珠三角空气质量暨光化学烟雾数值预报系统

基于中尺度气象模式(MM5)、排放源模式(SMOKE)和大气化学模式(CMAQ),耦合本地排放源清单,建立了珠三角区域空气质量数值模式预报系统。该套模式系统对清洁、污染过程的一次、二次污染物都有较好的预报能力。冬季,能见度和PM_(2.5)的预报值和观测值的相关系数最高达0.76和0.78。O_3和NO_x的预报值和观测值的相关系数为0.64和0.61。随着预报时效的增加,预报效果没有明显降低。夏季,在2个典型光化学过程中,O_3的预报值和观测值的相关系数分别为0.68和0.81,NO_x分别为0.57和0.64。在相关的边界层气象因子中,地表通风系数和能见度相关度最高,相关系数达0.71。混合层高度、地面风速、比湿和能见度的相关系数分别为0.55、0.50、和-0.37。在灰霾过程中,PM_(2.5)占PM_(10)的质量浓度为78%。在气溶胶质量权重中,硫酸盐所占的比重最高,占PM_(2.5)权重达到33%,元素碳为18%,有机碳为14%,铵盐为5%,硝酸盐仅为1%。灰霾过程的二次气溶胶的质量权重比清洁过程的大。     

硅橡胶低温环境性能研究

目的 研究低温环境对硅橡胶性能的影响。方法 探究硅橡胶6141和6144在-55℃长期低温环境下的压缩永久变形性能变化规律,以及不同低温环境对2种硅橡胶邵氏硬度和拉伸性能的影响,并通过DSC和TMA对材料热效应和弹性恢复行为进行分析。结果 在-55℃的低温环境下,随着时间的延长,硅橡胶的低温压缩永久变形会发生突变。当低温持续时间达到27 d后,硅橡胶6141和6144的低温压缩永久变形分别达到81%和92%,出现失效。对比-25℃和-55℃低温环境下的硬度和拉伸性能发现,随着温度的降低,材料拉断伸长率先增加、后降低,拉伸强度和硬度逐渐增大。当温度降低到-55℃时,由于材料产生结晶,硅橡胶6141和6144的拉伸强度分别增大58%和72%,稳定后的硬度值分别增加25和36。通过DSC和TMA研究发现,硅橡胶会在低温下产生结晶,回弹性降低。在-55℃低温环境下,通过TMA测试得到的6141和6144压缩永久变形分别为60%和62%。结论 在长时间的极端低温环境下,硅橡胶会缓慢发生结晶,使硅橡胶材料在高于其玻璃化转变温度和结晶温度范围内出现性能突变,发生失效。     

吸油烟机油烟捕集和空气性能的模拟与试验研究

应用计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟吸油烟机油烟捕集和空气性能,捕集结果和测量基本吻合。改滤网为分离器,使烟机油脂分离度和分离器占烟机分离度提高2.3%和15.8%,减少叶轮和蜗壳的清洗。计算的风量和功率与实验结果的误差分别为18.9%和8.4%。提出改进机箱空间,并采用空心叶轮和蜗壳后盖板挖槽方案。     

新时期我国环境保护面临的挑战及对策

坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策,关系到人民群众切身利益和中华民族生存发展。但是,我国环境保护面临许多困难和挑战。新时期,着眼于深化改革、调整结构、扩大内需、促进增长、保持稳定,着力于实现协调发展、创新发展、低碳发展和可持续发展,对我国环境保护提出了新的更高要求。分析这些困难和挑战,研究和探索新时期推进环境工作的对策建议,具有重要意义。     

茶园土壤和茶叶中重金属的监测与污染评价

测定了西南地区主要茶园土壤和茶叶中的重金属Pb,Cr,Cu,Cd,Hg和As含量,结合茶园土壤和茶叶的卫生质量标准,采用单因子污染指数法和Nemerow污染指数法进行污染评价。结果表明:西南地区茶叶和茶园土壤中6种重金属的含量都在相应的质量标准范围内,单因子污染指数和Nemerow污染指数均<1.0。但乐山和川茶群体土壤中的Cd综合污染指数达到0.69,接近安全等级的上限0.70。总体看来茶叶和茶园土壤未受这6种重金属元素的污染,茶叶和茶园土壤环境质量总体良好。缙云山茶和银芽中Cd和Hg是高富集元素,川茶群体中Hg是高富集元素。     

正确认识可持续发展中的环境监测和环境管理的关系

摘要：本文重．董介绍了可持续发展过程中的环境监测和环境管理两项工作内容。本文通过介绍环境监测和环境管理各自的内涵及任务,对监测和管理有了进一步的认识和理解。同时,阐述了环境监测和管理的内在关系,强调了监测和管理相辅相成、密切联系。针对这种关系,提出了对待环境监测和管理的态度,也为未来工作的发展提出了进一步的建议和措施。     

