nTiO2在水中的分散沉降行为研究

nTiO2进入水环境后,其存在形态及环境行为主要受水环境因素影响.以P25 nTiO2为研究对象,通过改变nTiO2悬浊液的pH值、电解质和表面活性剂种类,分析了nTiO2的分散、团聚及沉降行为.结果表明,pH通过改变nTiO2颗粒的Zeta电位影响nTiO2在水中的稳定性,等电点附近nTiO2发生显著聚沉.nTiO2颗粒选择性吸附AlCl3、CaCl2、NaCl及Na2SO4电离产生的荷电离子,阳离子的吸附中和了TiO2颗粒表面的负电荷,导致颗粒急速聚沉;阴离子的吸附使颗粒间静电斥力增强,颗粒稳定存在于水中.不同类型的表面活性剂通过改变nTiO2颗粒表面性质,增强nTiO2颗粒在水中的稳定性.运用DLVO理论建立了nTiO2的势能方程,势能曲线拟合结果表明,水环境条件通过影响颗粒间势能大小影响nTiO2在水中的分散沉降行为.     

表面活性剂对土壤粘粒絮凝-分散的影响

以浙江红壤为例,研究了两种阴离子表面活性剂和一种非离子表面活性剂对土壤粘粒悬浮液稳定性的影响.结果表明,表面活性剂对土壤粘粒的分散作用影响较大,且非离子表面活性剂的影响大于阴离子表面活性剂的影响.表面活性剂对土壤粘粒的分散作用主要是土壤颗粒对表面活性剂的电性吸附和配位吸附所致.表面活性剂进入土壤环境,会导致土壤粒子的分散,流动性增加;其结果是:一方面加重水土流失,另一方面使水环境污染程度加深.      

北京土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附及影响因素分析

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京地区土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附行为,考察了温度和表面活性剂对甲苯和萘吸附的影响.结果表明,尽管7种土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附能力差别较大,但其吸附等温线均很好的符合Freundlich吸附模式;同一土壤中,萘的吸附量大于甲苯的吸附量.温度升高不利于甲苯和萘在土壤中的吸附.十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)均利于甲苯和萘在土壤表面的解吸,CTAB和SDBS对甲苯和萘的解吸率最高分别可达27.5%、12.1%和64.3%、48.8%,说明SDBS的解吸效果更好.甲苯     

表面活性剂对二嗪磷在不同土壤中吸附迁移的影响

采用批量平衡法和薄层层析法, 分别研究了不同浓度的3种表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、Tween80和十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB) 对二嗪磷在湖南省具有代表性的6大土类、9种不同母质土壤中吸附和迁移性能的影响. 结果表明, SDBS能够明显地降低各种土壤对二嗪磷的吸附, 促进二嗪磷的迁移作用, 并且吸附平衡系数(Kd)、比移值(Rf)分别随SDBS浓度增大而增大、减小.浓度成显著的负相关和正相关关系.Tween-80和CTAB对二嗪磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移表现出一定的相似性, Tween-80浓度在0.1~2倍临界胶束浓度(CMC)范围内(CTAB浓度为0.80~87.43 mg·L-1), 其Kd值、Rf值分别随表面活性剂浓度增大而增大、减小, 而Tween-80浓度在2~5倍临界胶束浓度的范围内(CTAB浓度为87.43~191.60 mg·L-1.), 则出现与之相反的变化趋势.     

共存污染物对阿特拉津在天然沉积物上吸附的影响

实验研究了重金属和表面活性剂对阿特拉津在沉积物上吸附的影响.结果表明,Cu2 和Cd2 在低浓度时对阿特拉津吸附无影响或降低其吸附,高浓度时则能明显或轻微促进其吸附.在实验浓度范围内,与对照相比,表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)抑制阿特拉津的吸附,而Span 20则在低浓度时(≤1mg·L-1)抑制阿特拉津的吸附,高浓度时(>1mg·L-1)促进其吸附.     

