate fluoride was not detected.     

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interactionbetween suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River wasstudied. The effects of lysine on this curve have been alsoinvestigated. The results showed that (1) Cadmium in Cd(OH)+ formin the suspended particles exchanges with the cations.The exchangeratio of Cd2+ is nearly at its greatest value in the range of pH(8.0-8.5) in natural aquatic system; (2) Ion exchange ratiodecreases as the concentration of Cd2+ raises from 8.9×10-6 mol/L to 2x8.9 x 10-6mol/L; (3) At the lysine concentration of 6.8x10-6 mol/L, it can promote the ion exchange ratio; (4) Adsorption of thesuspended particles to cadmium is weaker in seawater and Jin ShaRiver than in the Yellow River.     

VOC removal from contaminated groundwater through membrane pervaporation. (Ⅱ): 1,1,1-trichloroethane- SDS surfactant solution system

The conventional “ pump-and-treat“ technology for subsurface remediation of groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds(VOCs) such as 1,1, l-trichloroethane(TCA), a common chlorinated organic solvent, has hmitation of prohibitively long treatment time due to extremely low water solubility of the VOCs. Surfactant-based soil remediation has emerged as the effective technology that substantially reduces the treatment time. In order to make the whole process economical, the surfactant used in soil washing has to be recovered and reused. This study examined the recovery of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate( SDS), from soil remediation fluids containing TCA, using a bench-scale membrane pervaporation unit. The effects of high TCA concentration, surfactant dosage, and flow rate on permeationflux and selectivity( a value) of the process were evaluated. In general, higher surfactant concentration yielded lower TCA flux and constantwater flux, resulting in declining a values; higher flow rate of TCA feed stream results in higher VOC flux and selectivity, an indication of the effect of concentration polarization; higher TCA feed concentration produces higher TCA permeation across the membrane, however, the seletlvity was virtually unchanged unless the total TCA concentratinn exceeded 2000 ppm.     

VOC removal from contaminated groundwater through membrane pervaporation. (Ⅰ): Water- 1,1,1- trichloroethane system

1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA), a common chlorinated organic solvent and volatile organic compound(VOC), was removed from contaminated groundwater by using a bench-scale membrane pervaporation unit. The effects of TCA concentration, temperature, and flow rate on permeation flux and selectivity(a value) of the process were evaluated. In general, higher temperature leads to higher VOC flux but lower selectivity; higher flow rate of TCA feed stream results in higher VOC flux and selectivity, an indication of the effect of concentration polarization; higher TCA feed concentration produces higher TCA permeation, however, the selectivity was virtually unchanged.     

Study on the role of copper converter slag in simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry

To achieve “waste controlled by waste”, a novel wet process using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry for simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx from acid-making tail gas was proposed. Through the solid-liquid separation for copper slag slurry, the liquid-phase part has a critical influence on removing NOx and SO2. Also, the leached metal ions played a crucial role in the absorption of SO2 and NOx. Subsequently, the effects of single/multi-metal ions on NOx removal was investigated. The results showed that the leached metal from copper converter slag (Al3+, Cu2+, and Mg2+) and KMnO4 had a synergistic effect on NOx removal, thereby improving the NOx removal efficiency. Whereas Fe2+ had an inhibitory effect on the NOx removal owing to the reaction between Fe2+ and KMnO4, thereby consuming the KMnO4. Besides, SO2 was converted to SO42? completely partly due to the liquid catalytic oxidation by metal ions. The XRD and XPS results indicated that the Fe (II) species (Fe2SiO4, Fe3O4) in copper slag can react with H+ ions with the generation of Fe2+, and further consumed the KMnO4, thereby resulting in a decrease in the NOx removal. The characterization of the slags and solutions before and after reaction led us to propose the possible mechanisms. The role of copper slag is as follows: (1) the alkaline substances in copper slag can absorb SO2 and NO2 by KMnO4 oxidation. (2) copper slag may function as a catalyst to accelerate SO2 conversion and improve NOx removal by synergistic effect between leached metal ions and KMnO4.     

