Biodegradation of ammonia by two stage biofiltration system

The biofiltration technique for the purification of polluted air from volatile compounds was studied. The process was realized in a modified solid-state fermentation system (SSF). The ammonia removal efficiency was investigated in one and two stage systems with inert packing material and hemoautotrofic microorganisms designed DN-1 (Pseudomonas sp.), DN-2 (Nitrisomonas sp.), DN-3 (Nitrobacter sp.) and DN-13 (Sarcina sp.). The investigations were made at different ammonia concentrations in inlet gas and packing loads. A one-stage biofiltration system with the ammonia load 0.41 g/m³h ensured the biological elimination capacity 0.33 g/m³h due to the nitrification processes. A two-stage system increased the total removal efficiency as well as the biodegradation efficiency as the result of the denitrification process.     

有氧条件下生物滤塔去除NOx的挂膜启动及研究

将优选后的好氧反硝化菌应用于生物过滤系统,用来脱除NOx模拟废气,研究了生物滤床在好氧条件下对NOx的处理效果和不同操作条件下的运行情况,并对NOx去除过程的作用机制进行了探讨.结果表明,生物滤塔经过26 d完成挂膜启动,该工艺系统能有效克服氧对反硝化菌活性的抑制作用,可实现对NOx的高效率脱除.NOx净化主要发生在滤...     

Contaminant removal from low-concentration polluted river water by the bio-rack wetlands

The bio-rack is a new approach for treating low-concentration polluted river water in wetland systems. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal between four plant species in bio-rack wetlands and between a bio-rack system and control system was conducted on a small-scale (500 mm length × 400 mm width × 400 mm height) to evaluate the decontamination effects of four different wetland plants. There was generally a significant difference in the removal of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP), but no significant difference in the removal of permanganate index (COD_Mn) between the bio-rack wetland and control system. Bio-rack wetland planted with Thalia dealbata had higher nutrient removal rates than wetlands planted with other species. Plant fine-root (root diameter ≤ 3 mm) biomass rather than total plant biomass was related to nutrient removal efficiency. The study suggested that the nutrient removal rates are influenced by plant species, and high fine-root biomass is an important factor in selecting highly effective wetland plants for a bio-rack system. According to the mass balance, the TN and TP removal were in the range of 61.03--73.27 g/m² and 4.14--5.20 g/m² in four bio-rack wetlands during the whole operational period. The N and P removal by plant uptake constituted 34.9%--43.81% of the mass N removal and 62.05%--74.81% of the mass P removal. The study showed that the nitrification/denitrification process and plant uptake process are major removal pathways for TN, while plant uptake is an effective removal pathway for TP.     

全程自养颗粒污泥快速启动及混合营养型脱氮性能分析

在连续流条件下,基于颗粒污泥全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺的快速启动和混合营养条件下高效脱氮,是CANON工程应用的重要环节.本研究在气提内循环反应器（AIR）中,以老化的CANON颗粒污泥经机械破碎至0.3 mm作为种泥,实现混合营养型单级颗粒污泥同步脱氮除碳.启动26 d,通过控制DO,系统出现稳定的部分硝化,再缩短HRT提升氨氮负荷至5.65 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1,促进颗粒化和厌氧氨氧化;第68 d,总氮去除率达到58%之后,进水加入有机物,C/N从0提升到0.25和0.5,促进AOB、AMX和异养微生物的协同,氨氮去除率达95%,总氮去除率达85%,COD去除率达80%左右.COD浓度增加,能较好地抑制Nitrospira菌属等NOB的活性,q（NH₄⁺-N）和q（TN）稳定在0.4 g ·（g ·h）^-1和0.34 g ·（g ·h）^-1,q（NO₃^--N）约为0.02 g ·（g ·h）^-1.采用MiSeq高通量测序对微生物多样性分析,表明有机物对污泥中Nitrosomomas和Candidutus_Kuenenia丰度未产生显著影响,增加了Candidutus_Brocadia菌属以及具有反硝化功能Denitratisoma等菌属的丰度.这对于快速启动连续流CANON颗粒污泥工艺处理低C/N比废水提供思路.     

