无机气相色谱法测定铬(Ⅲ)和铬(Ⅵ)

铬在环境中主要以三价和六价存在,对动植物的毒性因价态而异。近年来人们对环境污染问题及环境地学对微量元素在环境中的迁移转化规律的研究,都要求建立对元素的不同形态和价态的测定方法。关于铬的价     

含铬(Ⅲ)电镀污泥的处理

电镀污泥中含有大量对人体有害的三价铬,堆积排放于自然界中,污染了地下水源,对人体、植物有莫大的害处.有人认为,三价铬化合物是一种蛋白质的凝聚剂,它对人体健康有很大的潜在危险.鉴于此,我们对电镀厂排放含Cr_2O_3污泥为试样进行实验.本文以电镀厂污泥为试样进行研究结果,表明把三价铬转化为零价铬,不但除掉了其中的三价铬,使废渣符合排放标准,而且取得了金属铬,变废为宝.利用这种方法来处理废渣、既简单、     

用模拟底泥和天然泥沙除去河口水中的六价铬

序言工业上广泛使用铬。这种元素在自然界中主要以两种价态存在,即毒性较大的六价形式和害处不大的三价形式。用还原或吸附的方法能除去水中已达危险水平的六价铬。已有几位作者考查过六价铬向土壤和商售吸附剂上的转移,发现铬酸根象其它的四氧络阴离子(如磷酸根)一样,表现有吸着作用。低pH的条件可增强吸附作     

大肠杆菌对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

以常见重金属铬(Ⅵ)为目标污染物,通过大肠杆菌与含铬废水在不同环境条件下接触反应,研究大肠杆菌对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附规律,并探讨大肠杆菌吸附铬的影响因素、吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力学。结果表明大肠杆菌吸附铬的过程同时受初始铬(Ⅵ)浓度、温度、p H和菌浓度的影响。动力学模拟的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型;等温线模拟的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附模型,属于单层吸附,同时包含了物理吸附和化学吸附;大肠杆菌吸附铬的活化能Ea=13.93 k J/mol,热力学研究表明吸附过程较容易发生,为吸热过程。     

天然水中铬的样品贮存及其稳定性试验

一、研究臂景天然水中铬的价态有三价、六价两种,其中以六价铬的毒性最强、应用最广。水体中铬的含量及其变化规律,已成为评价水质质量的重要指标之一。为了能准确客观地测定水体中馅的含量,除了不断完善和改进分析方法外,还有必要对铬的贮存方法进行研     

液相化学发光法测定淀山湖水中的微量铬

铬是水质监测项目之一。对人体而言,六价铬的毒性比三价铬大100倍;而三价铬对鱼的毒性却比六价铬大得多。因此,分别测定水中两种价态铬的含量,在环境分析中具有实际意义。目前,测定天然水中微量铬的方法有光度法、原子吸收分光光度法、气相色谱法等。这些方法中,有的需经分离,手续麻烦,且灵敏度低。化学发光法采用鲁米诺—过氧化氧     

虾壳和松树皮对水中三价铬的吸附性能研究

以虾壳和松树皮作为吸附剂,进行了吸附溶液中Cr~(3+)的静态试验。探讨了溶液pH、吸附接触时间、吸附剂用量以及温度等因素对2种吸附剂去除溶液中Cr~(3+)效果的影响,对等温吸附曲线作了线性拟合,同时探讨了2种吸附剂的吸附机理。结果表明:当溶液pH为5.0、吸附温度为30℃、吸附剂用量为2.0 g/L、吸附时间为120 min时,虾壳对溶液中Cr~(3+)的吸附率达到97.35%;松树皮在最佳条件下对溶液中Cr~(3+)的吸附率亦可达到80.48%;虾壳吸附三价铬溶液Freundlich等温吸附方程拟合效果较好,而松树皮吸附三价铬溶液能更好地符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。并通过红外光谱对吸附机理进行了研究。     

改性活性炭除亚砷酸盐的性能研究

制备了2种负载铁锰氧化物的改性活性炭（FM-GAC-1、FM-GAC-2）并研究其对水中的亚砷酸盐的去除性能.考察了2种改性活性炭除三价砷的吸附等温线、反应动力学及pH、温度、水中共存离子对其去除三价砷的影响,发现FM-GAC-1和FM-GAC-2对三价砷均有较好的去除效果,吸附容量分别为32.37、 26.67 mg·g^-1.吸附速率符合拟二级反应动力学,化学反应控制过程是改性活性炭除砷的限速步骤.pH值偏酸性有利于吸附的进行,温度升高,吸附容量有所下降,该吸附过程是自发的放热过程.同时,水体中的共存阴离子在其浓度值为三价砷的200倍时,SiO^2-₃、 PO^2-₃、NO^-₃对FM-GAC-1吸附三价砷有明显影响; SiO^2-₃、CO^2-₃对FM-GAC-2吸附三价砷有显著影响.总体上讲,FM-GAC-1较FM-GAC-2有更为优异的去除三价砷性能.     

