废弃电子产品的污染防治及回收出路探讨研究

本文通过对电子垃圾产生的背景及其危害、回收处理途径和经济效益的分析,结合贵屿镇治理电子垃圾污染的经验和措施,借鉴国外电子产品环境管理的先进思想理念,力求指导我国电子产品的科学回收和处理.     

贵屿电子垃圾拆解管控前后河流及沉积物中重金属时空分布及潜在生态风险评价

电子垃圾的非正规拆解和回收已造成严重的水土环境污染,作为全球电子垃圾回收中心之一的广东汕头贵屿镇,在2012年集中管控前污染尤为严重.为评判近10年管控后的治污成效,本研究于2021年实测了贵屿镇河流及表层沉积物中的重金属含量,并与管控前文献数据进行了对比,探讨了重金属在水和沉积物中的时空变化及潜在生态风险.结果表明,贵屿镇电子垃圾拆解导致河流与沉积物中重金属存在不同程度的输入,广泛存在于电子产品中的Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd在很大程度上超出我国其他主要流域.与管控前相比,练江贵屿段上覆水和沉积物中重金属含量总体下降,溶解态Cu含量有所上升;北港河上覆水中重金属含量降幅均在70%以上,但沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb含量升高;练江支流沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb含量在管控后呈降低趋势,但Zn、Ni含量受其他人为活动的影响大幅上升.贵屿镇沉积物目前仍处于极高生态风险水平,其中,Cd和Cu的潜在生态风险最高,对电子垃圾拆解的污染管控仍需持续加力.     

废弃电子产品的处理与回收技术

现代电子产品更新换代速度很快，废旧电脑、电池、家电等电子垃圾的数量急剧增加，由于对环境会造成严重污染，电子垃圾作为一种特殊垃圾急待处理与回收。对几种废弃电子产品的处理与回收技术进行了综合论述，并结合我国实际，提出一些建议。     

新思维

电子垃圾处理正道——建立便捷完善的回收体系和专业化分拆基地 电子产品已进入淘汰的高峰期,每年都有大量电子垃圾产生,其中绝大部分通过街头小贩流入旧货回收市场,转入农村或被随意拆解处理,电子垃圾污染隐患在日益增大。河北省环保局有关负责人认为：“电子垃圾缺乏监管、无序回收、污染严重已经成为一个现实问题,     

浅析电子废弃物回收利用及危害解决办法

随着高科技的发展和人们需求的增长,电子产品不断推陈出新,电子废弃物成为世界上数量增长最快的垃圾."电子垃圾",主要包括各种使用后废弃的电脑、通信设备、电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机等电子电器产品.电子废弃物不规范回收处理易造成污染.电子废弃物中含有很多可回收再利用的有色金属、黑色金属、玻璃等物质.严格意义上讲,这些电子废弃物,不应称其为电子垃圾,而应称作电子旧货.伴随着电子工业的高速发展,电子废弃物污染不可避免地摆在了我们面前.电子废弃物具有危害性和可利用性.     

《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》正式实施

《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》于2011年1月1日起正式实施。这个针对电子垃圾的专门性条例的出台,对于完善废旧家电回收利用、保护生态环境必要而及时。治理电子垃圾污染,关键是要建立一个科学的回收、利用电子垃圾管理体系。目前,一些发达国家和地区已先后出台了有关废旧家电处理的法律和措施,鼓励企业采取先进工艺收集废旧电器,进行回收利用。日本对家电中的铜、铁、     

广东清远电子垃圾拆解区农田土壤重金属污染评价

简单粗放的电子垃圾回收活动给周边环境带来了一系列污染问题,污染物通过食物链的累积最终将对人体健康产生危害.为了解广东省清远市电子垃圾拆解地周边农田土壤重金属污染现状,在该市龙塘镇和石角镇电子垃圾拆解区域内采集22个农田土壤样品,并分析了土样中重金属的含量水平、空间分布特征和化学形态.结果表明,与广东省土壤背景值相比,农田表层0~20 cm土壤中Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn、Ni和Cr元素含量表现出不同程度的富集.从单项污染指数来看,72.7%的表层土壤样品存在一种或几种重金属超标,以Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn污染为主,其中Cd污染比例最高,其次是Cu,最后是污染比例相当的Pb和Zn.内梅罗综合污染指数分析发现68.2%的土壤样品受到重金属污染,其中更有53.3%为重污染等级.大部分重金属之间具有良好的相关性,简单粗放的回收活动成为电子垃圾拆解地周边农田重金属污染的重要来源.Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu在表层土壤中含量较高,深层土部分(20~100 cm)并未表现出随深度增加而显著降低的趋势.Cr和Ni元素在整个采样剖面中含量基本一致,无统计学意义上的差别.重金属化学形态分析结果显示Pb、Cu和Cd的活性形态比例范围分别为36.9%~90.6%、39.6%~93.9%和43.7%~99.6%,平均值分别为61.3%、65.3%和80.7%,绝大多数土壤样品中3种重金属活性形态在总量中的比例占到一半以上,具有极大的生态风险.     

全国人大代表、中国红十字会曲阜医院院长姜健：应尽快建立废弃物的回收再利用机制

（1）废旧电子产品企业应无条件回收。我国电子产品已进入大量更新换代时期，电子垃圾数量逐年递增，不妥善处理必将造成严重污染。建议国家制定废弃电器电子产品回收管理条例，由电子产品生产企业无条件回收本企业生产的废旧产品，承担回收和利用废弃物的义务．为方便群众，可由电子产品销售商或指定其他专门机构，定点回收废旧电子产品后交送生产企业。     

留心电子垃圾回收处理污染环境

时下,电子产品已进入淘汰的高峰期,每年都有大量电子垃圾产生,其中绝大部分通过街头小贩流入旧货回收市场,转入农村或被随意拆解处理。记者最近在省会石家庄废品回收站、二手市场和街头随机调查发现,电子垃圾回收拆解市场不够规范,极易成为“炸弹”危害社会。呼吁有关部门关注电子垃圾回收处理无序污染环境的状况,采取相应措施,防止环境公共事件的发生。     

电子垃圾处理研究现状及对策

市场经济的飞速发展带来电子产品的更新换代,电子垃圾已成为目前增速最快的垃圾,如何解决其污染问题,充分利用其中的宝贵资源,是摆在人们面前的一个不容忽视的环境问题.文章在介绍国内外的电子垃圾产生及污染情况的基础上,对我国电子垃圾如何处理提出了对策.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.