洪泛区湿地土壤-植物系统氮含量与气候因子灰色关联分析

文章以二百方子洪泛区湿地为例,运用灰色关联分析方法探讨了洪泛区温地土壤一植物系统氮含量变化与气候因子之间的关系。结果表明,二百方子湿地土壤氮素含量与月平均风速、月日照时数和月蒸发量的关联性较密切;芦苇地上部分氮素含量与月日照时数、月蒸发量和月平均风速关联较密切,而芦苇地下部分氮含量则与月平均降水量、月蒸发量和月平均气温关联较密切。     

北固山湿地土壤氮磷及重金属空间分布

通过研究北固山湿地四个典型区域土壤中全氮、全磷及重金属元素空间分布规律,探讨湿地土壤中全氮、全磷及重金属元素的空间分布与周围环境之间的关系。结果显示,湿地虉草区各层的全氮、全磷含量均高于芦苇区;大东沟排放口表层土壤全氮、全磷含量明显高于其他区域,是水体富营养化的重点控制区;湿地土壤中的重金属污染物主要分布在0～15cm,且虉草区的有效Mn、Zn、Fe含量普遍高于芦苇区。研究结果表明,植被对调整湿地氮、磷及重金属的空间分布有一定作用,可以选择适宜的植物对湿地进行生态修复。研究为湿地生态修复和生态清淤提供理论依据。     

大围山典型森林土壤有机氮垂直分布特征

为了解亚热带典型森林土壤氮素和有机氮素特征,采集大围山森林公园典型森林土壤剖面(0~100 cm),按每10 cm一层采集土壤样品,研究土壤氮素和有机氮变化规律及其与土壤理化性质的关系.结果表明:1土壤全氮、酸解性有机氮、可溶性有机氮含量均随剖面深度增加而呈下降趋势,受海拔高度影响,高海拔山地花岗岩黄棕壤土壤全氮和有机氮组分含量较高;2土壤有机氮占全氮比平均97.39%±1.17%,酸解性有机氮占全氮比平均64.38%±10.68%,酸解性有机氮各组分均随剖面深度增加而降低;3土壤可溶性有机氮含量范围为9.92~23.45 mg·kg-1,游离氨基酸氮(1.62~12.02 mg·kg-1)占可溶性有机氮比为27.36%±9.95%;4酸解性有机氮、可溶性有机氮与土壤全氮、可溶性总氮、无机氮均达到显著的正相关关系(P0.05),与土壤容重、有机碳和全磷具有极显著的相关关系(P0.01).亚热带典型森林土壤中有机氮是土壤全氮的主体,受海拔高度和土壤理化性质的影响,各组分随土壤剖面深度的增加呈下降趋势,有机氮组分与各氮素形态间的转化关系密切,土壤有机氮特征将深刻影响森林生态系统氮的循环过程.     

北京市顺义区浅层土壤硝态氮的空间变异特征分析

顺义是北京市的主要水源地和农业生产基地,研究氮素在顺义区土壤中的分布累积及空间变异情况,对于了解顺义区的土壤潜在污染,指导农业生产,预防面源污染等具有重要作用.因此,本研究应用传统统计学方法和基于GIS的地统计学法研究了顺义区不同地点各土层土壤中硝态氮的空间分布特征.结果发现,地统计分析过程中,在考虑各向异性和趋势效应的情况下,各土层土壤硝态氮含量均具有空间相关性,理论变异模型主要为球状模型和指数模型.同时,选用普通Kriging插值法得到了各土层土壤硝态氮的空间分布图,并对其空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,研究区不同土层硝态氮空间分布状况各异,潮白河东部土壤硝态氮含量高于潮白河西部.     