Simultaneous removing SO2 and NO by a new system containing cobalt complex

Absorption and catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide can be achieved by using cobalt（Ⅲ） ethylenediamine （Co（en）3^3＋. When simultaneous absorbing SO2 and NO, the precipitation of Co2（SO3）3 will be yielded and the NO removal will be decreased. A new catalyst system using Co（en）3^3＋ coupled with urea has been developed to simultaneous remove NO and SO2 in the flue gas. NO is absorbed and catalytically oxidized to nitrite and nitrate by Co（en）3^3＋. The dissolved oxygen in scrubbing solution from the feed stream acts as oxidant. Urea restrains the precipitation of Co2（SO3）3 by oxidizing SO3^2-to SO4^2- as COSO4 is more soluble in water. The experimental results proved that nearly all SO3^2- can be oxidized to SO4^2- and the high NO and SO2 removal could be obtained with the new system. The NO removal is influenced by gas flow rate, the concentration of Co（en）3^3＋ and urea in the absorption solution, the temperature of the scrubbing solution and the content of oxygen in the flue gas. The low gas flow rate is favorable to increase the NO removal. The experiments proved that the NO removal could be maintained at more than 95% by the system of 0.02 mol/L Co（en）3^3＋ and 1% urea at 50℃ with 10% O2 in the flue gas.     

Simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate from contaminated groundwater by ferrous sulfate: Batch uptake behavior

Chromium and/or arsenate removal by Fe(II) as a function of pH, Fe(II) dosage and initial Cr(VI)/As(V) ratio were examined in batch tests. The presence of arsenate reduced the removal e ciency of chromium by Fe(II), while the presence of chromate significantly increased the removal e ciency of arsenate by Fe(II) at pH 6–8. In the absence of arsenate, chromium removal by Fe(II) increased to a maximum with increasing pH from 4 to 7 and then decreased with a further increase in pH. The increment in Fe(II) dosage resulted in an improvement in chromium removal and the improvement was more remarkable under alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions. Chromium removal by Fe(II) was reduced to a larger extent under neutral and alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions due to the presence of 10 mol/L arsenate. The presence of 20 mol/L arsenate slightly improved chromium removal by Fe(II) at pH 3.9–5.8, but had detrimental e ects at pH 6.7–9.8. Arsenate removal was improved significantly at pH 4–9 due to the presence of 10 mol/L chromate at Fe(II) dosages of 20–60 mol/L. Elevating the chromate concentration from 10 to 20 mol/L resulted in a further improvement in arsenate removal at pH 4.0–4.6 when Fe(II) was dosed at 30–60 mol/L.     

Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.     

Influences of petroleum on accumulation of copper and cadmium in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor

Using the exposure simulation experiment, the action of petroleum affecting the accumulation of the trace metals including copper （Cu） and cadmium （Cd） in littoral polychaete Nereis diversicolor collected from the Shuangtaizi Estuary in Liaoning Province, China was examined. The results showed that there was a markedly non-linear relationship between the accumulation of Cu in worms and the experimental concentration of Cu in exposure solutions when the concentration of petroleum remained at 0, 100, and 220 μl/L, respectively. However, significantly non-linear relationship for worms exposed to Cd was observed only when the concentration of added petroleum was 0 and 220 μl/L. The accumulation of Cu in worms did not differ significantly among the three different levels of petroleum concentrations combined with various concentrations of Cu. So was the accumulation of Cd in worms （p〉0.05）. However, the addition of petroleum in exposure solutions brought about an increase in the accumulation of Cu in Nereis diversicolor, in comparison with single Cu pollution. On the other hand, when the concentration of added petroleum remained at 100 μl/L, the accumulation of Cd in worms was lower than that in worms exposed to various concentrations of only cadmium. However, the worms exposed to Cd and petroleum 220 μl/L did not show obvious and identical increase in the accumulation of Cd, compared with single Cd exposure. The accumulation of both Cu and Cd in worms did not increase significantly with the increases in concentrations of Cu or Cd in exposure solutions combined with petroleum （0, 100, and 220μl/L） under the experimental conditions. Although Nereis diversicolor is exposed to very high Cu and Cd in exposure solutions, accumulation and detoxification mechanisms are sufficient to cope with the extra metal influx in order to survive.     

Fe(Ⅵ)/Na2SO3体系降解阿特拉津效能

利用高铁酸钾活化亚硫酸钠(Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系),探究其对阿特拉津(ATZ)的降解效能;鉴别了反应体系主要活性组分,并考察了Na₂SO₃投加量、反应溶液pH值和水质背景成分对ATZ降解效能的影响.结果表明:当Fe(VI)和Na₂SO₃的投加量分别为50和200μmol/L时,反应10s后Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的降解效能达到74.4%,单独Fe(VI)(50μmol/L)和单独Na₂SO₃(200μmol/L)对ATZ的去除率仅为10.2%和7.5%.探针化合物和溶解氧作用等实验证实体系中主要的活性基团为SO₄^·-.在pH=8,Fe(VI)投加量为50μmol/L时,随着Na₂SO₃投加量的增大,Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的去除效率先增大后减小,其中最佳Na₂SO₃投加量为150~200μmol/L.Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系在pH 7~10的范围内,均可以快速降解ATZ.在天然水体中,Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系也可以高效降解ATZ,但是水质背景成分会竞争消耗SO₄^·-,导致Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的降解效能降低.     