多孔SiO_2凝胶对废水中铀的吸附性能研究

采用间歇法研究了多孔SiO2凝胶在不同的条件下(pH值、固液比、浓度、介质)对溶液中铀的吸附性能,并初步探讨了其吸附机理。研究结果表明:分相法制备的多孔SiO2凝胶对铀具有良好的吸附性能,吸附机理符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,为单分子层包覆;吸附体系的最佳pH值约为6.0,最佳固液比约为1∶500,对铀的吸附的平衡吸附量随着初始浓度的增大逐渐升高直至饱和,平衡吸附率及吸附比逐渐降低;对铀的吸附性能与溶液中干扰离子的种类和价态有关,三价离子对铀的吸附反应影响较大,二价及一价离子对铀的吸附反应基本无影响。     

Zn(Ⅱ)在δ-MnO2和γ-MnOOH两种矿物上吸附的初始溶质浓度效应

研究了在Zn(Ⅱ)总量一定的情况下,不同的初始溶质浓度和吸附动力学过程对吸附等温线及吸附不可逆性的影响.将总量一定的吸附质Zn(Ⅱ),分批次(1次,3次,15次)加入到2种不同的吸附剂体系(δ-MnO2和γ-MnOOH)中,得到吸附等温线.实验结果表明,对于Zn(Ⅱ)-δ-MnO2吸附可逆体系,吸附-解吸等温线及可逆性随着Zn(Ⅱ)加入批次的增加未见明显变化;而对于Zn(Ⅱ)-γ-MnOOH吸附不可逆体系,吸附等温线随着Zn(Ⅱ)加入批次的增加显著升高,吸附量变大,吸附不可逆性降低.这主要是由于在两种矿物上的微观吸附状态不同所导致的,而这种差异是受吸附动力学过程影响的,这是传统吸附热力学所不能解释的,但是符合亚稳平衡态吸附(MEA)理论的预测.     

草酸改性杨树叶对六价铬的吸附性能

利用草酸改性杨树叶为试验材料,对溶液中六价铬进行吸附去除。试验结果表明:当p H=2,吸附剂剂量为0.3 g,反应时间为120 min时,该材料对50 m L浓度为50 mg/L含铬废水的去除率达99.1%;伪二级动力学方程能较好地拟合该材料对Cr(VI)的吸附动力学过程,揭示其吸附主要是离子交换吸附;Langmuir方程能较好模拟该材料对Cr(VI)的等温吸附过程,表明其吸附主要是单分子层吸附,最大吸附量为40.91 mg/g。热力学研究表明,Cr(VI)在该材料表面的吸附是一个自发、吸热的物理吸附过程。     

Intensification of adsorption process by using the pyrolytic char from waste tires to remove chromium(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable recyclable products. Pyrolytic char (PC) is one of the most important products from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications for pyrolytic char recovered is used for the removal of Cr( Ⅵ ) in the wastewater effluent to control waste by waste. The surface chemistry properties of surface element distribution/concentration and chemical structure were examined for the pyrolytic char and the commercial activated carbon(CAC) respectively. The results showed that surfaces of PC possesses a large amount of ester and hydrocarbon graft, whereas there are mainly carbon functional components of C-OH, C=O and COOH on the surface of CAC. Therefore the surface electronegativity of PC is lower than that of CAC in the water. The repulsive interactions between the surfaces of PC and the negatively charged Cr（Ⅵ ) ion are weaker than that of CAC,which results in an intensification of the adsorption process by the utilization of PC. The adsorption isotherms of Cr( Ⅵ ) ion on the two kinds of carbons were determined experimentally. The larger adsorption amount on the PC in the case of Cr( Ⅵ ) may be attributed mainly to its special surface micro-chemical environment. The mechanism of the removal Cr( Ⅵ ) from aqueous solution was assumed to be the integration of adsorption and redox reaction. The adsorption was the rate-controlled step for Cr( Ⅵ ) removal. The adsorption of Cr( Ⅵ )was identified as pseudo-second-order kinetics. The rate constants of adsorption were evaluated.     

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.     

Intensification of adsorption process by using the pyrolytic char from waste tires to remove chromium(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable recyclable products. Pyrolytic char(PC) is one of the most important products from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications for pyrolytic char recovered is used for the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) in the wastewater effluent to control waste by waste. The surface chemistry properties of surface element distribution / concentration and chemical structure were examined for the pyrolytic char and the commercial activated carbon(CAC) respectively. The results showed that surfaces of PC possesses a large amount of ester and hydrocarbon graft, whereas there are mainly carbon functional components of C-OH, C=O and COOH on the surface of CAC. Therefore the surface electronegativity of PC is lower than that of CAC in the water. The repulsive interactions between the surfaces of PC and the negatively charged Cr(Ⅵ) ion are weaker than that of CAC, which results in an intensification of the adsorption process by the utilization of PC. The adsorption isotherms of Cr(Ⅵ) ion on the two kinds of carbons were determined experimentally. The larger adsorption amount on the PC in the case of Cr(Ⅵ) may be attributed mainly to its special surface micro-chemical environment. The mechanism of the removal Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution was assumed to be the integration of adsorption and redox reaction. The adsorption was the rate-controlled step for Cr(Ⅵ) removal. The adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) has been identified as pseudo-second- order kinetics. The rate constants of adsorption have been evaluated.     

