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1.
三峡工程开县移民安置环境系统的多目标优化决策   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
 着重探讨运用多目标优化决策方法处理三峡工程开县移民问题。根据各目标在优化中不同的重要性,采用线性加权构造评价函数的方法取代通用的单一约束规划方法,并选用人均口粮、农业产值、水土保持和森林面积作为决策目标,从而提出了一个在多个目标之间协调优化、综合决策的估算模式;对模型的有效性进行了分析,井测算出开县农业生态环境对移民安置的承载能力,为寻求移民安置的优化方案提供科学依据,以使移民得以长治久安。  相似文献   

2.
文章根据水环境容量计算条件,建立了适用于中小河河流一维忽略污染物沉降扣弥散作用的数学模型。建立了由实测值与拱型计算值之差的平方构成的目标函数。通过目标函数,把水质模型参数的估算转变成一个单变量函数求极值的问题。本文采用牛顿(切线)法求极值和计算机技术解决了这个单变量函数求极值问题,解决了在有多排污口存在的河段估算污染物衰减系数K值的难题。该办法的使用提高了水环境容量计算的可靠性和准确度。  相似文献   

3.
密云水库库区水环境人口容量优化分析   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
把水环境保护作为第一约束前提,探讨了水环境保护下的人口容量估算问题。其中运用多目标决策技术中的逐步宽容约束法,并选用人口容量、粮食产量、乡镇企业产值、水土流失作业优化目标,提出了一个在各目标之间协调优化,综合决策的人口容量估算模型。  相似文献   

4.
环境CGE模型中生产函数的计量经济估算与选择   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
对几种常用生产函数的性质进行了比较 ,结合环境CGE模型的应用目标 ,选择CES生产函数作为环境CGE模型中供给部分的理论生产函数 .进一步通过计量经济估算法 ,根据 1980— 1996年中国工业总量数据对理论上的 3种三要素二级嵌套CES生产函数进行了模拟 ,得到相应的参数值 ,通过对估算结果的比较分析 ,对环境CGE模型中可行的生产函数形式进行了筛选 .  相似文献   

5.
本文通过计算机在七种函数关系中自动寻优,求出了六个分析方法协作实验的精密度与浓度的相关关系,并给出了相关系数r。用这类回归方程可以定量估算测试不同浓度样品的精密度,从而为制订测试不同浓度样品的精密度控制提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

6.
目的 通过自动寻优制定冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,避免冲击“过试验”。方法 根据冲击响应谱的基本原理和谱型特征,提出利用对数距离量化评价2条谱型的吻合度。对冲击环境和后峰锯齿脉冲分别进行冲击响应谱分析,将2条冲击响应谱之间的对数距离最小作为优化目标,将后峰锯齿脉冲的波形参数作为优化参数,基于自适应差分进化算法,提出冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法。结果 将所提方法分别应用于模拟冲击环境和实测冲击环境,均获得了合理的后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,验证了所提方法的正确性。结论 提出的基于自适应差分进化算法的冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法正确可行。  相似文献   

7.
城市适度人口分析方法及其应用   总被引:15,自引:2,他引:15       下载免费PDF全文
考虑资源承载力 (R)和生活舒适度 (S)对适度人口的影响 ,以不同经济发展水平下的人口现状为依据 ,提出R S双向寻优方法进行城市适度人口分析 .并以广州市为例 ,寻求其最优人口容量 .结果表明 ,现有资源承载力与经济水平下的广州人口规模略高于适度人口规模 ,需要进行人口与经济密度的重新布局 .  相似文献   

8.
示踪实验确定河流纵向离散系数的单纯形加速法   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
张江山 《环境科学》1994,15(4):66-68
应用单纯形加速法结合实例求出福建闽江干流富屯溪洋口段纵向离散系数DL=2.62m^3/s。研究结果表明,该法用于估计非线性模型参数优于“非线性逼近法”。由于单纯形法寻优过程不需要计算目标函数的偏导数,不受模型复杂程度的限制,因而计算简便,可广泛应用于环境,生态模型的拟合和参数估计。  相似文献   

9.
污水处理厂费用函数的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
<正> 一、建立污水处理厂费用函数的意义水污染防治规划的核心是寻求优化方案的问题,是协调环境与经济的必由之路,采用最优规划所要求的条件比较严格,评价区域规划或水污染控制系统方案的优劣,必须建立一个供优化用的经济目标函数。目前由于水质改进所带来的环境效益不易定量估算,因此最优规划的依据是使整个系统的目标函数最小,通常我们采用的目标函数为费用函数。所谓最优化,就是在水质约束和技术约束条件下,寻求费用最小的控制  相似文献   

10.
大气污染物总量控制是保证工业区未来大气环境质量达标的重要举措.工业区环评大气污染物容量总量控制重点是,进行污染物容量核算、削减、分配以及保障措施等.首先,应进行工业区环境容量计算,按照容量核算结果调整工业区容量总量,采取适当的容量分配模式进行容量分配;在污染物排放总量估算、分配的基础上,进行地面浓度的估算;通过工业布局调整来防止工业区内部污染源规划、分布不合理而造成局部污染;最后从各方面来加大大气污染防治措施,加强工业区环境管理,确保总量控制目标实现,保证工业区未来空气质量达标.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

20.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

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