黄河口近岸海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)的研究

测定了黄河口近岸海域11个站位表层沉积物样品的酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步浸提重金属(SEM)含量,对AVS、SEM和差值(SEM-AVS)的大小和平面分布进行了分析,结果表明:该海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为0.152～1.847 μmol/g,平均值为0.935 μmol/g;SEM含量分布范围为0.899～1.863 μmol/g,平均值为1.327 μmol/g,调查海域表层沉积物SEM-AVS差值的变化范围为-0.594～1.365 μmol/g,平均值为0.392 μmol/g.黄河口门沉积物中重金属(SEM)可能对水生生物有一定的毒性;在调查海域的东部和北部海域存在两个低值区,沉积物中重金属是安全的,从黄河口向莱州湾内,沉积物重金属对水生生物的毒性是逐渐降低的.     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直变化特征研究

水体沉积物中的酸溶性硫化物 (AVS)极易与二价金属阳离子反应生成难溶金属硫化物 ,从而控制沉积物中二价有毒金属的化学活性和生物有效性 .测定沉积物中的AVS和同步提取金属 (SEM) ,依据SEM AVS的比值可作为判定重金属生物有效性的良好指标 .通过对太湖梅梁湾 2个不同站点沉积物中AVS与SEM随深度分布的研究得出 :①AVS含量随着深度的加深先上升后降低 ,SEM含量随深度的加深呈逐渐降低趋势 ;②SEM AVS只在最表层 (0～ 2cm)大于 1,低于这一层都小于 1.③在表层沉积物 (0～ 2cm)中 ,可能存在重金属生物毒性效应 .但对于单个金属而言 ,Ni、Cu具有产生毒性作用的潜能 ,而Zn、Pb对沉积物中的生物不具有毒性 .     

深圳湾海域沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物与重金属生态风险评价

测定了深圳湾海域10个站点表层沉积物中的AVS、TOC和同步浸提重金属(SEM)的含量,对AVS、SEM的平面分布及AVS与SEM和TOC的相互关系进行了分析。结果表明:深圳湾海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为0.06～7.41μmol/g,平均值为2.51μmol/g;SEM含量范围为0.71～5.15μmol/g,平均值为3.06μmol/g;AVS与SEM的平面分布较一致,呈从湾顶到湾中向湾外逐渐递减的明显趋势。调查海域AVS与SEM和TOC间具有良好的线性相关性,大多数站点∑SEM-AVS的差值均0<(∑SEM-AVS)<5,说明该海域可能存在重金属的中等毒性生态风险。     

淮河淮南段底泥中酸性挥发硫与同步浸提金属的分布

采用氮载气冷法酸溶硫化物分析技术对淮河淮南段底泥中酸性挥发硫(AVS)以及同步浸提金属(SEM)的含量在河流沿程及垂直方向上的分布进行了测定.结果表明,淮河淮南段5个站点表层底泥中AVS的含量为0.14～0.87 μmol·g-1SEM(Zn、Cu、Ni、Cd、Pb)含量为0.5～1.1 μmol·g-1;其中,峡山口站点AVS最低,姚家湾站点AVS及SEM均为最高;从入境到出境断面,[SEM]/[AVS]摩尔比值呈逐渐下降趋势,数值都在1.0以上.不同站点AVS在垂直方向上的分布较为复杂,峡山口25 cm以上段随深度增加AVS逐渐增大.之后又逐渐降低,30 cm以下段变化很小;姚家湾表层AVS含量较高,20 cm以上段随深度增加AVS逐渐减小,之后又逐渐增大,30～35 cm层含量最高;石头埠和胡大涧站点AVS随深度变化不大.胡大涧以上4个站点柱状底泥中SEM的含量在0.25～0.9 μmol·g-1之间.对[SEM]/[AVS]摩尔比的研究显示,淮河淮南段表层底泥存在轻微的重金属污染.     

珠江虎门河口表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的重金属同步提取

测定了珠江虎门河口16个站位的表层沉积物样品中的酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步提取重金属(SEM)Cu、Co、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Ba和V的含量。结果表明,AVS的浓度范围为0.13～31.68μmol/g,平均值为8.54μmol/g;SEM的浓度范围为0.37～5.54μ/g,平均值为1.84μ/g。采用SEM/AVS比值评价方法和SEM-AVS差值评价方法预测沉积物中重金属的生物有效性,结果表明,除P3、P13、P16、P19、P20的表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物可能具有中等毒性水平外,其余站点的表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物无不良影响。     

