宁波市雾霾公众认知及对通勤的影响

2011年以来,中国大部分地区受到雾霾天气的影响。目前,雾霾作为环境公共危机事件大部分研究集中在其成因、预警系统、防治措施等方面,尚未对公众认知情况有深入研究。研究采用分层抽样法,对宁波市8个国控大气监测点附近居民进行调查,运用SPSS19.0软件进行数据分析,研究公众对雾霾的认知和通勤行为倾向。结果表明,公众认知与实际监测差异显著。雾霾影响出行方式选择的公众占一半,私家车和公共交通是雾霾天居民出行的首选,更多的私家车导致早晚高峰期空气质量进一步恶化,形成恶性循环。在出行时间可选的情况下,公众倾向于在中午、早晨和下午出行。对于通勤时间,52%的居民认为通勤时间受雾霾天气的影响,但通勤时间严重增加的比例不高。     

雾霾导致的城市居民迁出意愿分异及其影响因素——以保定市为例

以雾霾为标志不断恶化的大气污染已严重影响到人们的生活质量,导致部分居民因空气污染而萌生迁出所在城市的意愿。基于自行设计的关于保定市城市居民生态环境态度、雾霾认知和雾霾治理信心和迁出意愿等内容的调查问卷,研究了城市居民关于生态环境态度、雾霾认知和雾霾治理信心对因雾霾而萌生迁出意愿的影响。结果表明:城市居民的年龄对迁出意愿有显著性影响;城市居民的生态环境态度和雾霾防护行为对迁出意愿起到显著的促进作用;城市居民的雾霾治理信心对迁出意愿起到显著的抑制作用;城市居民的自我健康保护意识、雾霾基本认知、雾霾成因认知、雾霾危害认知和雾霾治理措施接受程度对迁出意愿没有显著性影响。在城市形象建设及雾霾治理的过程中,政府应加大雾霾治理政策的宣传力度,增强民众的雾霾治理信心,提高民众的生活质量。     

基于PM2.5的中国雾霾灾害风险评价

基于雾霾胁迫、人口暴露和适应能力,结合遥感数据与统计数据,对2014年中国286个地级及以上城市的雾霾灾害风险进行评价,在此基础上,识别雾霾灾害风险热点区的风险主导因子.结果表明:中国城市雾霾灾害风险整体水平不高且内部差异显著,雾霾灾害风险大体呈"东高西低、北高南低"的空间布局特征.雾霾灾害风险热点区范围涵盖96个城市,占据国土面积92.4万km~2,波及人群数量5.9亿.风险主导因子分区方面,适应能力主导区分布在汕头、揭阳、邵阳、娄底、玉林、汕尾、达州、巴中、天水、昭通、潮州和贵港等12个城市;雾霾胁迫主导区分布在郑州、上海、成都、泰州、济南、西安、武汉、鄂州、南京、扬州、天津、无锡、嘉兴、南昌、常州、芜湖、淄博、合肥、镇江、黄石、马鞍山、南通和日照等23个城市,其余61个城市则属于雾霾胁迫-适应能力综合主导区.     

基于信息源信任度的PM2.5健康风险认知研究

运用心理测量范式调查北京和南昌居民对PM2.5信息发布源的信任度以及健康风险认知,结果表明,居民信息源信任度仅为一般水平,专家和非政府组织信任度较高,政府信任度较低,北京居民信任度低于南昌居民,风险认知高于南昌居民.基于结构方程模型,构建风险认知影响机理模型,分析表明信任度对风险认知有显著影响,北京和南昌影响系数分别为0.244、0.183;个体特征能直接或通过信任度间接影响风险认知,北京和南昌总影响系数分别为0.222、0.214,其中个体基础信息(年龄、月收入、职业)、健康状况(儿童和老人数、自身健康状况、曾或正患呼吸疾病或心肺疾病)、居住位置与工作方式均对信任度和风险认知有显著影响.     