提高环境监测数据可靠性的方案分析

环境监测数据的可靠性和准确性,是全面正确的认识和评价环境,制定现行的环境政策的重要保障。为了有效提高环境监测数据的可靠性,需要开展全面质量管理工作,科学管理实验室和实验人员,采用科学化的监测方法和手段。本文主要是从环境监测工作的重要意义入手,有针对性的提出了一些切实有效提升环境监测数据可靠性的方法和策略。     

中国自然资源管理体制与制度：现状、问题及展望

自然资源在国家发展中扮演着重要角色。十九大以来,党和国家对自然资源管理保持高度重视,我国自然资源管理的体制、制度以及理念方法不断变革创新,逐步形成了较为符合我国国情的管理体系和模式。然而,管理实践中仍然存在诸多不足和矛盾。从我国自然资源管理体制和制度建设的现状着手,从管理对象、管理主体和管理保障三个方面,阐明自然资源管理体制和制度建设的发展困因,总结凝练当前制约管理实践发展的突出现实问题,并从构建国家安全视角下的多维自然资源管理体系和建立健全自然资源管理制度体系两个方面,为我国自然资源管理体制改革和制度建设的未来发展提供思考和建议,这将有助于我国可持续发展和生态文明建设的更进一步推进。     

燃煤烟气氨法脱硫工艺探讨

目前。火电厂二氧化硫排放占全国总量的65％左右。二氧化硫和由它形成的酸雨对人类和社会的危害十分严重。烟气脱硫迫在眉睫。烟气脱硫包括化学吸收过程和固定化过程两个步骤。半干式氨法烟气脱硫工艺具有适用范围广。脱硫效率高,运行费用低,三废排放少,环境效益好等特点,比较适合于大型燃煤电厂。它将氨吸收、碱吸收和活性炭吸附三种工艺结合在一起,是一个典型的化学、化工过程,使除尘后烟气依次进入脱硫塔和脱硫室。完成氨吸收反应和脱硫环吸附反应,脱硫副产物经处理后可综合利用,符合发展循环经济的要求。可提高大气环境质量和人民的生活质量,促进可持续发展,具有较大的环境效益和社会经济效益。     

多彩的生命,何去何从?

地球上的数百万物种,构成了人类和其他生物赖以生存的生态系统和生境。依靠生物多样性的支撑,人类在地球生态系统和生境中繁衍、生息。但是,栖息地的丧失和退化,过度开采、外来物种的入侵,气候变化和污染造成的生物多样性的退化,最终影响了它对人类的服务和供给。生物多样性关乎人类前途,没有生物多样性,地球也将由葱荣走向黯淡,人类终将无法走向未来。     

Spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

The impact of a typical municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in the surrounding soil was studied. Six stack gas samples were taken from the MSWI and 21 soil samples were collected from sampling sites between 300 and 1700 m from the MSWI stack. The total (∑PCB) concentrations of dioxin-like (dl) PCBs and indicator PCBs in the stack gas samples were between 3.41 and 34.3 ng/m3, and the corresponding toxic equivalents (TEQs) ranged from 4.45 to 66.9 pg WHO-TEQ/m3, with a mean of 28.6 pg WHO-TEQ/m3. A total of 2.43 g WHO-TEQ of PCBs per year was calculated to be released into the environment from MSWIs in China. The ∑PCB concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 28.0 to 264.4 pg/g, with mean and median values of 127.6 and 127.7 pg/g, respectively, while the TEQ values were between 0.020 and 0.18 pg WHO-TEQ/g, with mean and median values of 0.074 and 0.062 pg WHO-TEQ/g, respectively. Comparing this study with other studies performed around the world suggest that PCB emission from incinerators has a critical influence on PCB concentrations in the surrounding soil. An exponential function equation is proposed, which indicates a clear decline in ∑PCB concentrations with increasing distance from the stack. A contour map created using an ordinary kriging interpolation technique showed that a limited area (1250 m radius) from the stack was clearly influenced by PCB emission from the MSWI.     

北京PM2.5背景值定值方法及其变化特征研究

通过气团识别方式,确定了较强气团判别指标,定量评估了较强气团对北京上甸子区域大气本底站PM2.5浓度影响.结果显示,偏北风过程中PM2.5的背景值介于10.3~13.5μg/m3,平均值为(11.7±1.3)μg/m3;偏南风过程中PM2.5的背景值介于60.2~92.6μg/m3,平均值为(76.2±12.8)μg/m3.偏北风过程中,PM2.5背景值变化趋势不明显;偏南风过程中,PM2.5背景浓度呈线性下降趋势,下降速率为5.5μg/(m3×a).2009~2012年期间,区域本底站观测到的PM2.5年均值变化不大,这与北京地区的局地产生的二次PM2.5逐步增大有关,在一定程度上抵消了区域背景值下降的影响.当出现系统性偏南风时,北京以南区域输送对北京当地PM2.5浓度增加的平均贡献接近60%,但是自2009年开始逐步下降,截止2012年该贡献降低到44%.     