闽江河口芦苇和短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地植物-土壤系统氮分布及转运特征的影响

选取闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地及二者空间扩展过程中形成的交错带湿地为研究对象,探讨了空间扩展影响下湿地植物-土壤系统氮分布、转运特征及其影响因素.结果表明,空间扩展影响下交错带湿地土壤氮含量发生了较大改变,其全氮（TN）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量相比芦苇湿地分别降低了15.52%和6.08%,但相比短叶茳芏湿地分别增加了20.61%和4.33%;其硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量相比芦苇湿地及短叶茳芏湿地分别降低了5.79%和13.84%.空间扩展主要通过改变植物生态特征、土壤EC及其颗粒组成而对湿地土壤氮的空间分布产生影响.空间扩展影响下湿地植物不同器官的TN含量亦发生了明显变化.相对于空间扩展前的纯群落,空间扩展后交错带芦苇和交错带短叶茳芏各器官的TN含量均明显增加;同时,在空间扩展后的交错带群落中,短叶茳芏各器官的TN含量均高于芦苇,前者主要与交错带植被对悬浮颗粒物拦截作用增强从而导致更多养分输入有关,后者主要与交错带短叶茳芏和芦苇对氮养分吸收与转运能力的差异有关.研究发现,相较于 短叶茳芏,空间扩展过程中的芦苇无论在氮养分吸收利用还是在向地上转运氮养分方面均处于明显优势,而这可能是导致短叶茳芏生态空间逐步被芦苇占据的一个重要因素.     

安徽省升金湖湿地土壤有机碳储存及分布

文章研究了安徽省升金湖湿地土壤有机碳储存和分布特征及其与土壤氮素的关系。结果表明,供试湿地土壤全土1m深有机碳密度达10.82±1.90kg.m-2,表层土壤(0—30cm)有机碳密度为5.19±0.68kg.m-2,高于报道的人工湿地——水稻土的碳密度;有机碳(SOC)含量分布随土壤深度(H)的递降符合幂函数方程,湿地土壤有机碳的表层积累强度和积累深度高于稻田;湿地土壤氮素是土壤固碳的有利因子,其氮素对土壤有机碳积累的效应高于水稻土;因湖泊沉积受河流动力学、土壤水分和植物生长条件的影响,湿地土壤有机碳含量存在显著的水平空间变异性。看来,长江中下游淡水湿地在陆地生态系统碳氮储存上具有重要意义。     

东山岛地下水“三氮”空间分布特征

东山岛地下水是岛上居民饮用水、生活用水、农业灌溉、淡水养殖的主要来源.研究东山岛地下水中"三氮"的空间分布特征及其变异规律、污染来源、影响因素,对了解东山岛地下水"三氮"污染状况、"三氮"污染的控制和防治、居民健康风险控制等具有重要的意义.本研究应用地统计学方法分析了东山岛地下水中"三氮"含量的空间变异特征,采用Kriging方法对未观测点进行趋势面分析,并分析了东山岛地下水中"三氮"的污染特征.结果表明,东山岛地下水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量总体较低,但空间变异性较大,自相关性较差,而硝酸盐氮的含量普遍较高,空间分布表现为中等变异,空间自相关性较好;"三氮"在全岛的空间分布特征相似,浓度高值区均分布在近海陆域;城镇和村庄生活污染和人畜排泄物是东山岛地下水"三氮"污染的主要来源,是东山岛地下水污染控制的首要措施;土地利用类型、土壤类型、地下水埋深、p H、溶解氧、季节和Fe2+等都是影响东山岛地下水中"三氮"迁移转化的要素,是东山岛地下水氮污染治理需要考虑的因素.     

纳帕海湖滨草甸湿地土壤氮动态对水文周期变化的响应

对滇西北高原纳帕海国际重要湿地湖滨草甸土壤氮动态进行了为期2 a的定位监测,分析了水文周期对草甸土壤氮转化过程的驱动规律.结果表明,湖滨草甸湿地表现出以土壤干湿交替为主的水文周期变化特征.水文周期对0~20 cm表层土壤全氮赋存有显著影响,表层土壤全氮含量变幅为0.96~1.30 g/kg,呈不规则"W"型变化模式,在雨季表层土壤全氮与水位波动趋势一致.旱季地下水位较低时,草甸土壤有机氮矿化作用强烈,土壤水解氮含量相对较高.在雨季草甸土壤水解氮含量与水位波动趋势相反,8月湖水退落土壤水解氮含量最高,0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层分别为222.19 mg/kg和47.41 mg/kg,湖水再次上涨土壤中水解氮含量下降幅度分别为42%和48%,表明雨季后期水位波动加速了土壤水解氮向湿地水体中的运移速率,增加了湿地水体氮营养负荷.     