硝酸根电化学还原去除过程阴极电位振荡研究

硝酸根在电化学还原去除过程中存在多价态变化行为,该过程是一个典型的远离平衡态的非线性体系.为探明硝酸根在去除过程中发生的电化学行为,研究了H₂SO₄浓度、电流、反应温度及NO₃^-浓度对阴极电位振荡的影响规律.采用循环伏安法、XRD、SEM-EDS及XPS表征方法,分析了反应体系循环伏安特性,以及反应前后阴极Cu表面的物相组成、微观形貌、表面电子价态等变化规律.研究结果表明,在恒流条件下(Pt作为阳极、Cu作为阴极),H₂SO₄-NaNO₃体系发生了明显的电位振荡;当H₂SO₄浓度为0.10mol/L,电流为12mA,温度为20℃,NaNO₃浓度为0.20mol/L最佳电位振荡条件下,振荡平均振幅为1.15V,振荡平均周期为3s.另外,硝酸根在电化学还原去除过程产生的周期性电位振荡主要原因是阴极Cu表面生成的致密CuO薄膜不断溶解和形成,以及阴极表面H₂的周期性产生与消失.     

铜胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性与凹凸棒黏土的缓解作用

为探究黄芪幼苗对铜离子（Cu²⁺）胁迫的耐性机理以及凹凸棒黏土对Cu²⁺污染的缓解作用,研究了不同浓度CuSO₄（2~20mmol/L）胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性与凹凸棒黏土的缓解作用.结果表明,2mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫使得根系Cu²⁺含量、H₂O₂（过氧化氢）含量、MDA（丙二醛）含量分别较对照显著上升1.82倍、1.04倍、2.14倍.CuSO₄胁迫浓度达8mmol/L时,根系SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性、根尖膜损伤程度和叶片Cu²⁺含量分别较对照显著上升1.13倍、1.12倍和2.62倍;同时,叶片PS Ⅱ（光系统II）实际光化学效率[Y（II）]、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、PSⅡ电子传递速率（ETR）和叶绿素含量较对照分别显著降低22.88%、24.44%、21.49%和28.31%,而NPQ和qN（非光化学荧光猝灭系数）则较对照分别显著上升2.35倍和1.58倍.根系POD（过氧化物酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在8mmol/L CuSO₄处理下达到最高值后呈下降趋势.CuSO₄浓度为15~20mmol/L时,根系APX活性和叶片光适应下PS II潜在最大光化学效率（F_v'/F_m'）,以及幼苗全株鲜重、全株干重、地下部鲜重、地下部干重较对照显著下降.在非CuSO₄胁迫条件下,基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在使得幼苗根系MDA含量较对照显著降低15.93%,但未对其它所测生理学指标产生显著影响;在20mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫条件下,基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在使得幼苗根系和叶片中Cu²⁺含量分别显著下降30.78%和23.12%;同时显著缓解了20mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫对根系活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性、膜脂质过氧化程度、根尖膜损伤程度、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,叶片PS II光化学活性和叶绿素含量的不良影响,以及对幼苗生长的抑制作用.研究结果表明,培养基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在能够显著降低幼苗组织中Cu²⁺的生物有效性,继而缓解CuSO₄胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性作用.     

污灌区盐分累积对污染土壤汞释放通量的影响

采用优化设计的动态通量箱,对不同盐分（NaCl和Na₂SO₄）和盐度（0~5%）的盐渍化土壤土-气界面的汞交换通量进行动态监测,研究盐渍化对污灌区土壤汞和大气释放的影响.结果表明：（1）两种盐分类型对土壤Hg释放的影响呈相反趋势.与未发生盐渍化的对照土壤相比,随着NaCl盐度梯度的上升,土壤Hg释放通量呈现上升趋势,5%盐度处理下,Hg通量均值与对照相比提高了48.94%;而随着Na₂SO₄盐度梯度的上升,土壤Hg释放通量呈现下降趋势,5%盐度处理下,Hg通量均值与对照相比降低了20.62%.（2）土壤盐分含量与土壤汞释放通量均值之间呈线性关系.对于NaCl,含量x（g/kg）与汞通量y [ng/（m²·h）]之间的模型为y=0.8258x+86.709（R²=0.9734）,对于Na₂SO₄,模型为y=-0.3354x+85.997（R²=0.9581）.从研究结果来看,高浓度的NaCl环境对土壤汞释放通量有显著影响,土壤的盐渍化趋势会使汞释放及作物吸收风险更趋严重.     