中试规模微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能评估

运行中试规模微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理校园生活污水,对其运行性能进行评估,并与传统生物处理工艺比较.结果表明,采用中试系统处理校园生活污水原水时,平均COD去除率和去除负荷分别为57.0%和2.68 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均氨氮去除率和去除负荷分别为17.4%和0.17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均TN去除率和去除负荷分别为15.8%和0.21 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均氧利用率达到100%.采用中试系统处理可生化性较差的生物接触氧化池出水,平均COD去除率和去除负荷分别为46.0%和1.53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均氨氮去除率和去除负荷分别为17.1%和0.32 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均TN去除率和去除负荷分别为14.1%和0.28 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均氧利用率高于50%.由于微气泡曝气能够加速氧传质过程并提高氧利用率,因此相同进水条件下,中试系统污染物去除能力显著优于传统生物接触氧化工艺和传统曝气生物滤池工艺.     

超低排放下燃煤电厂氨排放特征

燃煤电厂采用SCR(选择性催化还原)脱硝过程消耗大量的氨,同时存在氨逃逸和氨排放问题.为了掌握超低排放燃煤机组的氨排放程度、脱硝氨逃逸情况以及各环保设施对氨的协同脱除能力,为燃煤电厂氨减排政策制定和氨减排技术研发提供支持.在京津冀大气污染传输通道城市中选取11个城市中的14台机组,采用例如DL/T 260—2012《燃煤电厂烟含脱硝装置性能验收试验规范》的标准方法用稀硫酸吸收烟气中的氨再结合分光光度测试方法,对环保设施多个位置的烟气中氨进行浓度测试.结果表明:①氨排放浓度介于0.05~3.27 mg/m3之间,平均约0.95 mg/m3,通过烟气排入大气中氨的浓度不高;②测试的14台机组中有7台机组(约50%)脱硝氨逃逸值高于设计值(2.28 mg/m3),说明脱硝氨逃逸超过设计值呈普遍现象,个别电厂脱硝氨逃逸严重,氨逃逸亟待解决;③环保设施对逃逸氨具有较好的协同脱除能力,平均脱除率约为64.86%.建议对于SCR脱硝氨逃逸严重的机组,对SCR出口烟道截面氮氧化物(NO_x)实施网格式测试,在此基础上实施精细化精准喷氨、优化流场、提高SCR脱硝运行水平(或采用专业化运维),从源头上减少氨耗量,降低系统能耗和氨排放.      

移动床生物膜反应器净化模拟水产养殖废水的研究

采用移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）净化模拟水产养殖废水.结果表明,MBBR净化模拟水产养殖废水效果良好.在水力停留时间（HRT）为8 h,DO为2.0~3.0 mg·L^-1的条件下,反应器启动迅速、运行稳定,能使COD和氨氮去除率均达到80%以上,TP去除率达到50%左右;有机负荷为（0.76±0.03）kg·m^-3·d^-1时,TN及氨氮去除效果最好,去除率分别达到71.73%及98.42%.为达到良好的TN去除效果,有机负荷不宜低于0.5 kg·m^-3·d^-1;DO为（3.00±0.25）mg·L^-1时,TN去除效果最好,最有利于同步硝化反硝化;为保持较高的氨氮去除效率,并减少亚硝态氮积累,DO浓度不应低于2.0 mg·L^-1;HRT过短会使氨氮去除效率降低,且可能出现亚硝态氮积累;采用序批式进水运行方式,对TP的去除效果优于连续进水方式,但运行周期后半段会出现亚硝态氮积累,对鱼类产生危害.     

SRIS对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除效能及微生态分析

针对垃圾渗滤液中ρ（NH₃-N）较高、可生化性较差、处理困难的问题,以老龄垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,探讨了改良SRIS（土地快速渗滤系统）对NH₃-N的处理效果与最高处理负荷量,同时分析了系统不同深度的ρ（NH₃-N）的变化,并利用高通量测序技术分析了进水前、后系统中的微生物群落演替情况.结果表明:①在进水ρ（NH₃-N）为125 mg/L左右、水力负荷为0.11 m3/（m2·d）、进水频率为1次/d下,垃圾渗滤液经改良SRIS的一级、二级渗滤柱处理后出水ρ（NH₃-N）平均值为3 mg/L,NH₃-N去除率在97.5%以上;提高水力负荷为0.22 m3/（m2·d）后,NH₃-N去除率为87.27%;进水频率改为2次/d,NH₃-N去除率达到96.17%.②改良SRIS的一级、二级渗滤柱所能处理的最高NH₃-N去除量分别为200和110 mg/L,并且主要在下层和底层部分发生去除.③改良SRIS中下层微生物群落多样性最为丰富,微生物群落以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主,在属水平下微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）相对丰度最高,同时还存在多种有利于NH₃-N去除的硝化、反硝化细菌以及浮霉菌,为NH₃-N的去除提供了保障.研究显示,改良SRIS对垃圾渗滤液中NH₃-N具有良好的去除效果,可为老龄垃圾渗滤液的有效处理提供借鉴.      