黄河口新生湿地土壤Fe和Mn元素的空间分布特征

2009年5月,在今黄河入海口北部的新生湿地区域,依据植被类型设置9个采样区,研究了不同植物群落下湿地土壤Fe和Mn含量的空间分布特征.结果表明,不同类型湿地土壤的Fe、Mn含量在水平分布上由三棱蔗草-朝天委陵菜湿地到光滩呈波动上升趋势,在垂直分布上则表现为不同的波动变化特征.成土母质决定湿地土壤Fe、Mn含量的空间分布,而海水、植被和土壤细颗粒对其也有重要影响.相关分析表明,Fe、Mn之间以及二者与粉粒、TN、NO-3-N和有机质呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与黏粒呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明Fe、Mn与N具有较好的共存性,土壤细颗粒和有机质是影响土壤Fe、Mn分布的主导因素.黄河口新生湿地的Fe含量范围为16.49~33.11 g·kg-1,均值为22.54 g·kg-1,与苏北潮滩湿地,中国黄土高原黄土和中国土壤的背景值相近,但略低于长江口湿地,红树林湿地和内陆湖泊湿地.Mn含量范围为305.87~711.39mg·kg-1,均值为451.09 mg·kg-1,低于中国黄土高原黄土和中国土壤的Mn含量背景值.     

上海某饮用水源地不同形态氮的时空分布研究

在2010~2012年进行的上海某水源地水质监测资料的基础上,应用纳氏试剂分光光度法等分析方法研究该水源地2011年1~10月总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮等不同形态的氮素在水体中的空间分布规律及时间变化规律。并就其氮的来源、迁移转化机理和对氮的迁移转化有较大影响的因素进行研究和分析,得出该水库水体中各种形态氮以硝酸盐氮为主,平均占总氮的71.6%,氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮各占总氮的4.39%及0.95%;水体中的温度、光照条件、溶解氧、点位位置分布、水深等是影响各氮形态含量与分布的重要环境因子。     

沈阳区域环境空气中一氧化氮与二氧化氮时空分布规律

以沈阳区域环境空气监测分析结果为依据 ,分析了 1 994～ 1 998年内空气中一氧化氮与二氧化氮时空分布状况及其变化趋势     

鄱阳湖水质状况分析与评价

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,对其水质的监测和分析有着重要意义。本文通过1980～1988年水质监测资料的搜集整理,分析了鄱阳湖水质的时空分布规律,并作出了比较全面的评价。评价结果表明,鄱阳湖已受到轻度污染,但其水质总体状况尚属良好,是全国淡水湖泊中最好的湖泊之一。     

Modelling nitrogen cycles of farming systems as basis of site- and farm-specific nitrogen management

The paper describes a model designed for analysing interrelated nitrogen (N) fluxes in farming systems. It combines the partial N balance, farm gate balance, barn balance and soil surface balance, in order to analyse all relevant N fluxes between the subsystems soil–plant–animal–environment and to reflect conclusive and consistent management systems. Such a system approach allows identifying the causes of varying N surplus and N utilisation.The REPRO model has been applied in the experimental farm Scheyern in southern Germany, which had been subdivided into an organic (org) and a conventional (con) farming system in 1992. Detailed series of long-term measuring data are available for the experimental farm, which have been used for evaluating the software for its efficiency and applicability under very different management, yet nearly equal site conditions.The organic farm is multi-structured with a legume-based crop rotation (N₂ fixation: 83 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). The livestock density is 1.4 LSU ha⁻¹. The farm is oriented on closed mass cycles.The conventional farm is a simple-structured cash crop system based on mineral N (N input 145 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Averaging the years 1999–2002, the organic crop rotation reached, with regard to the harvested products, about 81% (6.9 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) of the DM yield and about 93% (140 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) of the N removal of the conventional rotation. Related to the cropped area, the N surplus calculated for the organic rotation was 38 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ versus 44 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for the conventional rotation. The N utilisation reached 0.77 (org) and 0.79 (con), respectively. The different structure of the farms favoured an enhancement of the soil organic nitrogen stock (35 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in the organic crop rotation and caused a decline in the conventional system (−24 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Taking account of these changes, which were substantiated by measurements, N surplus in the organic rotation decreased to 3 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, while it increased to 68 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the conventional system. The adjusted N utilisation value amounted to 0.98 (org) and 0.69 (con), respectively.     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years(1990–2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin,China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output,surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields.Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010,partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk,decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years (1990-2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin, China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output, surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from 1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields. Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by 16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010, partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk, decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