碳化温度对牛粪铜和锌形态及生态毒性的影响

通过设置不同的热解温度(350,550和750℃)对牛粪废弃物进行碳化处理,并使用光谱技术手段对牛粪炭的微观特点及Cu、Zn赋存形态进行了分析表征,同时结合淋溶和毒性实验探究了热解温度对牛粪炭生态毒性的影响.结果表明,高温碳化明显改善牛粪孔隙结构,使其比表面积从牛粪原料的1.15m²/g提高至牛粪炭的5.51(350℃)~195.90m²/g(750℃).随着热解温度的提高,牛粪炭pH值从8.18(350℃)提高到了10.14(750℃);牛粪炭中Cu、Zn含量则从牛粪原料中的1.22和1.23mg/g分别升高至18.29~35.11和18.58~31.24mg/g.透射电镜-选区衍射以及X射线能谱分析表明,热解处理可使牛粪中Cu、Zn离子分别转化为副黑铜矿(Cu₄O₃)和红锌矿(ZnO)等金属氧化物,从而明显降低了牛粪炭中水溶态、DTPA提取态以及HNO₃-H₂SO₄提取态的Cu、Zn离子浓度;此外,FTIR分析及混合有机酸浸提实验结果也表明,350℃牛粪炭中酚羟基、烷烃基、羧基、酰胺类等有机官能团通过吸附和络合作用固定未完全转化的Cu离子,而升高热解温度会使得这些官能团显著减少、促进Cu离子的完全转化以及无机物与Cu、Zn离子之间稳定金属氧化物化合键的形成.淋溶和生态毒性实验表明,高于550℃的热解温度能够显著降低牛粪炭中Cu、Zn的溶出率以及生态毒性,是高Cu、Zn含量牛粪废弃物无害化处理的一种推荐优选技术.     

北京市冬季重污染期间PM2.5及其组分演变特征

通过实时在线监测了2018年11月27日~2019年1月15日北京市城区PM_2.5、水溶性无机离子（Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、PO₄^3-）、碳质组分（有机碳OC、元素碳EC）的质量浓度以及气态污染物浓度和气象要素,收集整理了近20年北京市冬季PM_2.5、主要离子组分以及碳质组分浓度,分析研究了1999~2018年北京市冬季PM_2.5、离子、碳质组分的变化特征,重点探讨了监测期间清洁日与两个典型重污染事件PM_2.5及其组分的演变特征.结果表明：研究期间PM_2.5浓度为53.5μg/m³,达到近20年北京市冬季较低值,且大气主要污染源由煤烟型污染源转变为燃煤型与机动车尾气复合型污染源.监测期间,湿度高、微弱的西南风导致重污染产生,清洁日、污染事件I与污染事件II PM_2.5平均浓度分别为32.5,138.9,146.8μg/m³且不同时段PM_2.5日变化趋势存在差异.各离子浓度变化为：NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^- > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > PO₄^3- > F^- > NO₂^-~Mg²⁺,总水溶性离子浓度为24.6μg/m³占PM_2.5总浓度的46.0%,其中SNA浓度占总离子浓度的83.7%,是离子中最主要的组分.碳质组分浓度达到近二十年北京市冬季最低值,变化为：一次有机碳POC > EC > 二次有机碳SOC,OC与EC相关系数达到0.99,一次燃烧源对污染过程有较大贡献.NH₄⁺在清洁日与污染II中富集,主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃和NH₄Cl形式存在,在污染I中较少,仅以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃存在.在污染I和II期间,SO₄^2-的形成昼夜均受相对湿度与NH₃影响;NO₃^-的形成白天受O₃与NH₃的影响,夜间受相对湿度和NH₃的影响.     