生物过滤法处理含氨废气研究

研究了生物过滤法处理含氨废气的技术，实验中考察了气体的停留时间、进气方式、进气中氨浓度等因素对氨法除率的影响，当进气中氨的浓度分别为１５．２、７５．９和１５．２０ｍｇ（ＮＨ３）／ｍ＾３时，生物过滤反应器对氨的去除均在９５％以上，反应时间是３２ｓ，处理后的气体中氨的浓度可以达到国家一级排放标准，对填料中各形态氮浓度的分析证明氨在反应器中的转化以硝化反应为主。     

生物滴滤塔处理苯酚气体研究

采用生物滴滤塔处理苯酚气体,考察了苯酚去除性能的影响因素.结果表明,生物滴滤塔能高效处理苯酚气体,苯酚去除效率可达99.5%,长期运行平均去除效率在98%左右.适宜的运行条件为:停留时间20.6 s,循环液pH值7.0,喷淋密度1.67 m3·(m2·h)-1.采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究处理苯酚气体的生物滴滤塔填料表面的微生物,结果表明,生物滴滤塔内有5种降解苯酚的优势菌种:Polaromonas sp.、Acinetobacter sp.、Acidovorax sp.、Veillonella parvula和Corynebacterium sp..采用GC-MS分析出口气样,结果表明丙酮酸(CH3COCOOH)为生物降解苯酚的中间产物,并推测了苯酚生物降解的可能途径.     

CANON工艺处理石油催化剂废水的性能研究

以石油裂化催化剂废水为研究对象,采用电絮凝作为废水的预处理单元,研究CANON工艺的启动及脱氮性能.结果表明:电絮凝对原水浊度的去除率达到98.7%±1.2%,对COD去除率达到32.3%±4.5%.利用人工模拟高氨氮废水成功启动CANON工艺,TN去除率最高达到62.0%,TN去除负荷最高达到0.19 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)(以N计).使用石油裂化催化剂废水对微生物进行了驯化,经过108 d的运行,微生物成功驯化。利用CANON工艺处理石油裂化催化剂废水,COD去除率为40.9%±13.2%,TN去除率为67.3%±12.7%,TN去除速率为(0.07±0.02)kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)(以N计).反应器出水COD100 mg·L-1,NH_4~+-N10 mg·L~(-1),满足石油化工企业污水的排放标准(GB8978—1996).     

反硝化-高效部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理老龄垃圾渗滤液

采用反硝化-沸石曝气生物滤池(ZBAF)部分亚硝化及氧氨氧化组合工艺处理老龄垃圾渗滤液,探究ZBAF部分亚硝化特性以及组合工艺的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明通过游离氨(FA)对亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的选择性抑制ZBAF可以实现老龄垃圾渗滤液稳定高效部分亚硝化,平均亚硝氮积累率(NAR)为93.8%亚硝氮产率(NPR)最高达1.659 kg·(m~(3·d)~(-1);在进水中投加葡萄糖700mg·L~(-1)后,当回流比为2.0 HRT为2.2 d时,由于反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的协同作用,组合工艺脱氮效果最佳,平均氨氮去除率(ARE)、总氮去除率(NRE)和总氮去除负荷(NRR)分别达97.2%、90.0%和0.585 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均COD去除率为45.3%其中厌氧氨氧化平均NRR_(ANA)为1.060 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)最高达1.268 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).利用高通量测序技术分析各装置中的微生物群落结构.结果显示,反硝化细菌(Paracoccus和Comamonnas)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)(Nitrosomonas)和厌氧氨氧化菌(Candidatus Kuenenia和Candidatus Anammoxoglobus)分别为反硝化、ZBAF和厌氧氨氧化装置中的优势菌这与组合工艺稳定的脱氮性能相吻合.     

