三峡水库运行初期小江回水区藻类群落季节变化特点

根据对三峡小江(澎溪河)回水区2007年5月～2008年5月藻类的跟踪观测,分析了在水库蓄水运行初期小江回水区藻类的群落结构组成和演替特点.结果发现藻类的细胞密度和生物量春季最高,冬季最低,细胞密度的最高值达到421.64×105cells·L-1,而最低值只有2.06×105cells·L-1;生物量的最高值是39231.84μg·L-1,而最低值为226.17μg·L-1.从2007年5月～2008年5月在小江共鉴定出藻类7门,101属,262种,其中绿藻51属占50.5%、硅藻22属占21.8%、蓝藻18属占17.8%,此外,甲藻4属、隐藻2属、裸藻3属、黄藻及其他1属.隐藻、小球藻、小环藻、栅藻、卵囊藻、衣藻、弓形藻、直链藻、冠盘藻和针杆藻是小江回水区段的常见藻属.星杆藻、直链藻、空星藻、小球藻、栅藻、集星藻、网球藻、鱼腥藻、束丝藻、平裂藻、角甲藻、多甲藻和隐藻等12个藻属是小江回水区不同季节的优势藻属.     

水体及沉积物氮磷水平对附植藻类的影响

为了探讨湖泊富营养化过程中沉积物及水体氮、磷浓度对附植藻类的影响,通过室内模拟实验,研究了水体及沉积物氮、磷升高对苦草(Vallisnerianatans(Lour.) Hara)上附植藻类生长、群落组成及其体内氮、磷含量的影响.结果表明,在实验条件下,随着水中氮、磷含量升高,附植藻类生物量及附植藻类氮、磷含量均呈极显著增加(p0.01).随着水体可获得的氮、磷浓度升高,附植藻类的相对丰度有所变化,舟形藻(Navicula)、小球藻(Chlorella)及微囊藻(Microcystis)相对丰度随着氮、磷水平的升高而下降,直链藻(Melosira)则相反,但舟形藻、直链藻、微囊藻、小环藻(Cyclotella)和小球藻均为群落的优势属种.沉积物氮、磷含量升高对附植藻类生物量、优势种丰度及群落氮、磷含量影响较小,均未达到显著水平(p0.05).在实验条件下,沉积物氮、磷含量对附植藻类影响不大,而水体氮、磷浓度升高显著地促进了附植藻类生长.研究结果也为解释富营养化湖泊沉水植物衰退及消亡提供了一定的科学依据.     

碳素纤维对富营养化水体的水质改善与对藻类群落结构的影响

以北京朝阳区清河水为原水,开展碳素纤维生物修复试验,考察生物膜从形成到成熟及处理过程中碳素纤维外观、生物相结构、氮磷浓度及藻类群落结构的变化.结果表明,碳素纤维在3 d内挂膜成功且生物相丰富,说明其生物亲和性强,吸附性能好.碳素纤维生物膜对氮、磷具有较好的去除效果,TN、TP、NH4+-N去除率分别达40%、60%、98%,其中对氮、磷的去除以吸附水体中颗粒态污染物为主.碳素纤维生物膜对富营养化水体藻类的增殖有明显的抑制作用,尤其对蓝藻的抑制作用显著,藻类总密度和蓝藻密度达到最大值的时间与对照组相比延迟6 d,且藻类总密度及蓝藻密度都低于对照组.碳素纤维生物膜还影响水体中的藻类群落结构,试验期间水体中以硅藻为主,蓝藻所占比例平均为22.4%,而对照组中以蓝绿藻占优,蓝藻平均所占比例高达47.2%.     

