环境介质中黑碳定量方法的研究进展

黑碳是由生物质和化石燃料等不完全燃烧产生的含碳物质连续统一体,广泛存在于大气、土壤、沉积物、水体和雪冰等环境介质中,涉及到气候变化、环境影响、碳循环、健康危害等诸多问题,是国内外科学家近年来共同关注的热点。黑碳的准确定量是各项研究开展的重要前提,但不同环境介质中黑碳定量方法的建立和优化仍是黑碳研究体系的难点。文章全面总结了大气、土壤、沉积物和水体中黑碳定量方法的研究进展,指出:热光反射法在黑碳气溶胶定量方面具有广阔的应用前景;化学氧化法与热光法相结合是土壤/沉积物中黑碳定量研究的发展趋势;水体溶解态黑碳是近年来的研究热点,其定量研究目前主要采用苯多羧酸分子标志物法,但定量机理和方法优化亟待深入探究。     

施用生物质炭对黑土黑碳含量和结构特征的影响

生物质炭(Biochar,Bc)是黑碳(Black Carbon,BC)的一种,当前关于生物质炭在农业上的研究大都集中在其对土壤理化性质和作物生长的影响,而关于施用生物质炭对土壤黑碳结构和数量影响的研究很少.为了解施用生物质炭对土壤黑碳的影响,本试验采用盆栽试验的方法,设置4个处理,施加生物质炭量分别为0(CK)、6、12和24 t·hm-2,采用Wolbach-Anders法对土壤中的黑碳进行提取,运用元素分析、红外光谱和热重分析等方法研究了不同施入量的生物质炭对土壤黑碳产生的影响.实验结果表明:施用玉米秸秆生物质炭能明显增加土壤中黑碳的含量,随着生物质炭施用量的增加,不同处理相对于对照(CK)中土壤黑碳含量分别提升7.04%、22.96%和46.90%.施用玉米秸秆生物质炭降低了黑碳的脂族性、氧化性,提升了黑碳的缩合度、芳化度,提高了黑碳结构的稳定性,提高了土壤黑碳的热稳定性.施用玉米秸秆生物质炭能够提高p H,提高土壤的速效养分含量.     

黑碳的环境老化与环境氧化

黑碳在环境中广泛存在且含量呈逐年递增之势。进入土壤/沉积环境的黑碳通常被认为性质稳定,但事实上,土壤老化及环境氧化作用会使其性质发生缓慢改变。文章综述了黑碳在土壤中老化和在环境中氧化前后的性质变化和影响因素,讨论了上述变化对污染物固定及土壤功能的影响,上述综述和讨论将有助于人们正确认识黑碳在土壤中的环境角色和功能。     

天津污灌区苯并(a)芘的分布和迁移通量模型

建立了估算苯并 (a)芘在天津污灌区气、水、土壤及沉积物相间的迁移通量和浓度分布的逸度模型框架 ,利用通量资料作为模型输入 ,利用实测浓度数据验证了模型的可靠性 .结果表明 ,模型对大气、地表水、土壤和沉积物中浓度的估算大体吻合 ,沉积物和土壤是苯并 (a)芘的主要环境归宿 ,而大气中的平衡浓度相对较低 ,水体及土壤中的苯并 (a)芘可能通过作物和鱼体富集而进入生态系统 .     

长江流域沉积物中黑碳分布及其与多环芳烃的相关性研究

本文采用CTO-375法测定了长江流域主流及直流20个表层沉积物中黑碳的含量,探讨了沉积物中黑碳与粒度、总有机碳以及多环芳烃之间的关系。结果表明,长江流域沉积物中黑碳的含量范围在0.22~1.89mg/g之间,与粘土、粉砂及砂含量之间的相关性并不明显,说明粒度组成并不是控制BC分布的主要因素。BC与TOC之间的显著正相关性,表明BC与TOC有相似的来源,如人类活动、土壤流失。沉积物中BC与PAHs有较好的相关性,表明二者之间有相似的来源,同时也表明PAHs在研究区域沉积物中吸附主要由BC控制,这为研究多环芳烃在长江流域的环境归趋与影响因素等提供了新的信息。     

