胞外聚合物对MBR中改性无纺布过滤性能的影响

采用统计分析方法研究了胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub6tances, EPS)对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR)中聚乙烯醇改性聚丙烯无纺布过滤性能的影响.结果表明,无纺布膜组件表面污泥的溶解性EPS(soluble EPS, EPSs)、EPSs,组成(protein/carbohydrate, P/C)以及相对疏水性(relative hydrophobicity, RH)对膜的过滤性能有显著影响,与膜污染阻力的皮尔逊相关系数(rp)分别为:0.868、0.840、0.890;改性无纺布膜组件能有效抑制EPSs,的吸附、降低EPSs组分中P/C的比率、减少活性污泥的沉积.表明聚丙烯无纺布通过亲水改性后,过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性.     

胞外聚合物对浸没式膜-生物反应器膜过滤性能的影响

通过浸没式膜-生物反应器（SMBR）处理上海市城市内河水的试验,研究了反应器混合液中和2种疏水性不同的膜上污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的量、组成、污泥特性及对膜过滤性能的影响.结果表明,混合液污泥中的溶解性EPS和固着性EPS比膜上污泥多,不同污泥的固着性EPS组分中蛋白质（EPSP）/多糖（EPSC）的大小顺序依次为混合液污泥〈亲水膜污泥〈疏水膜污泥.疏水膜污泥中溶解性EPS比亲水膜多,溶解性EPS和固着性EPS量及组分均有很大差异.混合液污泥的EPS流动性大,疏水性膜上污泥EPS的流动性较大.溶解性EPS对污泥特性及膜过滤性能影响较大.SMBR中亲、疏水性膜片上黏附的污泥的相对疏水性分别为53%、59%.比较2种膜片通量的变化发现,疏水性膜污染严重.     

气水交替膜生物反应器同步脱氮除碳效能研究

通过长期运行实验,对比研究了气水交替膜生物反应器(gas-water alternative membrane bioreactor,AMBR)和传统淹没式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)对模拟生活污水的处理效果.结果表明,两反应器对COD和NH4+-N的去除效果较为类似,去除率均高于96%;SMBR对污染物的去除作用以混合液中的活性污泥为主,而AMBR混合液中的活性污泥量很少,污染物的去除主要依靠附着于中空纤维膜表面微生物的作用.但AMBR比SMBR具有明显的反硝化脱氮优势,AMBR对TN的去除率为76.94%,远高于SMBR的52.41%.此外,通过两反应器长期运行过膜阻力变化规律的研究发现,AMBR比SMBR具有更好的抗膜污染能力.     

厌氧膜生物反应器处理含盐废水运行效能及膜污染特性

采用厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor,An MBR)处理模拟含盐有机废水,研究盐度变化对反应器运行效能及膜污染特性的影响.结果表明,当进水盐度逐渐增加但低于9. 1 g·L~(-1)时,反应器运行稳定,出水效果良好;当盐度增加至10 g·L~(-1),反应器COD去除率、产气量及甲烷含量都明显下降;污泥浓度、污泥体积指数(SVI)、溶解性微生物产物(SMP)和胞外聚合物(EPS)均随盐度增加而先升后降,污泥絮体紧密,沉降性良好.中空纤维膜组件在118 d内运行了3个周期,随着盐度增加膜运行周期由31 d延长为48 d,膜污染有所减缓.用SEM-EDX分析发现膜面污染物中有类似结晶状物质,Na、Mg、Al、Si、Cl、K、Ca和Fe为主要无机元素.三维荧光光谱(EEM)分析表明,蛋白质与腐殖酸是膜面有机污染物的主要成分.     

一体式膜生物反应器中膜污染影响因素的研究

膜污染是一体式膜生物反应器(SMBR)工艺中普遍存在的问题,是SMBR稳定运行和膜寿命的关键影响因素.影响膜污染的因素包括以下几个方面:膜的特性(膜材质、膜孔径的大小及表面粗糙度等);膜组件的类型与结构;SMBR的运行条件(膜通量、抽吸泵抽停时间、曝气量与曝气方式、出水方式与水力停留时间等);污泥特性(污泥浓度、微生物的溶解性产物和胞外聚合物以及污泥龄等).改善膜和污泥的特性、优化SMBR的结构及运行操作参数能够减缓膜污染.     