磷营养控制与藻存量削减对蓝藻水华的阻遏

通过原位实验比较了磷营养控制和藻存量削减2种方法对小型富营养化水体蓝藻水华形成早期的影响,测定了水体藻类群落结构、光合系统活性、水温、氮磷等参数的变化。结果显示:对照组水体藻类生物量从7.87 mg/L上升至14.25 mg/L,蓝藻在藻类生物量中所占比例由20%升高至40.8%,实验后期水体表面出现蓝藻局部堆积;磷营养控制组(添加钙盐)藻类生物量保持在7.53⁹.18 mg/L范围,蓝藻所占比例低于30%,后期水华控制效果明显;施用除藻剂(铜盐)可使藻类生物量迅速下降到1.88 mg/L,同时蓝藻所占比例降低至10%以下,但绿藻在后期形成优势,藻类生物量回升并超过对照组。相关性分析表明各组藻类生物量的主要限制因子分别为水温(对照)、总磷浓度(磷营养控制)和铜离子浓度(藻存量削减)。总体而言,2种方法均在水华形成早期对小型富营养化水体的蓝藻水华起到了阻遏作用。     

三峡小江回水区叶绿素a季节变化及其同主要藻类的相互关系

通过分析三峡小江回水区2007年5月～2008年4月115个样品叶绿素a的季节特点,提出了适用于表征小江回水区叶绿素a与不同藻类细胞密度和生物量的3种状态：Chla≤5 μg·L^-1、5 μg·L^-1-1和Chla>19 μg·L^-1,目的是探讨小江回水区不同水平下Chla与同期各主要藻类细胞密度和生物量的相互关系,为进一步了解三峡水库特定水域藻类季节演替特征提供参考. 全年数据下,小江回水区藻类总细胞密度、生物量和叶绿素a间均呈极显著的正相关关系（R>>0.70,Sig.≤0.01）. 研究期间小江回水区叶绿素a、绿藻、硅藻、蓝藻、甲藻生物量均值分别为(9.58±10.77)、(1605±647)、(707±124)、(511±266)和(4019±1345) μg·L^-1. Chla≤5 μg·L^-1的水平下,绿藻、硅藻与Chla浓度呈显著正相关;5 μg·L^-1-1水平下,仅有蓝藻与Chla含量呈显著正相关关系;Chla>19 μg·L^-1时,甲藻与Chla含量呈显著的正相关关系,但其它藻门与Chla含量无显著相关关系.     

水体氮磷浓度对两种沉水植物上附着藻类的影响

为了了解富营养化进程中湖泊水体氮、磷浓度升高对不同沉水植物上附着藻类的影响,通过室内模拟实验,设置3组不同氮磷浓度,研究了常见的沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara)和狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)上附着藻类生物量及其种群组成.结果表明,附着藻类生物量随水体氮、磷浓度的升高呈显著增加的趋势;狐尾藻上附着藻类生物量均高于苦草,且随富营养化水体氮、磷浓度升高差距越来越大.不同沉水植物上藻类群落组成均以硅藻门、蓝藻门及绿藻门占优势,但优势藻组成和优势藻数量存在差异.研究结果不仅丰富了淡水水体附着藻类生态学的理论知识,也可为富营养化湖泊生态修复过程中沉水植物群落的构建提供一定的理论依据.     

三峡小江回水区磷素赋存形态季节变化特征及其来源分析

磷被普遍认为是富营养化的限制性因子,但河道型的三峡水库支流回水区在变化的水动力条件下磷的季节变化有其独特性.对2007年3月～2008年3月三峡小江回水区磷素的跟踪观测结果进行了分析.研究期间小江回水区总磷(TP)平均浓度为(61.7±2.7)μg·L~(-1),虽然各采样断面磷浓度差异不大,但其季节变化明显,大体上冬季最高、夏季较高、春季次之、秋季较低.颗粒态磷占TP平均浓度的54.05%,是TP的主要组成部分.结合同期对叶绿素a、悬浮无机颗粒物、悬浮有机颗粒物、河口流量、河口水位等主要环境变量的跟踪观测结果发现,颗粒态磷以吸附于泥沙颗粒表面或同矿质相结合的无机形态为主,并在降雨、径流的作用下进入水体使水中TP含量增加,该现象在低水位运行状态下更加明显.而在高水位运行条件下水动力条件的改变使磷素赋存形态向溶解态形式转变.小江回水区藻类生长对溶解性磷酸盐的生物利用过程十分明显,溶解性磷酸盐浓度同叶绿素a显著负相关.TP亦同叶绿素a呈负相关关系.研究认为,降雨、径流强度的加大及水位的降低虽然带来丰富的营养物,但亦使河道型的回水区水体更新周期缩短;而悬浮颗粒浓度升高导致的水体光学透射性能的下降以及洪水脉冲带来的不稳定的生长环境却阻碍了浮游植物的进一步生长和繁盛,这两方面综合作用的结果可能是小江回水区TP-Chla负相关的原因.     