应用环境多介质逸度模型研究废旧电器拆解区多溴联苯醚的迁移及归趋

利用Level(Ⅲ)逸度模型模拟了浙东某废旧电器拆解区域多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)3种同系物在大气、水体、土壤和沉积物中的分布及迁移通量.在稳态假设条件下3种PBDEs同系物在环境介质中浓度的模型模拟值与实测值吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,通过参数灵敏度分析表明PBDEs的基本性质如蒸气压、正辛醇/水分配系数、在介质中的半衰期是影响化合物在环境相中浓度分布的主要因素.研究发现,在废旧电器拆解区大气中PBDEs对下风向的地区可能造成一定程度的污染;当环境系统达到平衡时,在废旧电器拆解区PBDEs主要蓄积在土壤和沉积物中,占所有环境介质中PBDEs的95%以上,土壤和沉积物是PBDEs污染的重要二次污染源;PBDEs在介质间的迁移以大气-土壤和水体-沉积物途径为主;废旧电器拆解区土壤中降解是PBDEs在环境中消减最主要途径.研究结果将为废旧电器拆解区PBDEs污染的风险评估和控制提供依据.     

东海内陆架沉积物中黑碳分布及其与持久性有机污染物的相关性研究

本文采用化学热氧化法测定了25个东海内陆架表层沉积物中黑碳的含量,探讨了沉积物中黑碳与总有机碳、粒度以及持久性有机污染物之间的关系.结果表明,东海内陆架表层沉积物中黑碳的含量范围为0.21～0.88 mg.g-1.沉积物中黑碳和总有机碳之间没有显著的相关性,表明两者具有不同的来源.区域内沉积物在粒度上有明显的空间分异,黑碳的空间差异则较小,表明黑碳的沉积过程受颗粒物分选过程的影响较小.沉积物中多环芳烃和滴滴涕的含量与黑碳无显著的相关性,可能与东海内陆架环境中强烈的水动力过程和持久性有机污染物来源的复杂性有关.     

环境监测

x83双盯刃之讲8铅稳定同位素在示踪环境污染中的应用/朱赖民(国家海洋局第三海洋研究所)…//环境科学研究/中国环科院一么刃2,15(1)一27一30 环图X一6 根据Pb同位素的地球化学特点,分析了Pb同位素在示踪环境污染中的理论基础。从国内外大量研究实例出发,总结了近年来Pb同位素在示踪工业Pb污染的应用现状,肯定了Pb同位素在示踪Pb工业污染中的地位和作用。结合我国首次北极考察海洋大气气溶胶铅稳定同位索的初步研究,认为研究环境系统有关对象(如大气、海水、冰雪和沉积物等)的Pb同位素组成,通过其Pb同位素混合模型计算和源区参数计算,可…     

华中地区某县农田土壤黑碳分布特征及来源解析

以华中地区阳新县农田土壤为研究对象,采用热光反射法研究了不同类型农田土壤(水稻土、红壤、潮土)中黑碳、焦炭、烟炱含量的变化特征,并探讨了影响黑碳、焦炭和烟炱分布的影响因素以及黑碳的可能来源。结果表明,农田土壤中黑碳、焦炭和烟炱含量变幅较大,分别为0.17—3.18 g?kg~(~(-1)),0.03—2.37 g?kg~(-1)和0.09—1.50 g?kg~(-1),平均值分别为0.85 g?kg~(-1),0.45 g?kg~(-1)和0.40 g?kg~(-1)。不同类型土壤中黑碳、焦炭、烟炱含量的大小顺序是:水稻土红壤潮土。黑碳占有机碳的比例变化范围在1.45%—26.43%,平均值为6.76%。相关分析结果表明土壤黑碳含量与有机碳、焦炭和烟炱含量之间都呈显著的正相关关系。根据焦炭/烟炱比值分析结果推测农田土壤中的黑碳主要来源于化石燃料燃烧,如工业燃煤及机动车尾气排放等。     

沿海热力内边界层中污染物化学转化与扩散模式的研究

以SO_2在大气中的传播,扩散和化学转化为例,提出了沿海热力内边界层中污染物的扩散与化学转化模式。研究表明,由于化学转化作用,一部分SO_2继生污染物,将以SO_4~(2-)形式存在于大气中。SO_2及其继生污染物在大气中的组成分配率,主要取决于SO_2氧化为SO_4~(2-)的氧化速率。     

山美水库表层沉积物黑碳分布特征及其对磷形态的影响

对亚热带水库福建山美水库表层沉积物黑碳的时空分布特征及其对不同形态磷的影响进行了研究.结果表明,山美水库表层沉积物黑碳(BC)含量为2.44~5.28g/kg,与国外研究水库水平相当,显著高于国内外海岸带沉积物黑碳水平.黑碳整体分布特征为:丰水期>枯水期, 入库区>库尾>近坝区>库中.沉积物中黑碳与总有机碳呈现显著的正相关性,与沉积物粒径分布无明显相关关系.黑碳与有机碳比值平均为24.95%,表明黑碳来源复杂,是陆源生物质燃烧和化石燃料燃烧的共同结果.黑碳与有机磷和铁铝结合态磷这两种易释放磷之间显著相关,其对有机磷和铁铝结合态磷具有一定的吸附固定作用,这种吸附作用可能对沉积物内源磷释放具有一定的抑制效应.     