低温时污泥膨胀对MBR中膜污染的影响

通过一体式膜生物反应装置考察了在低温条件下发生污泥膨胀过程中反应器的运行效果和膜污染的情况,并从微生物角度分析了引起膜污染的因素.结果表明,低温时COD上清液和出水平均去除率分别为85%和92%,发生丝状菌污泥膨胀后去除率变化不大.MBR中丝状菌污泥膨胀形成的过程中,污泥沉降性变差,丝状菌丰度（FI）由2增加到5,丝状菌伸出絮体形成网状结构.低温时膜操作压力随时间呈直线变化,膜组件的水力清洗周期为15 d.在丝状菌大量繁殖时缩短到7 d,膜污染严重.通过测定活性污泥的特性,发现膨胀污泥的胞外聚合物（EPS）总量是正常污泥的3倍,污泥絮体相对疏水性（RH）随FI的提高而增大.EPS和RH增大后会引起更多物质沉积到膜表面,使膜污染速率提高,膜的运行周期变短.进一步的分析表明,混合液粘度、Zeta电位、污泥絮体形态也是影响膜污染的因素.     

污泥龄对膜生物反应器性能的影响

研究了膜生物反应器污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)含量、污泥特性、污泥颗粒粒径分布及膜过滤阻力的影响.结果表明,污泥龄(SRT)为30 d时混合液中胞外聚合物(EPS)和膜面上的EPS含量分别约为90 mg/g、0.8 g/m2,随污泥龄的延长二者同步增加,EPS在膜面上几乎没有积累;混合液EPS含量的增加改变了细菌表面电荷且增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变.造成污泥的沉降困难;在长污泥龄运行中.混合液中污泥颗粒呈现双峰分布,泥龄30 d时在O.5 μm和16 μm处有2个峰且平均粒径约14μm,污泥龄延长双峰分布向颗粒小的方向移动;混合液中微细颗粒含量及粒径分布对膜污染起决定性作用.综合考虑膜污染和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间(运行温度下的最大比增长速度)的120倍以下.     

好氧颗粒污泥MBR工艺处理变电站生活污水性能分析

实验对比研究了好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（AGMBR）和传统絮状污泥膜生物反应器（MBR）处理变电站生活污水过程中的膜污染行为及净水性能。以变电站生活污水作为进水,经60 d可以成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥。与传统絮状污泥相比,好氧颗粒污泥能够有效减缓膜污染,尤其是不可逆膜污染。AGMBR水力反洗频率仅为传统MBR的33.3%,30 d连续运行的膜孔阻力仅为传统MBR的69.3%。进一步分析发现,AGMBR反应器中EPS含量显著低于传统MBR,而且EPS中多糖组分含量也远低于传统MBR（仅为MBR的46%）。净水性能对比结果表明,AGMBR对TN和TP有着优异的去除性能,30 d运行平均去除率比传统MBR分别高出37.8%和40.5%。     

纳米零价铁强化微生物电催化-厌氧膜生物组合反应器抗膜污染能力及其调控机制

膜污染是厌氧膜生物反应器（anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR）产业化应用面临的最大挑战.本研究构建新型微生物电催化（bio-electrochemical systems,BES）-AnMBR组合反应器,以探究纳米零价铁（nano-zero-valent iron,nZVI）投加对BES-AnMBR组合系统膜污染削减和甲烷产生等性能的影响.结果表明,BES-AnMBR组合系统运行稳定,COD去除率一直维持在95%左右.nZVI投加量（以VS计）为0.1 g ·g^-1时,运行性能最佳,跨膜压差（transmembrane pressure,TMP）较对照组降低28.1%,膜通量亦有轻微增加;甲烷产量为81.3 mL ·g^-1（以COD_removed计）,较对照组提高了12.1%.胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substance,EPS）变化和膜阻过滤分析表明,nZVI可以加强EPS分解,促进膜表面无机和有机富铁结垢层形成,改善膜污染分布特征,从而显著缓解膜污染.本研究将丰富传统AnMBR的基础理论,为污泥处理与资源化利用提供了新视角.     