江汉平原中部浅层地下水中氨氮的有机质来源探究

江汉平原地下水氨氮浓度普遍超标，但是氮污染来源尚不明晰，尤其是对潜在的有机来源氮的认识还很不充分。本研究对江汉平原中部浅层地下水和沉积物中的溶解性有机质（Dissolved organic matter，DOM）荧光组分与氨氮关系进行了调查研究，并对沉积物的氮形态进行分析，探讨了沉积物中有机质向氨氮的潜在转化过程。研究表明研究区内浅层地下水中广泛分布溶解性有机碳与NH₄⁺，并且两者浓度呈现正相关关系（R²=0.42，p<0.01），该区域地下水呈现强还原环境有利于DOC与NH₄⁺的赋存。DOM荧光光谱谱图的平行因子分析（Parallel factor analysis，PARAFAC）结果表明：地下水与沉积物中DOM均含有类氨基酸与类富里酸组分。有机质组分荧光强度与氨氮浓度相关性结果表明：沉积物DOM中类富里酸和类氨基酸组分与氨氮均呈现强正相关性（R²=0.92~0.96，p<0.01）；地下水中DOM类富里酸组分与氨氮呈现较强的正相关性（R²=0.62~0.66，p<0.01），而类氨基酸组分与氨氮的正相关性不明显。地下水中相较沉积物中，DOM的类富里酸和类氨基酸组分与氨氮相关性减弱，这种变化可能指示了类富里酸稳定赋存在含水层，而类氨基酸更容易分解消耗。沉积物中凯氏氮占总氮的87.04%~93.51%，表明沉积物中的氮主要为可以转变为NH₄⁺的有机氮形态，因而满足了地下水中的NH₄⁺由沉积物有机氮转化产生的必备条件。江汉平原沉积物中有机氮的分解是浅层地下水氨氮的重要来源。     

X~2分布、t分布和F分布的近似计算

当自由度很大时,三大抽样分布的P值无表可查,而且如果编程计算P值时,需要计算一个无穷区间上的广义积分,还会面临数值溢出的问题,解决这些问题需要较高的计算机编程技巧,这些不利于开发实用程序,限制了它们的实际应用。本文利用χ^2分布、一元t分布和一元F分布的一致渐进正态性、标准正态分布的分布函数近似计算公式和软件Mathematica 5．0,通过计算机仿真,指出当自由度较大时,可以用正态分布进行近似计算,避免了数值溢出和无穷区间的积分问题,为使用常用开发语言编程解决实际问题提供了一种可行方案,具有一定的应用价值。     

河流水体中直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)含量水平调查

对盐河中水体直链烷基苯磺酸钠（ＬＡＳ）在水体中的分布状况、自净和迁移转化规律进行了调查研究．结果表明，污水中ＬＡＳ主要迁移到底泥中，底泥中ＬＡＳ同系物在各个时期中含量和波动幅度的顺序是：Ｃ１２＞Ｃ１１＞Ｃ１３＞Ｃ１０．     

The influence of source and timing of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of four sweet potato cultivars

Nitrogen (N) availability is a very important determinant of crop yield. It is also one of the most expensive inputs in crop production. Thus, the efficient management of N by farmers with limited resource is a very important part of successful soil and crop management system. A field study was conducted on a Norfolk sandy loam soil at the George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee, AL, to evaluate the influence of fertilizer source and timing on the yield of four sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)] cultivars. Two N sources (urea, CO(NH₂)₂ and ammonium nitrate, NH₄NO₃), four sweet potato cultivars (‘Georgia Jet’, GA-Jet; ‘TU-82-155’, TU-155; ‘TU-1892’; and ‘Rojo Blanco’, Rojo-Bl) and three times (zero, single, and split applications) were used in a factorial designed experiment. Plants were harvested after 80 and 120 days and total and marketable yields determined. Nitrogen recovery efficiency, yield efficiency and physiological efficiency were also determined. Total and marketable yields of early maturing cultivars were significantly higher than of late maturing cultivars (P<0.05). The single application of N resulted in significantly higher yield in storage roots than split application (P<0.05). Physiological efficiency values were highly correlated with total marketable yields. Recovery rates increased with time. Late maturing cultivars tended to have higher N recovery and physiological efficiency than early maturing cultivars. These results suggest that cultivar maturity group should play an important part in N fertilization recommendations for sweet potato.