渤海湾北部海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫(AVS)的研究

测定了渤海湾北部海域10个站位表层沉积物样品的酸可挥发性硫（AVS）和同步浸提重金属（SEM）含量,对AVS、SEM和SEM-AVS的平面分布和相互关系进行了分析,结果表明：该海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为1．02～13．68μmol／g,平均值为3．43μmol／g;SEM含量范围为1.92～2．96μmol／g,平均值为2．22μmol／g。调查海域沉积物的SEM-AVS与AVS具有较好的线性相关性,SEM-AVS〈0的区域位于调查海域的东北部的养殖区,养殖区沉积物重金属是安全的。0〈SEM-AVS〈5的区域分布于调查海域的西北-东南方向海域,该方向海域沉积物可能存在重金属的中等毒性。     

舟山近岸海域沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究

对舟山附近海域沉积物中的酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）、同步提取重金属（SEM）和5种重金属的分布进行了调查,并用（SEM-AVS）差值法对上述重金属的生物有效性进行了研究。结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中AVS和SEM含量均较低,AVS含量范围为0.005~4.21 μmol/g,平均含量为0.546 μmol/g,SEM含量范围为0.3356~1.614 μmol/g,平均含量为0.7998 μmol/g;表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd的平均含量分别为24.65×10-6、27.21×10-6、114.5×10-6、58.26×10-6和0.142×10-6。（SEM-AVS）差值法的结果表明除5个站位外,其余站位沉积物中重金属对生物可能具有中等毒性。     

大风江口海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物、重金属分布及风险评价

为了解广西北部湾典型亚热带主要入海河口区——大风江口海域沉积物重金属生物毒性/生态风险现状,以2018年7月在该区域采集的10个采样点表层沉积物为基础,采用冷扩散法提取样本中酸可挥发性硫化物（acid volatile sulfides,AVS）,并同步提取重金属（simultaneously extracted heavy metals,SEM）,采用碘量法测定AVS含量,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定同步浸提的Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等5种重金属元素含量（同步提取的5种重金属含量之和用∑SEM表示）,并利用∑SEM/AVS比值法和∑SEM-AVS差值法进行沉积物重金属生态风险评价.结果表明:大风江口海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围在0.33~9.30 μmol/g之间,平均值为（3.63±2.76）μmol/g,AVS含量呈现由河流向入海河口区域递减的趋势;∑SEM范围在2.12~27.08 μmol/g之间,平均值为（7.61±7.32）μmol/g,∑SEM呈由河流向开阔海域先增加后递减的趋势;相比于其他海区,大风江口海域沉积物中AVS含量和∑SEM均较高.大风江口海域沉积物中AVS含量与溶出液pH（7.59~8.89）、沉积物氧化还原电位（E_h）（-165~182 mV）均呈显著负相关,表明沉积环境中E_h和pH越低,越有利于AVS的生成.大风江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中∑SEM/AVS和∑SEM-AVS的变化范围分别为0.62~15.33和-3.49~22.90 μmol/g.研究显示,大风江口海域表层沉积物中重金属具有潜在中等或高的毒性生态风险,应加强重金属污染防控.      

珠江口桂山岛沉积物中重金属生物毒性评价和同步萃取金属形态特征

采用冷扩散法和连续萃取方法对珠江口桂山岛附近7个位点表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取重金属(SEM)和沉积物中重金属形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中AVS含量较低,沉积物中重金属主要以残留态和硫化物结合态存在,其次为还原态、有机质结合态和少量弱酸提取态.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物中SEM与Ca(r=0.677)、Al(r=0.668)和Fe(r=0.787)有显著正相关关系,而与有机碳(r=-0.908)有显著负相关关系,沉积物组分影响着重金属的生物毒性,SEM/AVS预测可能会过高估计重金属生态毒性.由150μmol.g-1(∑SEM-AVS)/fOC340μmo.lg-1,表层沉积物中重金属对底栖生物有潜在或慢性毒性作用.对沉积物样品中SEM结合特征研究表明,SEM-Cu主要为Cu弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有部分有机质结合态和少量残留态;SEM-Pb和SEM-Ni主要为Pb和Ni残留态,同时还包括Pb和Ni全部弱酸提取态、还原态、有机质结合态和硫化物结合态;SEM-Zn主要为Zn弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有少量的有机质结合态.     

桂林沉积物酸可挥发硫和同步提取金属的分析

测定了桂林地区水系沉积物中酸可挥发硫 (AVS)与同步提取的重金属 (SEM) ,研究了桂林地区水系沉积物中酸可挥发硫随深度的变化特征 ,并用 [SEM] [AVS]方法对桂林地区水系沉积物中重金属的生物毒性进行了初步预测。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.