基于CVM的城市大气细颗粒物健康风险的经济评估

运用权变评价法(CVM)调查北京居民对降低PM2.5健康风险的支付意愿,结果表明居民为PM2.5年平均浓度降低30%、45%和60%的平均支付意愿分别71.60元/月、85.66元/月和94.31元/月.基于结构方程模型,以风险特征、风险情绪、风险沟通3个维度衡量风险认知,构建风险认知与支付意愿相关模型,分析表明风险认知对支付意愿的影响系数为0.37;风险认知3个维度中风险情绪反映度最高,负荷量为0.95,且风险情绪中“现实满意度”影响最显著,负荷量为0.71;风险特征中PM2.5健康风险发生可能性、后果严重性影响程度最高,负荷量均为0.85;个人特征能直接或通过风险认知间接影响支付意愿,总影响系数为0.47,且个人特征中受教育程度与收入表现出强共变性,共变系数为0.67.     

户外长距离运动中雾霾影响的指标分析研究

居民在雾霾天气进行户外长距离运动会使心肺功能受到影响,对户外长距离运动中雾霾影响的指标进行分析,从人数、心情和健康三个角度研究,研究方法为调查对比法,通过分析在雾霾天气下和正常天气下运动员的不同表现,验证雾霾对户外长距离运动的影响。研究结果表明,雾霾天气会打消居民进行户外长距离运动的积极性,减少运动人数,同时使人们感到抑郁烦闷,心情低落。长时间在雾霾天气下运动心肺功能也会受到影响,调查结果具有统计学意义。     

基于CVM的城市大气细颗粒物健康风险的经济评估——以北京市为例

运用权变评价法(CVM)调查北京居民对降低PM2.5健康风险的支付意愿,结果表明居民为PM2.5年平均浓度降低30%、45%和60%的平均支付意愿分别71.60元/月、85.66元/月和94.31元/月.基于结构方程模型,以风险特征、风险情绪、风险沟通3个维度衡量风险认知,构建风险认知与支付意愿相关模型,分析表明风险认知对支付意愿的影响系数为0.37;风险认知3个维度中风险情绪反映度最高,负荷量为0.95,且风险情绪中"现实满意度"影响最显著,负荷量为0.71;风险特征中PM2.5健康风险发生可能性、后果严重性影响程度最高,负荷量均为0.85;个人特征能直接或通过风险认知间接影响支付意愿,总影响系数为0.47,且个人特征中受教育程度与收入表现出强共变性,共变系数为0.67.     

垃圾处理设施周边居民风险感知与邻避行为倾向研究

风险感知是邻避问题研究的一个重要视角.通过对北京市六里屯和高安屯两个垃圾处理场的实地调查,分析了垃圾处理设施周边173个家庭的风险感知、公平认知、受偿意愿与邻避行为倾向之间的关系.研究表明,多数居民认为垃圾处理场的存在对自己的生活造成了一定的负面影响,超过半数的居民有邻避行为倾向,居民的邻避行为倾向与风险感知有正相关关系,与公平认知和货币受偿意愿有负相关关系.因此,加强宣传和沟通,避免风险认知片面夸大也是化解邻避风险的重要手段.     

南京雾霾天气原因分析及应对措施研究

近年来雾霾天气开始成为一种重要的城市气象灾害,城市雾霾的形成有多方面的原因,对雾霾的治理也有多方面的举措。2013年12月江苏地区出现的雾霾事件是现阶段人们关注的焦点。本文通过对南京此次雾霾事件的回顾,从雾霾溯源、南京的应对及评述两个方面入手。对人们关注的这一热议话题进行探讨,总结出应对雾霾的一些经验和有力举措,以提供应对城市雾霾事件的参考。     

雾霾环境下城市居民健身方式的选择策略研究

在雾霾环境下城市居民健身和开展体育活动具有一定风险性,雾霾环境下空气中的固体颗粒物、硫化氢、一氧化碳等污染物质对健身居民可能诱发各种疾病,需要对健身方式和健身地点进行优化选择。采用涵摄统计方法进行雾霾环境下城市居民健身方式的选择策略分析,以跑步、健步走、羽毛球、健身操、自行车等各种健身方式为研究对象,结合研究对象爱好者分布图和描述性统计结果进行男性和女性运动项目偏好分析,根据不同年龄不同性别进行健身方式的效益和损害指标参量分析,并根据回归分析结果确定最优的健身方式。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.