桂林毛村岩溶区三种亚类石灰土有机碳矿化研究

应用土壤培养法,比较分析了桂林毛村典型岩溶区黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、红色石灰土三种亚类石灰土在25℃和70%田间饱和含水量条件下培养90d有机碳矿化速率的差异。结果显示:各亚类土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积释放CO2-C量总体上都随土层加深而递减。0～20cm至20～40cm层递减幅度最大。各亚类石灰土有机碳矿化速率和累计释放量的大小顺序为:黑色石灰土>棕色石灰土>红色石灰土,黑色石灰土的矿化速率远远大于棕色石灰土和红色石灰土,其中0～20cm土层差异最大。土壤有机碳矿化速率和有机碳含量呈正相关。黑色石灰土土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2-C分配比例最高,达到3.33%,其次是红色石灰土,比例为2.92%,旱地棕色石灰土矿化比例最低,为1.90%,说明桂林毛村典型岩溶区黑色石灰土和红色石灰土有机碳稳定性较弱,旱地棕色石灰土具有较强的固定有机碳能力。     

黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失价值估算及其特征分析——以黑龙江克拜东部黑土区为例

论文在GIS技术支持下,依据环境经济学原理,利用2005年的坡面侵蚀和沟蚀数据,对黑龙江克拜东部黑土区由土壤侵蚀造成的直接经济损失进行了定量估算;在此基础上,将黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失与西北黄土高原地区、北方土石山区、西南岩溶区进行了对比分析。结果表明：研究区2005年由土壤侵蚀所造成的直接经济损失总价值约为9414.20×10⁴元,占当地种植业总收入的17.19%,部分乡镇损失价值占种植业收入的1/4以上。将黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失与我国其他水蚀区对比发现：东北黑土区虽以轻度侵蚀为主,土壤侵蚀量固然不能与黄土高原相提并论,但由于黑土腐殖质含量高、养分丰富,轻度侵蚀即可造成严重的养分流失,其单位面积土壤侵蚀直接经济损失价值是黄土高原的3～4倍。     

Effects of sludge dredging on the prevention and control of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake, China

Algae-caused black bloom (also known as black water agglomerate) has recently become a critical problem in some Chinese lakes.It has been suggested that the occurrence of algae-caused black bloom was caused by the cooperation of nutrient-rich sediment with dead algae,and sludge dredging was adopted to control black bloom in some lakes of China.In this article,based on the simulation of black bloom using a Y-shape apparatus for modeling natural conditions,both un-dredged and dredged sites in three areas of Taihu Lake,China were studied to estimate the effects of dredging on the prevention and control of black bloom.During the experiment,drained algae were added to all six sites as an additional organic load;subsequently,the dissolved oxygen decreased rapidly,dropping to 0 mg/L at the sediment-water interface.Black bloom did not occur in the dredged sites of Moon Bay and Nan Quan,whereas all three un-dredged sites at Fudu Port,Moon Bay and Nan Quan experienced black bloom.Black bloom also occurred at the dredged site of Fudu Port one day later than at the other sites,and the odor and color were lighter than at the other locations.The color and odor of the black water mainly result from the presence of sulfides such as metal sulfides and hydrogen sulfide,among other chemicals,under reductive conditions.The color and odor of the water,together with the high concentrations of nutrients,were mainly caused by the decomposition of the algae and the presence of nutrient-rich sediment.Overall,the removal of the nutrient-rich sediment by dredging can prevent the occurrence and control the degree of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake.     

Reducing black carbon emissions from diesel vehicles in Russia: An assessment and policy recommendations

The paper assesses options and challenges of reducing black carbon emissions from diesel vehicles in Russia. Black carbon is a product of incomplete diesel combustion and is a component of fine particulate matter. Particulate matter emissions have adverse health impacts, causing cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer; black carbon is also a large climate forcer. Black carbon emissions from Russian diesel sources affect not only the Russian territory but also contribute to overall pollution. This paper analyzes current ecological standards for vehicles and fuel, evaluates policies for emission reductions from existing diesel vehicle fleet, and assesses Russia's attempts to encourage the use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel. Based on best practices of black carbon emission reductions, this paper provides a number of policy recommendations for Russia.     