在线超声清洗对膜生物反应器污泥混合液特性的影响

采用低功率超声波实现了膜生物反应器中膜污染的在线超声清洗,考察在线超声清洗对污泥混合液特性的影响。结果表明:在线超声清洗能有效控制膜污染,但也会导致污泥浓度和污泥活性降低,混合液过滤性能变差,上清液有机物浓度上升,污泥絮体结构破解。污泥混合液特性的恶化必然会影响膜生物反应器的稳定运行,不利于膜污染的控制。为了避免混合液特性过度恶化,每次超声清洗时间应该控制在10 min以内。     

Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphor removal in an aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） effect and phosphor removal were investigated in a one-staged aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor on pilot-scale with mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） 19--20 g/L. The effects of DO concentration, sludge floc size distribution on SND were studied. Test results suggested that SND was successfully performed in the membrane bioreactor （MBR） and about 70% total nitrogen removal efficiency was achieved when DO concentration was set to 0.2-- 0.3 mg/L. The main mechanisms governing SND were the suitable sludge floc size and the low DO concentration which was caused by low oxygen transfer rate with such a high MLSS concentration in the MBR. In the meantime, phosphor removal was also studied with polymer ferric sulfate （PFS） addition and 14 mg/L dosage of PFS was proper for the MBR to remove phosphor. PFS addition also benefited the MBR operation owing to its reduction of extracellular polymer substances （EPS） of mixed liquor.     

PVA膜生物反应器去除效果的研究

应用了一种高亲水性的膜材料——PVA膜材料,处理生活污水,在污泥浓度为8000mg/L,HRT为3.5h的条件下,出水COD值维持在20mg/L以下,平均去除率达到93.3%;氨氮去除率达到90%以上;出水SS在1～3mg/L之间,平均去除率达到98.4%,有的甚至能达到100%;出水水质清澈透明,出水浊度平均在0.81NTU,小于1NTU,优于国家饮用水质标准。     

Control of membrane fouling during hyperhaline municipal wastewater treatment using a pilot-scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor system

Membrane fouling limits the effects of long-term stable operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR). Control of membrane fouling can extend the membrane life and reduce water treatment cost effectively. A pilot scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR, 40 L/hr) was used to treat the hyperhaline municipal sewage from a processing zone of Tianjin, China. Impact factors including mixed liquid sludge suspension (MLSS), sludge viscosity (μup), microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), aeration intensity and suction/suspended time on membrane fouling and pollution control were studied. The relationships among various factors associated with membrane fouling were analyzed. Results showed that there was a positive correlation among MLSS, sludge viscosity and trans-membrane pressure (TMP). Considering water treatment efficiency and stable operation of the membrane module, MLSS of 5 g/L was suggested for the process. There was a same trend among EPS, sludge viscosity and TMP. Numbers and species of microorganisms affected membrane fouling. Either too high or too low aeration intensity was not conducive to membrane fouling control. Aeration intensity of 1.0 m³/hr (gas/water ratio of 25:1) is suggested for the process. A long suction time caused a rapid increase in membrane resistance. However, long suspended time cannot prevent the increase of membrane resistance effectively even though a suspended time was necessary for scale off particles from the membrane surface. The suction/suspended time of 12 min/3 min was selected for the process. The interaction of various environmental factors and operation conditions must be considered synthetically.     