有机污染土壤修复表面活性剂淋洗液的回收处理方法

本文介绍了表面活性剂及其在有机污染土壤化学淋洗吸附技术中的应用,具体阐述了从表面活性剂淋洗废水中回收表面活性剂淋洗液的常用方法,并对主要方法进行了评价和比较,显示有机膨润土吸附法为经济有效的回收表面活性剂的方法,并简述了膨润土吸附表面活性剂的机理。     

阳离子型可逆表面活性剂在膨润土上的吸附行为

研究可逆表面活性剂十一烷基二茂铁三甲基溴化铵(FTMA)在膨润土上的吸附机理,并与CTAB进行对比;同时考察土壤关键因子对FTMA吸附的影响.结果表明,FTMA与CTAB在膨润土上的吸附变化规律一致,饱和吸附量为66cmol/kg,约为膨润土1倍CEC,吸附机制主要为阳离子交换作用.不同温度下FTMA吸附等温线均可用Langmuir模型描述,吸附量随温度升高(298→318K),由280.6mg/g增大至350.8mg/g.吸附在8h达到平衡,吸附速率较CTAB慢,并符合准二级动力学方程,化学吸附是主要控制速率步骤.热力学参数计算得出,该吸附是自发吸热过程.随体系离子强度的增大,吸附量下降;共存阳离子对吸附有抑制作用,且影响程度大小为: Ca2+>K+>Na+; pH值对吸附影响较小;腐植酸(HA)的加入促进了FTMA的吸附.     

阳-非离子混合表面活性剂对沉积物吸附硝基苯的影响

研究了非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100、阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)及其混合物在沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了它们对沉积物吸附硝基苯的影响.结果表明,CPC和Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附等温线均为非线性,吸附量随着平衡浓度的增加急剧增加,并迅速达到最大吸附量.低浓度CPC能明显增加Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附,而高浓度的CPC则显著降低Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附.Triton X-100略微降低CPC在沉积物上的吸附.在表面活性剂浓度较低的实际环境中,无论是阳离子或非离子表面活性剂,将主要被土壤或沉积物吸附并固定.硝基苯在沉积物上的吸附等温线为线性.CPC和Triton X-100促进沉积物对硝基苯的吸附,CPC-Triton X-100混合表面活性剂溶液能进一步增强沉积物对硝基苯的吸附.因此,阳离子和非离子混合表面活性剂可增强土壤或沉积物对有机污染物的吸附固定能力,也可以用来制备有机膨润土以提高其吸附处理废水的性能.     

三维电极体系对SDBS模拟生活污水的电催化降解

采用三维电极体系对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)模拟生活污水进行了降解。考察了分别以阳离子表面活性剂、阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂改性高岭土为粒子电极的电催化氧化效果,并探讨了实验过程中吸附与电解的协同作用。实验证明阳离子表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB)改性时降解效果最好。在CTAB浓度为0.2 g/L,粒子电极投加量为13 g,SDBS浓度为300 mg/L,不调节pH(pH=9),电流密度50 mA/cm2,Na2SO4投加量2 g时,SDBS去除率和COD去除率分别为92.31%和84.41%。同时还用环境扫描电镜和物理吸附仪对CTAB改性前后的高岭土粒子电极进行了结构表征。     

有机物料及表面活性剂对植物修复菲污染土壤的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源有机物料及表面活性剂加入菲污染土壤后黑麦草对土壤中菲的修复作用.结果表明,有机物料(绿肥和猪粪堆肥)施入土壤后,黑麦草地上部和地下部的生物量比对照增加了13.54～24.18%,而表面活性剂(T80、SDS、CTAB)的加入却降低了黑麦草的生物量;结果还显示,有机物料和表面活性剂加入都可以提高植株体内菲的含量,但植株吸收积累菲的量占土壤菲总损失量的比例不足0.1%.本研究表明,植物从土壤中吸收菲不是植物修复菲污染土壤的主要机制.     