应用混合菌种处理腈纶废水中的硫氰酸钠

从污泥中分离到能去除硫氰酸钠的混合菌SAT13,它是由自养菌和异养菌所组成,其中包含:排硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thioparus)、中间硫杆菌(Thiobacillusintermedius)、节细菌(Arthrobacter sp.)假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas sp.)和固氮菌(Azotobacter sp.)。该混合菌降解NaSCN的能力较高,还具有降解丙烯腈、异丙醇、丙酮等有机污染物的能力。应用该混合菌在二级浸没式滤池上接种挂膜,处理含NaSCN的腈纶废水,形成的生物膜氧化NaSCN活性高。经十个月的中型试验,水力负荷保持在9.615m~3/m~3/day,CODcr负荷为3.12kg/m~3/day,BOD_5负荷为1.91kg/m~3/day,则CODcr平均去除率可达81.56%,BOD_5平均去除率为82.63%,NaSCN平均去除率为95.76%,出水含量小于2mg/l,其他污染物的净化效果也是令人满意的,出水水质达到排放标准。     

不同DN与PN-ANAMMOX耦合工艺处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液的微生物群落分析

为了推进厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX）脱氮工艺在垃圾渗滤液处理方面的应用,在某垃圾填埋场建立了不同反硝化（denitrification,DN）与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（partial nitrification-ANAMMOX,PN-ANAMMOX）耦合模式的中试反应器处理垃圾渗滤液,探讨其耦合模式对脱氮及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明DN+（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺可以将DN耦合入PN-ANAMMOX进行脱氮,但随着渗滤液中有机物浓度的增加,DN+（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺的PN区的需氧量增加,Nitrosomonadaceae科菌的富集受到限制.而NO₂^--N的供给不足进一步导致ANAMMOX区Brocadiaceae科微生物的富集也受到限制,总氮去除速率（total nitrogen removal rate,TNRR）停留在0.44 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1.而在DN-（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺中,具有反硝化能力的Saprospiraceae科菌在DN区富集,有机物主要在DN区被降解去除,为后续PN-ANAMMOX提供了良好的低碳环境.Nitrosomonadaceae科及Brocadiaceae科菌在相应的PN区及ANAMMOX区得到富集,反应器的TNRR和总氮去除率（total nitrogen removal efficiency,TNRE）也进一步提升至0.55 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和94.65%,实现了对NH₄⁺-N和有机物浓度分别为2233 mg ·L^-1和2712 mg ·L^-1渗滤液的直接处理.其中Candidatus Kuenenia菌更能适应高基质浓度的渗滤液水质,成为ANAMMOX区的优势菌属.     

Performance of a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process for treating wastewater with different substrates at ambient temperature

The stability and parameters of a bio-ceramic filter for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal were investigated.The completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) reactor was fed with different concentrations of ammonia(400,300,and 200mg N/L) but constant influent ammonia load.The results showed that the CANON system can achieve good treatment performance at ambient temperature(15-23°C).The average removal rate and removal loading of NH4+-N and TN was 83.90%,1.26kg N/(m3·day),and 70.14%,1.09kg N/(m3·day),respectively.Among the influencing factors like pH,dissolved oxygen and alkalinity,it was indicated that the pH was the key parameter of the performance of the CANON system.Observing the variation of pH would contribute to better control of the CANON system in an intuitive and fast way.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of microorganisms further revealed that there were some significant changes in the community structure of ammonium oxidizing bacteria,which had low diversity in different stages,while the species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing(anammox) bacteria were fewer and the community composition was relatively stable.These observations showed that anaerobic ammonia oxidation was more stable than the aerobic ammonia oxidation,which could explain that why the CANON system maintained a good removal efficiency under the changing substrate conditions.     

PN/A双菌层系统的构建及其脱氮性能

分别采用SBR反应器和MBR反应器驯化培养亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX)污泥,并通过微生物包埋技术将两类污泥分别包埋,构建亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化(partial nitrification-ANAMMOX,PN/A)双菌层系统.短期实验证明该系统中亚硝化菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)和ANAMMOX菌在不同阶段分别起主导作用,维持系统的酸碱平衡,并实现NH+4-N的高效去除(98.8%).长期实验表明,在溶解氧受限时,PN/A双菌层系统能够有效提高系统对溶解氧的利用效率,并增强系统的稳定性和脱氮效能.在溶解氧为1.0 mg·L~(-1),进水NH+4-N质量浓度分别为200 mg·L~(-1)和400 mg·L~(-1)时,对照组脱氮效率仅为58.1%和61.4%,而PN/A双菌层系统脱氮效率均稳定在80%左右;溶解氧为3.0mg·L~(-1),进水NH+4-N质量浓度为400 mg·L~(-1)时,PN/A双菌层系统总氮去除率达87.9%,总氮积累负荷(NLR)为0.4kg·(m3·d)-1,总氮去除负荷(NRR)为12.8 mg·(g·h)-1.     