膜生物反应器中排泥方式对污泥胞外聚合物的影响

研究了膜生物反应器(MBR)中间歇排泥以及连续排泥条件下污泥停留时间(SRT)与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)变化的关系。试验结果表明:在间歇排泥方式下的污泥EPS都明显高于连续排泥方式下的。随着SRT的增加,附着型EPS浓度先是稍有减少,之后快速增加,溶解性EPS则增加。     

浸没式膜生物反应器中生物质的增殖及其对运行效能的影响

研究了浸没式膜生物反应器(sMBR)中生物质的增殖过程及其对反应器运行效能的影响.采用可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)对sMBR实现过程控制,在不排泥的情况下运行20~40d,生物质浓度达到9670mg/L,出水的各项指标达到最佳,但随着生物质的继续增殖,污泥表观黏度急剧增加,引起F/M的降低和传质困难,最终导致污泥活性降低及出水效果恶化.表观黏度与MLSS、EPS的增长趋势一致,表明这2个因素与活性污泥的表观黏度有着密切关系.采用SEM/EDS方法对不同阶段膜表面进行了观察及表面元素分析,结果表明膜表层污染物中有机物占主要部分,无机成分所占比例较小.     

复合式膜生物反应器的膜污染控制机理

采用常规膜生物反应器(CMBR)和复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)处理城市生活污水,对HMBR的膜污染控制机理进行了研究。试验结果表明,HMBR能够有效去除胞外多聚物(EPS),反应器内溶解性EPS(S-EPS)、松散附着性EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密附着性EPS(TB-EPS)的含量比CMBR分别降低了42.8%、41.5%和2.1%。附着性EPS(B-EPS)特别是LB-EPS与活性污泥的物理性能密切相关,随着其含量的降低,HMBR中活性污泥的絮凝性能和沉淀性能比CMBR分别提高了24.4%和34.8%。由于滤饼层污泥主要来源于活性污泥,因此随着活性污泥絮凝性能和沉淀性能的提高,HMBR中的滤饼层比阻比CMBR降低了31.1%。作为结果,当跨膜压差(TMP)到达20 kPa时,HMBR运行了143 d,而CMBR仅运行了57 d。     

金属膜生物反应器处理生活污水膜污染的影响因素

采用浸没式平板金属膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水,考察好氧与缺氧/好氧(anoxic/oxic, A/O) 2种运行模式下ρ(MLSS)和污泥粒径分布对膜过滤性能的影响及膜过滤阻力的组成. 结果表明,对于好氧膜生物反应器,存在一个能获得良好膜过滤性能的ρ(MLSS)范围; 好氧模式下膜过滤阻力主要为滤饼层阻力,且滤饼层能通过在线药洗或机械清洗较好地去除,系统在膜通量为0.80～1.00 　m3/(m2·d)下未进行离线药洗连续运行115 d. A/O模式下膜过滤阻力主要为内部阻力; A/O循环导致污泥破碎解体,产生大量微小粒子,在膜孔内形成吸附和堵塞,使膜过滤性能急剧下降,为维持系统运行,A/O阶段将膜通量从1.00 　m3/(m2·d)降至0.50 　m3/(m2·d),并进行了15次膜清洗.      

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

颗粒活性炭对膜生物反应器脱氮性能的影响

为了考察投加颗粒活性炭(GAC)对膜生物反应器(MBR)运行过程和处理效果的影响,研究了MBR和GAC-MBR透膜压差、膜通量的变化情况和脱氮性能,并采用ASM1模型对2个反应器进行数学模拟.结果表明,MBR和GAC-MBR的运行周期分别为75,150h,说明GAC的加入能够显著减缓MBR膜污染的速度,延长MBR的运行周期.MBR和GAC-MBR氨氮浓度分别为0.5,6mg/L;硝氮浓度分别为4.5,2mg/L;总氮浓度分别为5,10mg/L,出水COD均低于20mg/L,出水能符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB 18918-2002)》中的一级A标准.采用ASM1进行工艺数学模拟,模拟出水与实际测量值基本吻合,2个反应器中主要微生物为异养菌和氨氧化菌,异养菌在MBR和GAC-MBR中的质量分数分别为95.5%和97.7%;好氧氨氧化菌分别为4.4%和2.3%,说明投加颗粒活性炭能有效的缓解膜污染,并对污染物具有良好的处理效果.