养殖塘CH4通量时空变化特征及其影响因素

本研究基于多通道密闭式动态箱法对亚热带典型养殖塘CH₄通量的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明：亚热带养殖塘CH₄主要排放方式是冒泡,CH₄扩散及冒泡通量均呈现明显的季节变化特征.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节CH₄扩散通量分别为：0.113,0.830,0.002,0.005μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量分别为0.923,1.789,0.006,0.007μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量占总通量的比例分别为89.04%、68.29%、78.95%和60.52%.在冬、春季养殖塘没有人工管理措施的情况下,CH₄通量随着离岸距离的增加而增大,冬、春季养殖塘中间区域CH₄总通量分别是岸边浅水区的34.70和2.98倍.夏季养殖活跃期CH₄通量在空间上呈现出：人工投食区（7.371μmol/（m²·s））>自然生长区（2.151μmol/（m²·s））>人工增氧区（0.888μmol/（m²·s））>岸边浅水区（0.206μmol/（m²·s））的特征.在0.5h尺度上,春季CH₄扩散通量与水温呈显著正相关关系,与风速呈负相关关系,秋季CH₄扩散通量与水温、风速呈正相关关系,冒泡通量和水温呈正相关关系.在日尺度上,水温是CH₄扩散通量和冒泡通量的主控因子,两者均随着水温升高呈指数增加,并且冒泡通量的水温敏感性Q₁₀（12.72）大于扩散通量（7.78）.     

东海PM2.5和PM10中水溶性离子的组成与化学特性

2014年5~6月在东海海域采集PM_2.5和PM₁₀气溶胶样品,通过离子色谱法对样品中主要水溶性阳离子（Na⁺、K⁺、NH₄⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺）和阴离子（Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、MSA）的浓度进行测定,并结合相关数理统计方法探讨了其主要来源.结果表明,PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品中主要水溶性离子的总浓度范围分别为7.9~23.7μg/m³和10.4~47.9μg/m³,平均值分别为（14.9±5.8）μg/m³和（21.3±10.7）μg/m³.二次离子（nss-SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）浓度最高,分别占测定离子总浓度的80.8%和73.3%,其中SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺主要富集在细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中,NO₃^-主要富集在粗颗粒物（PM₁₀）中.富集因子及相关性分析表明K⁺主要来自陆源,Mg²⁺受海源和陆源双重输入影响.阴阳离子浓度平衡计算结果表明,细颗粒物样品呈弱碱性;粗颗粒物样品酸碱基本中和.两种样品中NH₄⁺的主要结合方式均为（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃.来源分析结果表明,PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品中生源硫化物对nss-SO₄^2-的贡献率分别为13.7%和8.7%.根据估算的干沉降通量结果,NH₄⁺对氮沉降的贡献程度小于NO₃^-.     

铁酸铜非均相活化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

采用新型磁性催化材料尖晶石型铁酸铜（CuFe₂O₄）活化过硫酸盐（PMS）降解氧杂蒽类染料罗丹明B（RhB）,考察PMS浓度、CuFe₂O₄投加量、pH值和水中常见离子对RhB降解的影响.结果表明,当RhB、PMS、CuFe₂O₄初始浓度分别为5 μmol/L、0.1mmol/L、0.1g/L时,在中性条件下反应30min后RhB去除率可达88.87%.其中,Cl^-和HCO₃^-对RhB的降解无显著影响,而H₂PO₄^2-、C₂O₄^2-及腐殖酸明显抑制RhB的降解.自由基鉴定实验表明,在中性及弱碱性条件下SO₄^-和·OH是CuFe₂O₄/PMS体系降解RhB的主要自由基.研究发现随着RhB的降解,溶液逐渐褪色并伴随着甲酸根、乙酸根、草酸根和铵根离子的生成,原因在于SO₄^-和·OH可以破坏RhB分子的发色基团,使苯环开环和氮原子脱落,形成相应的降解产物.矿化实验表明0.2mmol/L的RhB在CuFe₂O₄/PMS体系中反应10h后,矿化率可达62%.催化剂的重复利用实验表明制备的CuFe₂O₄具有良好回收再利用能力.     

外源硫诱导下的Desulfovibrio desulfuricans sub sp.EPS特性及对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附

研究了3种外源硫(Na₂SO₄、Na₂SO₃和Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O)对Desulfovibrio desulfuricans sub sp.(D.desulfuricans sp.)的胞外聚合物(EPS)的胁迫/诱导作用。结果表明,在还原性硫源0.50g/L Na₂SO₃的条件下,EPS产量最高,为2104.39mg/g VSS,蛋白质含量为1888.52mg/g VSS,较胁迫/诱导前均提高了300%以上;其对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附性能最好,为954.4mg/g EPS,提高了98.17%。三维荧光(3D-EEM)结果表明,胁迫/诱导后EPS中类酪氨酸均大量增加;傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,胁迫后-OH、C=O、C-O-C等官能团均大量增加,在Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附中发挥了重要作用;X光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,在还原性硫源(Na₂SO₃和Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O)胁迫/诱导后,EPS中C-O/C-N、C=N和某种含氧基团(X)大量增加,可能是吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的主要基团。