Synthesis of a novel illite@carbon nanocomposite adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater

A novel illite@carbon (I@C) nanocomposite adsorbent has been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) using glucose as carbonaceous source and illite as the carrier. The morphology, microstructure and surface properties of the prepared nanocomposite adsorbent were analyzed by FESEM, TGA, XRD, FT-IR and Zeta potential measurements. Batch experiments were carried out on the adsorption of Cr(VI) to determine the adsorption properties of the composite. The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto the I@C nanocomposite was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. Compared with the illite and carbon material (SC) separately, the prepared I@C nanocomposite adsorbent exhibited enhanced adsorption performance for Cr(VI) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 149.25 mg/g, which was higher than that of most reported adsorbents. In addition, the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic based on the adsorption thermodynamics study. The adsorption of Cr(VI) by I@C was highly pH-dependent and the optimum adsorption occurred at pH 2.0. The Zeta potential analysis results indicated that the electrostatic interactions between anionic Cr(VI) and the positively charged surface of the adsorbent might be critical to the adsorption mechanism. This study demonstrated that the I@C nanocomposite should be a promising candidate for a low-cost, environmental friendly and highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of toxic Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

琉基纤维素对水中Cr(VI)离子的吸附研究

制备了巯基纤维素并用其对含Cr(VI)离子的溶液进行了静态吸附实验.研究了pH值、吸附时间、反应温度、吸附剂用量等因素对吸附性能的影响.结果表明:在pH值为2、Cr(VI)浓度为50 mg/L和吸附剂为0.5 g时,常温条件下吸附6h后,Cr(VI)去除率达到99.2%,吸附反应符合Langmuir和Freundlic...     

CrⅥ adsorption on four typical soil colloids: equilibrium and kinetics

It is observed that the adsorption of chromium are greater on kaolinite minerals, red soil (R) and laterite (L) colloids than that on montmorillonite, indicotic black (IB) and yellow brown (YB) soil colloids. The adsorption process of CrⅥ on these media can be further described by Langmuir or Freundlich equation quite well. The adsorption reaction of CrⅥ is fast, and the adsorption equilibrium can be reached within the first two hours in moderate temperature. The adsorption quantity of CrⅥ to kaolinite mineral increased with the increasing pH in the range of 2.0 to 7.0, then decreased at higher pH. But it showed some consistence among the four soil colloids. The lower the pH, the stronger the adsorption. The possible mechanisms are further discussed here. Meanwhile the influence of temperature on CrⅥ adsorption on different soil colloid and clay minerals are also investigated.     

CrⅥ adsorption on four typical soil colloids: equilibrium and kinetics

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硫酸盐还原颗粒污泥对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)去除特性及总Cr平衡吸附研究

利用小型EGSB反应器培养的硫酸盐还原颗粒污泥进行Cr(Ⅵ)去除实验,考察硫酸盐还原颗粒污泥对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除特性及对总Cr的平衡吸附并进行吸附等温式拟合.结果表明,颗粒污泥对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除是物理、化学及生物过程共同作用的结果,主要包括了还原及吸附作用.颗粒污泥对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除作用与环境因素、颗粒污泥的化学组成和结构的完整程度等密切相关.对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除速率随颗粒污泥投加量及Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的增加而提高;提高振荡速度和温度均可提高Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率及对总Cr的吸附速率,但当振荡速度达到150r·min-1时或温度达到40℃时颗粒污泥会出现结构的离散并降低总Cr的平衡吸附量;pH值越低颗粒污泥对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率就越高,但颗粒污泥表面的硫化物在pH值为酸性时会转化成H2S气体逸出,并因此影响对总Cr的吸附效率.颗粒污泥对总Cr的最大吸附量为6.84mg·g-1,其对总Cr的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式.     

生物吸附剂ZL5-2对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机理

为测定环境样品中氯菊酯农药残留,用活泼酯法将氯菊酯半抗原(Py)与卵白蛋白(OVA)偶联,制备合成抗原Py-OVA作包被原,建立间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定法.方阵滴定确定了抗血清最佳稀释度(1∶2 500),包被抗原的最适工作浓度0.45μg/mL,并建立了标准工作曲线.工作曲线表明在10～800μg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,回收率>97%.