反硝化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能

本研究在一体式分区反应器中接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥和亚硝化污泥,通过与反硝化反应器串联,研究了前置反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明,未串联反硝化之前,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器在进水氨氮浓度为600 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1)时,总氮去除速率(NRR)可达1.88 kg·(m3·d)-1,总氮去除率(NRE)可达90.3%;而在进水COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1),即C/N0.8时,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的NRR下降至1.50 kg·(m3·d)-1.通过前置反硝化反应器可以迅速缓解有机物对厌氧氨氧化的不利影响;反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联反应器在进水NH+4-N浓度为1 100 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度1 150 mg·L~(-1)时,仍可稳定高效运行,整体NRR可达1.37kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区NRRana高达15.6 kg·(m3·d)-1,平均NRE可达98.6%,在仅利用原水中有机碳源的情况下实现了垃圾渗滤液的高效深度脱氮.此工艺晚期处理垃圾渗滤液可去除大部分易生物降解有机物.     

生物滴滤塔净化含硫混合废气

利用甲硫醚(DMS)降解菌Alcaligenes sp.SY1和丙硫醇(PT)降解菌Pseudomonas putida.S-1强化生物滴滤塔(BTF)处理DMS和PT的混合废气,研究了其挂膜启动及稳定运行阶段的降解性能,并考察了该系统同时去除H2S的能力.结果表明,BTF在DMS和PT进口浓度均为50 mg·m-3,EBRT为30 s的条件下,运行11 d即可完成挂膜启动,填料上的生物量明显增加,DMS、PT的去除率分别可达到90%和100%.系统稳定运行时,DMS和PT的最大去除负荷分别为8.7 g·(m~3·h)~(-1)和12.4 g·(m~3·h)~(-1),PT的去除效果更佳.DMS和PT混合废气在降解过程中,PT对DMS的降解有较明显的抑制作用,当PT进气浓度大于51 mg·m-3时,DMS的去除效率下降.BTF还能同时有效去除H2S,当混合废气中H2S浓度达到230 mg·m-3时,H2S去除率仍能高达98%,但是115 mg·m-3以上的H2S会对DMS的降解产生不利影响.     

高温生物滤塔处理污泥干化尾气的研究

利用高温生物滤塔处理污泥干化产生的尾气,气体处理量为2 700~3 100 m~3·h~(-1),停留时间为21.88~25.10 s,研究启动期和稳定运行的运行效果.生物滤塔能有效去除干化尾气中的SO_2、氨以及挥发性有机物,去除率分别达到100%、93.61%以及87.01%.微生物分析结果显示,生物滤塔内形成稳定的生物系统,填料和溶液中生长一定量的细菌和硫细菌.主要功能种群包括类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus sp.,螯台球菌Chelatococcus sp.,芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.,梭菌Clostridium thermosuccinogerws,假黄单胞菌Pseudoxanthomonas sp.,地芽孢杆菌Geobacillus debilis.大部分为脱氮、脱硫或者降解挥发性有机物的嗜热菌.     

Removal characteristics and kinetic analysis of an aerobic vapor-phase bioreactor for hydrophobic alpha-pinene

Biofiltration is considered an effective method to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of a bacterial biofilter packed with wood chips and peat for the removal of hydrophobic α-pinene. When inoculated with two pure degraders and adapted activated sludge, a removal efficiency (RE) of more than 95% was achieved after a start-up period of 11 days. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 50 g/(m³. hr) with RE of 94% was obtained at empty bed retention time (EBRT) of 102 sec. When higher α-pinene concentrations and shorter EBRTs were applied, the REs and ECs decreased significantly due to mass-transfer and biological reaction limitations. As deduced from the experimental results, approximately 74% of α-pinene were completely mineralized by the consortiums and the biomass yield was 0.60 g biomass/g α-pinene. Sequence analysis of the selected bands excised from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the inoculated pure cultures could be present during the whole operation, and others were closely related to bacteria being able to degrade hydrocarbons. The kinetic results demonstrated that the whole biofiltration for α-pinene was diffusion-limit controlled owing to its hydrophobic characteristics. These findings indicated that this bacterial biofiltration is a promising technology for the remediation of hydrophobic industrial waste gases containing α-pinene.