不同环境因子对纳米羟基磷灰石在饱和填充柱中迁移规律的影响

选用石英砂填充柱模拟土壤体系,通过测量纳米羟基磷灰石（Nano-HAP）ζ电位、出流比等来考察不同环境因素（腐殖酸浓度、pH和离子强度）对其在饱和石英砂柱中迁移规律的影响.结果表明,随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,Nano-HAP胶体的ζ电位相应增加（绝对值增加）,吸附效率（α）相应降低,当溶液中腐殖酸浓度由0增加为10 mg/...     

Resorbed co-twin as an explanation for discrepant chorionic villus results: Non-mosaic 47,XX, +16 in villi (direct and culture) with normal (46,XX) amniotic fluid and neonatal blood

Non-mosaic trisomy 16 was observed in chorionic villus cytotrophoblasts (direct) as well as cultured mesenchymal core cells derived from the pregnancy of a 38-year-old woman. Chromosome preparations from amniotic fluid and neonatal cultures (cord blood) were 46,XX. Normal fetal growth as determined by serial ultrasound examinations occurred throughout the pregnancy, which resulted in a healthy 2724 g female. Multiple biopsies taken from the umbilical cord, placental cotyledons, and fetal membranes were 46,XX. However, a placental nodule and three of six cultures initiated from membranes (amnion and chorion) showed 46,XX/47,XX, + 16 mosaicism. We propose that the trisomy 16 cells arose from residual villi derived from a trisomic cotwin that never developed. This case further demonstrates that normal fetal growth may presage normal outcome irrespective of cytogenetic findings in cytotrophoblasts (direct) and cultured mesenchymal core cells.     

基于水体固有光学特性的太湖浮游植物色素的定量反演

基于2005-05～2005-08对太湖全湖不同湖区92个样点吸收系数、光束衰减系数、后向散射系数等固有光学特性测定与计算,选择色素浓度反演的最佳波段组合,利用反射率比建立了太湖叶绿素a,叶绿素a与脱镁叶绿素的定量反演模型.结果表明,全湖4次采样叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素的变化范围分别为3.9～149.8μg·L^-1、均值为(38.14±28.89)μg·L^-1;0～45.8μg·L^-1、均值为(8.49±7.24)μg·L^-1,存在很大空间差异,湖心区和草型湖区的东太湖、胥口湾、贡湖湾色素浓度一般要低于其他湖区.同样吸收系数和后向散射系数也存在很大的空间差异,a_t(440)的变化范围为0.86～23.25 m^-1、均值为(6.21±3.31)m^-1,b_t(550)的变化范围0.05～2.25m^-1、均值为(0.72±0.52)m^-1,东太湖、胥口湾、贡湖湾的值要低于其他湖区.400～650nm随波长增加总吸收系数大致呈下降趋势,680nm附近存在1个峰值,峰值的强弱与水体中色素浓度有关,而到720nm以后则逐渐增加,后向散射系数随波长增加则逐渐降低.反射率比R(706)/R(682)能较好地用于太湖色素浓度的反演,叶绿素a、叶绿素a与脱镁叶绿素之和幂函数反演的决定系数R²分别达0.823、0.864 5.模型能用于包括湖面反射率受湖底和沉水植物影响的全太湖.     

Chlorobenzenes and organochlorinated pesticides in vegetable soils from an industrial site, China

Organochlorinated compounds are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment, especially in industrial sites. The objective of the work was to investigate whether a vegetable field near an industrial site is safe for vegetable production. The residues of chlorobenzenes (CBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in a vegetable field which was near a chemical plant in China were characterized. Point estimate quotient was used for ecological risk assessment of the investigated site. The results showed that all CBs except monochlorobenzene (MCB) were detected in soils. The total concentrations of ∑CBs ranged from 71.06 to 716.57 ng/g, with a mean concentration of 434.93 ng/g. The main components of CBs in soil samples were dichlorobenzenes (DCBs), trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) and tetrachlorobenzenes (TeCBs), while for single congeners, 1,2,4-TCB had the highest concentration, which ranged from 13.21 to 210.35 ng/g with a mean concentration of 111.89 ng/g. Residues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in soil samples ranged from 0.9 to 11.79 ng/g, significantly lower than ∑DCB, ∑TCB and ∑TeCB. Concentrations of ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs in soils ranged from 11.32 to 55.24 ng/g and from 195.63 to 465.58 ng/g, respectively, of which the main components were αup-HCH and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE). Ecological risk assessment for the investigated site showed that the most potential risks were from TCBs and TeCBs, based on the hazard quotients. The higher residues of CBs and DDTs compared to the target values and the higher than 1 hazard quotients indicated that this area is not safe for vegetable production and thus soil remediation is needed.     

