苏州市人为源氨排放清单及其分布特征

通过调研分析苏州大市范围内的农业、工业、生活及交通等相关活动水平数据,采用排放因子法建立了2013年苏州市人为源氨排放清单. 结果表明:2013年苏州市人为源氨排放总量为22 020.18 t,排放强度为3.06 t/km2;畜禽养殖、工业源、氮肥施用是苏州市氨排放的主要来源,排放量分别为8 080.99、7 103.50、4 841.23 t,共占氨排放总量的90.94%. 其中,工业源的氨排放分担率为32.25%,高于全国平均值,火电行业和化肥制造行业的氨排放占工业源排放总量的90.14%,烟气脱硝过程的氨逃逸值得关注;在畜禽源中,肉鸡和生猪是最大的氨排放源,二者排放量分别占畜禽养殖氨排放总量的42.59%和37.14%. 太仓、张家港、常熟依次为苏州市氨排放量和排放强度最大的3个地区,共占氨排放总量的69.02%,苏州市区氨排放量位列第四但排放强度最低. 空间分布特征表明,苏州市东北部氨排放较集中,中部排放量较小,周边地区特别是沿江县级市的排放量较大. 研究显示,氨排放清单的建立可为苏州市氨排放控制提供基础数据.      

西安市人为源大气氨排放清单及特征

根据西安市各类氨排放源活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放清单.结果表明,2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放量为47.17×10~3t,排放强度为4.57 t·km~(-2);畜禽养殖和氮肥施用是排放贡献最大的两个人为源,氨排放量分别为20.55×10~3t和17.51×10~3t,占排放总量的80.68%;畜禽养殖中,牛和猪是最大的排放源,占畜禽养殖排放总量的75.03%;临潼区是排放量最大行政区,排放量为10.73×10~3t,分担率为23.22%;阎良区的排放强度最大,达到14.75 t·km~(-2).     

兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单及其时空分布特征

通过实地调研等方式获取农牧业源的活动水平,采用NARSES模型确定氮肥施用排放因子,其它排放因子通过文献调研确定,建立了2016年兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单,并进一步分析了农牧业源氨排放的时空分布特征. 2016年兰州市农牧业源大气氨排放量为9 356. 90 t;其中畜禽养殖源氨排放量7 584. 03 t,分担率81. 05%;永登县是氨排放量最大的区县,氨排放量为2 820. 59 t,分担率为30. 14%.在兰州市各区县氨排放量分担率中,畜牧业源氨排放的分担率在65. 83%～97. 38%之间;氮肥施用源的分担率在2. 27%～28. 66%之间.从空间分布来看,兰州市农牧业源氨排放主要集中在皋兰县西北部与中部、红古区东南部、七里河区东西两部与榆中县东部.从时间分布来看,畜牧业源氨排放主要集中在4～9月,氮肥施用源的氨排放主要集中在3～7月和9月,其它月份排放量相对较小.     

青海东部城市群大气氨排放清单研究

为了掌握青海东部城市群内大气氨的排放来源及排放特征,搜集并整理了各排放源的活动水平数据,利用排放因子法计算了2017年青海省东部城市群大气氨排放清单.结果表明:①青海省东部城市群2017年氨排放量为44.92×103 t,排放强度为2.80 t/km2.②农业源是区域内最大的氨排放源,其中畜禽养殖和农田生态系统氨排放量分别占总排放量的81.07%和7.12%,绵羊、奶牛和肉牛的氨排放量较大.③湟中区和大通回族土族自治县氨排放量较高,占总排放量的53.7%,城中区、大通回族土族自治县、湟中区、湟源县、平安区、乐都区、民和回族土族自治县、互助土族自治县的主要氨排放源均为畜禽养殖源.④污染源分布受地形地势影响,多沿湟水流域分布,同时也与地区经济发展水平有关.研究显示,大气氨排放源以畜禽养殖源为主,且集中于湟中区和大通回族土族自治县.      

2006~2014年江苏省氨排放清单

为了解江苏省氨排放情况,收集了畜禽养殖、氮肥施用、人体排放、工业生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧、垃圾和污水处理等9类氨源的活动水平数据,并基于排放因子法,估算了2006~2014年江苏省氨排放清单,分析了其历年来氨排放的变化趋势及空间分布特征.结果表明,江苏省的氨排放量由2006年的654.4kt增加到2014年的729.8kt,年均增长率约为1.41%.氮肥施用和畜禽养殖一直是江苏省最主要的氨排放源,共占2014年江苏省氨排放总量的88.19%;非农业源中,由机动车排放及生物质燃烧产生的氨排放增长速度最快.2014年江苏省氨平均排放强度为4.4t/（km²·a）,其结果明显高于我国氨排放强度平均水平.     

兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单及其时空分布特征

通过实地调研等方式获取农牧业源的活动水平,采用NARSES模型确定氮肥施用排放因子,其它排放因子通过文献调研确定,建立了2016年兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单,并进一步分析了农牧业源氨排放的时空分布特征。2016年兰州市农牧业源大气氨排放量为9356.90t;其中畜禽养殖源氨排放量7584.03t,分担率81.05%;永登县是氨排放量最大的区县,氨排放量为2820.59t,分担率为30.14%。在兰州市各区县氨排放量分担率中,畜牧业源氨排放的分担率在65.83%~97.38%之间;氮肥施用源的分担率在2.27%~28.66%之间。从空间分布来看,兰州市农牧业源氨排放主要集中在皋兰县西北部与中部、红古区东南部、七里河区东西两部与榆中县东部。从时间分布来看,畜牧业源氨排放主要集中在4~9月,氮肥施用源的氨排放主要集中在3~7月和9月,其它月份排放量相对较小。     

中国大气NH3和NOx排放的时空分布特征

根据我国不同氨源的数量、燃料消费量和相应的氨与氮氧化物排放因子,计算了我国大陆地区1995~2004年历年的氨(NH3)排放量与1985~2005年历年的氮氧化物(NOx)排放量,在此基础上模拟了2006~2010年的NOx排放量,并分析了NH3和NOx排放强度的空间分布.结果表明:2004年,我国NH3排放量为12.0Tg,比1995年的10.6Tg增加了大约13.2%;2004年的NOx排放量为20.6Tg,比1995年的12.2Tg增加了大约68.9%,比1985年的6.2Tg增加了大约2.3倍.在1996年以前,我国NH3和NOx的排放量基本相当,但是此后NH3的年排放量在经历了1997~1999年的下降之后,变化比较平稳,而NOx的排放量自2000年之后呈逐年迅速增加的趋势.2004年全国NH3的排放总量中,畜禽排泄、氮肥施用、人类粪便、氮肥与合成氨生产的贡献率分别为69.2%、15.2%、13.9%和1.9%;2004年全国NOx的排放总量中,由于受到我国能源消费结构的制约,煤炭来源的NOx占到了排放总量的77.4%.NH3和NOx的排放强度都具有明显的空间差异,表现在中东部地区的排放强度明显高于西部地区,这与中东部地区人口多、能源消费量大以及畜禽养殖数量大有关.     

华北平原曲周县人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

以华北地区典型农业县曲周县为研究对象,通过收集本地人为源活动水平数据和相关氨排放因子,利用排放因子法建立2002～2019年人为源氨排放清单,并且采用当地实测的农田氮肥施用氨排放因子和县域农户生产调研数据优化2019年氨排放清单.结果表明,曲周县氨排放总量呈现“双峰”模式,从2002年的6 682.9 t增加到2004年的7 195.0 t,随后下降到2008年的5 872.0 t; 2015年增加到7 010.5 t,随后逐步下降到2018年的5 636.3 t.畜禽养殖(61%～75%)和氮肥施用(14%～28%)是主要氨排放源. 2019年曲周县氨排放总量为6 559.7 t,其中氮肥施用和畜禽养殖分别贡献28%和61%.小麦为氨排放最高的作物,占种植业氨排放总量的40%;蛋鸡为氨排放量最大的畜禽,贡献率为畜禽养殖的40%.在空间分布上呈现南高北低的趋势,南里岳乡和白寨乡为主要排放热区,全县平均氨排放强度达到13.5 t·km^-2.在县域尺度上重点开展小麦种植和蛋鸡养殖氨减排将有助于华北平原大气氨污染治理.     

西宁市农牧源氨排放清单及其分布特征

以西宁市为研究区域,通过实地调研获得西宁市农牧源活动水平数据,利用排放因子法编制了西宁市2018年农牧源氨排放清单.分析了西宁市农牧源氨排放特征,利用ArcGIS进行3 km×3 km的空间网格化分配,利用蒙特卡罗模拟对畜禽养殖和氮肥施用氨排放清单进行不确定性分析.结果表明,西宁市2018年农牧源氨排放总量为4 644.58 t.其中,氮肥施用和畜禽养殖的氨年排放总量分别为1 664.84 t和2 979.75 t,分别占西宁市农牧源氨排放总量的35.84%和64.16%.空间分布的结果表明,西宁市农牧源氨排放主要来自大通县、湟源县和湟中区,分别占西宁市农牧源氨排放总量的40.10%、 30.66%和28.05%.从月份分配来看,畜禽养殖氨排放无月份差异,氮肥施用氨排放集中在6月和7月,排放量分别为799.96 t和768.48 t,分别占全年排放量的48.05%和46.16%.蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,在95%置信区间下,西宁市农牧源氨排放不确定性较低,为-24.38%～26.71%.     

四川省2005~2014年农业源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集到的四川省2005~2014年农业源氨活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了该地区2005~2014年农业源氨排放清单,利用GIS建立了3 km×3 km的网格化清单,并分析了农业源氨排放与PM₁₀之间的关系.结果表明2005~2014年间,四川省农业源氨排放总体上呈现出下降趋势,2006年排放量最高;21个市（州）农业源氨变化趋势各不相同,年际变化较大的城市包括成都市、眉山市、自贡市、泸州市、宜宾市、攀枝花市、阿坝州和甘孜州;畜禽养殖和氮肥施用均为农业源氨主要排放来源,研究期间的贡献率分别为72%~79%和20%~27%;畜禽养殖中,绝大部分城市氨排放量较大的为生猪、家禽和牛,而自贡市由于特殊的饮食习惯,兔为氨排放量最高的牲畜,贡献率为39%;成都及周边地区、川东北地区和川南地区是四川省农业源氨排放的主要贡献地区;空间分布上,农业源氨主要分布在四川省东部,且主要来源于城市周边区县;农业源氨排放量与PM₁₀质量浓度的变化趋势呈现出较好的一致性,表明农业源氨排放对颗粒物生成有较大影响.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.