重庆主城区三峡水域优势藻类的演替及其增殖行为研究

通过在三峡水系中重庆主城段的长江与嘉陵江现场布点、采样和分析自然水体中的藻类,在实验室内分别模拟氮磷比、光照和流速对嘉陵江水体中藻类生长的影响,发现在不同TN/TP和光照强度的静水环境中蓝藻和绿藻生长迅速,硅藻消亡很快,其它藻类变化不大,总藻细胞密度最大可达107/L以上;而在0.03m/s左右的缓流下总藻细胞增长最明显,但密度也只能达到106个/L,硅藻比例提高,当流速进一步加快,蓝藻和绿藻比例降低.显然,优势藻类随水文情势发生演替.总藻密度分别与TN/TP、流速拟合的可决系数R2均在0.93以上,与光照强度的拟合效果次之.自然状态下两江的现场水样分析还表明:嘉陵江总藻密度大于长江,硅藻占绝对优势,其次为绿藻和蓝藻,与实验室测试结果相符.     

草甘膦对沉积物-水界面藻类群落结构影响研究

为了探究环境中残留除草剂草甘膦对沉积物-水界面藻类群落结构演替的影响,分别以九龙江两个断面拱桥溪和石龟头的沉积物-水界面藻类群落结构为研究对象,并添加0.05 mg·L^-1草甘膦作为磷源进行实验模拟.结果表明：拱桥溪沉积物-水界面藻类生物量占比为蓝藻：绿藻∶硅藻∶甲藻=0.3%∶7.8%∶91.5%∶0.3%,蓝藻生物量占比低于1%,以硅藻门直链藻属为优势种属;石龟头沉积物-水界面藻类生物量起点占比为蓝藻∶绿藻∶硅藻∶甲藻=20.8%∶58.5%∶19.5%∶1.2%,蓝藻生物量占比大于20%,绿藻门栅藻属、蓝藻门微囊藻属和硅藻门直链藻属为优势种属.草甘膦调控15 d后,拱桥溪沉积物-水界面蓝藻生物量占比从0.3%增长到22.6%,生物量是无机磷组的7.6倍,但硅藻仍为优势门类,这与蓝藻生物量占比低于1%的拱桥溪表层水体藻类群落演替结果类似;而石龟头沉积物-水界面蓝藻生物量占比从20.8%增长到57.8%,生物量是 无机磷组的近5倍,蓝藻演替为优势门类,这与蓝藻生物量占比大于15%的石龟头表层水体藻类群落演替结果相似.调控实验表明,在草甘膦胁迫下蓝藻门的增殖能力均表现为强于甲藻门和绿藻门.蓝藻门微囊藻属是直接利用草甘膦,或受草甘膦刺激生长并在群落结构中取得竞争优势还有待进一步研究.     

栅藻LX1在水产养殖废水中的生长、脱氮除磷和油脂积累特性

利用高含油脂微藻处理废水,可以实现废水处理与生物柴油生产的耦合,已成为废水处理领域新的研究方向.研究了1株高含油脂的淡水栅藻LX1（Scenedesmus sp.LX1）在水产养殖废水中的生长、脱氮除磷和油脂积累特性.结果表明,栅藻LXl在该废水中的内禀生长速率、最大种群密度和最大种群生物量增长速率分别为0.44 d-1、7.46×106个.mL-1和0.82×106个.（mL.d）-1.培养至稳定期后,栅藻LXl对废水中的氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮和磷的去除率分别为95.5%、96.3%、85.8%和98.8%;其生物量干重为0.38 g.L-1,单位藻细胞油脂含量高达31.6%.因此,栅藻LXl在水产养殖废水的净化和资源化方面具有较大优势,适于作为耦合工艺的优选藻种.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.