Assessment and prediction of the effect of ageing on the adsorption of nonylphenol in black carbon-sediment systems

Black carbon (BC) is a promising sediment amendment, as proven by its considerable adsorption capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants and accessibility, but its reliability when used for the removal of pollutants in natural sediments still needs to be evaluated. For example, the ageing process, resulting in changing of surface physicochemical properties of BC, will decrease the adsorption capacity and performance of BC when applied to sediment pollution control. In this study, how the ageing process and BC proportion affect the adsorption capacity of BC-sediment systems was modelled and quantitatively investigated to predict their adsorption capacity under different ageing times and BC additions. The results showed that the ageing process decreased the adsorption capacity of both BC-sediment systems, due to the blockage of the non-linear adsorption sites of BC. The adsorption capacity of rice straw black carbon (RC)-sediment systems was higher than that of fly ash black carbon (FC)-sediment systems, indicating that RC is more efficient than FC for nonylphenol (NP) pollution control in sediment. The newly established model for the prediction of adsorption capacity fits the experimental data appropriately and yields acceptable predictions, especially when based on parameters from the Freundlich model. However, to fully reflect the influence of the ageing process on BC-sediment systems and make more precise predictions, it is recommended that future work considering more factors and conditions, such as modelling of the correlation between the adsorption capacity and the pore volume or specific surface area of BC, be applied to build an accurate and sound model.     

Overestimates of black carbon in soils and sediments

Several recent reports suggest that black carbon (BC), which broadly encompasses charcoal, soot, and other forms of pyrogenic carbon, may constitute a significant proportion of the refractory carbon in soil and sedimentary organic matter. BC is a sink for biospheric and atmospheric carbon dioxide, and is intimately tied to the biogeochemical cycling of both carbon and oxygen through its role in organic matter cycling. Additionally, BC may represent a large fraction of the missing carbon sink in global carbon accounting. Here, we demonstrate that documented measurements of BC may be the result of methodological artifacts, which inadvertently overestimate the amount of BC. We found that a widely used thermal oxidative method can create a residue that falls under the operational definition of BC in samples that are relatively BC-free. Moreover, during this procedure, labile organic matter constituents are condensed into pyrogenic carbon, implying that the labile components are present in lesser quantities. These methodological deficiencies are promoting overestimates in the amount of refractory carbon in soil and sedimentary organic matter and may endorse inaccuracies in the rates of carbon fluxes, the mean residence times of terrestrial carbon, and organic matter burial rates in oceanic environments.     

阿拉善盟黑风暴发生规律及防治对策

本文通过1993年“5．5黑风暴”及1998年“4．15黑风暴”为线索,从生态环境角度就黑风暴的起因进行初步剖析。然后就如何恢复阿拉善生态平衡,减少黑风暴危害提出一些对策。     

Effects of humic acid coatings on phenanthrene sorption to black carbon

Black carbon (BC) can strongly adsorb hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs).The HOC sorption to coated BC could be attenuated in soil and sediment compared with that of the parent BC.To study the potential causes of the sorption attenuation,humic acid (HA) and BC were isolated.Phenanthrene (PHE) was selected as the representative of HOCs.BC was coated with the precipitated HA.The PHE sorption to the HA-coated BC was determined.The HA coatings on BC could result in the significant sorption attenuation of PHE to BC.The attenuation varied in different HA origin and was positively correlated to the aromaticity of HA.The attenuation could be explained by the direct competition between HA and PHE for the available sorption sites on BC and the reduction of the available sorption sites as a result of the pore blockage of BC caused by the HA coatings.Therefore,the HA coatings on BC was one potential cause of the attenuation of HOC sorption to BC in soil and sediment.     

青海湖流域六类土壤表土有机碳黑碳含量特征及其储量

根据青海湖流域土壤类型图采集了49 个表土样品,研究了这些样品的有机碳和黑碳的 含量特征及其储量。研究得出：六类土壤的有机碳含量都比较高,说明青海湖流域土壤的储碳能 力比较强;总体来说,六类土壤的黑碳含量都不高,但是焦炭的含量是相当高的,而烟炱的含量 较低;焦炭和黑碳的相关性极高,说明焦炭是黑碳的主要组成部分,并且说明二者具有相同的来 源;由于焦炭主要是由生物质燃烧生成的,故而这六类土壤的黑碳也多是由生物质燃烧生成的; 六类土壤总面积为18416.15 km² （占流域土壤总面积的78%）,有机碳总储量为119.56×106 t, 黑碳总储量为4.36×106 t。