沉积物中重金属铅的释放动力学模拟

采用扩散通量模型(DIFS)模拟了沉积物中Pb从固相向液相释放的动力学过程.模拟结果表明,对于扩散梯度膜(DGT)测定的Pb浓度CDGT与孔隙水Pb浓度比值(R)接近1的S1样品,靠近DGT的液相Pb被消耗后,固相吸附态Pb迅速补给消耗;其解吸速率常数k-1较大,而且非稳态Pb含量较大,在放置时间(t)内,DGT表面孔隙水Pb浓度一直维持在初始浓度.而对于R接近0的S2样品(无补给情况),靠近DGT孔隙水Pb被消耗后,固相的补给很少,反映在相关参数上便是非稳态Pb含量较低,而且解吸速率常数k-1很小,DGT表面处孔隙水Pb浓度随放置时间的增加而降低.对于R值等于0.39的S3样品(部分补给情况),非稳态Pb含量和解吸速率常数k-1介于S1和S2样品之间,固相的补给能力介于S1和S2之间.由以上模拟结果可知,沉积物中重金属释放动力学过程受到非稳态Pb含量和释放动力学参数共同影响.     

东营凹陷沙河街组沉积岩碳氧同位素组成的古环境记录

分析了东营凹陷沙河街组沉积碳酸盐的碳氧同位素组成,结果显示,东营凹陷沙河街组沉积碳酸盐δ13CPDB值介于-2.45‰～+6.44‰之间,平均值为+2.43‰;δ18OPDB值介于-13.98‰～-5.68‰之间,平均值为-9.47‰。δ13CPDB、δ18OPDB之间具有良好的正相关性,指示沙河街组沉积时期,东营凹陷为相对封闭的湖泊环境。在纵向上,沙三段沉积碳酸盐碳氧同位素发生了负漂移,具有最低的δ18OPDB和δ13CPDB,而沙二段沉积碳酸盐具有最高的δ18OPDB和δ13CPDB。东营凹陷古近系湖泊沉积碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成的变化是沉积环境综合作用的结果,指示了区域古气候条件由沙四期的干旱气候,向沙三期的湿润气候转变,至沙二期,气候又经历了短暂的干热阶段。东营凹陷沙河街期的沉积环境特征直接控制了各阶段发育的泥质岩类型及其沉积有机质特征。     

Europe's last Mesozoic bird

Birds known from more than isolated skeletal elements are rare in the fossil record, especially from the European Mesozoic. This paucity has hindered interpretations of avian evolution immediately prior to, and in the aftermath of, the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction event. We report on a specimen of a large ornithurine bird (closely related to Ichthyornis) from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastricht Formation) of Belgium. This is the first record of a bird from these historic strata and the only phylogenetically informative ornithurine to be recovered from the Mesozoic of Europe. Because this new specimen was collected from 40 m below the K-T boundary (approximate age of 65.8 Ma), it is also the youngest non-neornithine (=non-modern) bird known from anywhere in the world.     

Natural organic matter quantification in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland (Tablas de Daimiel, Spain)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations have been measured in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland, the Tablas de Daimiel, Spain, when the system-characterised by variable hydroperiodicity conditions, was completely flooded (February 2011). Fluxes of DOM from the wetland soils to the overlying waters were measured by using a passive diffusion sampler (peeper). Not only dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were measured but refractory organic matter (ROM, usually known as humic substances) was also quantified using a novel voltammetric method. Fluorescence spectra were recorded to help in selecting the appropriate standard for ROM quantification, test the homogeneity of DOM in the waters and get an indication of their source. The results obtained show a 7-fold increase in measured ROM concentrations from the Gigu¨ela River to the outlet, which points to a net exportation of ROM from the wetland and to the existence of an internal source of ROM in the system, probably diffusion from the wetland soils. This hypothesis is confirmed by the flux of ROM from the soils to the water column measured with the peeper and by the common fluorescence characteristics of column and interstitial waters. The smaller increase in DOC concentrations along the wetland, in spite of the higher DOC fluxes from soils, suggests that there is significant turnover of organic carbon (OC) in the water column. The system acts as a major carbon sink but, when flooded, exports OC as DOM.