Utilizing surfactants to control the sorption, desorption, and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil-water system

An integrative technology including the surfactant enhanced sorption and subsequentdesorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene in the soil-water system was introduced and tested. For slightly contaminated agricultural soils, cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant- enhanced sorption of organic contaminants onto soils could reduce their transfer to plants, therefore safe-guarding agricultural production. After planting, residual surfactants combined with added nonionic surfactant could also promote thedesorption and biodegradation of residual phenanthrene, thus providing a cost-effective pollution remediation technology.0ur results showed that the cationic-nonionic mixed surfactantsdodecylpyridinium bromide (DDPB) and Triton X-100 (TX100) significantly enhanced soil retention of phenanthrene. The maximum sorption coefficient Kd* of phenanthrene for contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants was about24.5 times that of soils without surfactant (Kd ) and higher than the combined effects of DDPB and TX100 individually, which was about 16.7 and 1.5 times Kd , respectively.0n the other hand, TX100 could effectively remove phenanthrene from contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants, improving the bioavailability of organic pollutants. Thedesorption rates of phenanthrene from these treated soils were greater than 85% with TX100 concentration above2000 mg/L and approached 100% with increasing TX100 concentration. The biodegradation rates of phenanthrene in the presence of surfactants reached over 95% in30days. The mixed surfactants promoted the biodegradation of phenanthrene to some extent in 10-22days, and had no obvious impact on phenanthrene biodegradation at the end of the experiment. Results obtained from this study provide some insight for the production of safe agricultural products and a remediation scheme for soils slightly contaminated with organic pollutants.     

Sorption of uranyl ions on TiO2: Effects of pH, contact time, ionic strength, temperature and HA

Sorption of U(VI) onto TiO₂ as functions of pH, ionic strength, contact time, soil humic acid (SHA), solid-to-liquid ratio and temperature was studied under ambient conditions using batch and spectroscopic approaches. The sorption of U(VI) on TiO₂ was significantly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The presence of SHA slightly enhanced the sorption of U(VI) on TiO₂ below pH 4.0, while it inhibited U(VI) sorption in the higher pH range. U(VI) sorption on TiO₂ was favored at high temperatures, and the sorption process was estimated to be endothermic and spontaneous. Reduction of U(VI) to lower valent species was confirmed by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analysis. It is very interesting to find that U(VI) sorption on TiO₂ was promoted in solutions with higher back-ground electrolyte concentrations. In the presence of U(VI), higher back-ground electrolyte made more TiO₂ particles aggregate through (001) facets, leading more (101) facets to be exposed. Therefore, the reduction of U(VI) was enhanced by the exposed (101) facets and more U(VI) removal was observed.     

Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure

The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated. The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds. The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB), and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100 (TX100). Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB, but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant. Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB. However, the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially, indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area, pore volume, and surface roughness and irregularities, as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite, but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system.     

TiO2复合催化剂弱光催化降解模拟海水中苯酚及其催化活性的影响

为了获得适用于海水中有机污染物光降解催化剂,分别选用纳米SiO_2粒子和氧化石墨烯GO为载体,利用吸附相反应技术并结合热处理过程制备了基于TiO_2的复合催化剂,研究了弱光(光强小于1mW·cm~(-3))激发下复合催化剂光催化降解模拟海水中苯酚.结果表明,吸附相反应技术结合焙烧得到的La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-SiO_2,表面亲水性较强和对苯酚吸附能力较弱,难以克服盐离子的干扰并有效降解模拟海水中高浓度苯酚.而吸附相反应技术结合醇溶剂热还原处理后,La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂表面亲水性显著减弱,但该催化剂在模拟海水中不能形成稳定的悬浮体系.吸附相反应技术得到的TiO_2-GO和La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-GO中,TiO_2粒子粒径小于10nm且均匀负载于GO的表面.醇溶剂热还原处理可使TiO_2形成晶型结构,从而提高其催化活性,同时还能将GO表面的含氧基团还原,降低催化剂表面亲水性.从而提升催化剂对苯酚的吸附能力和对盐离子的抗干扰能力.另外,还原GO与小粒径TiO_2粒子紧密结合,使光生电子能很快转移至还原GO表面,增大光生电荷分离率,进一步提升催化剂的光降解性能.     

两种纳米颗粒对沸石吸附环丙沙星的影响

为了探明纳米颗粒（NPs）共存对抗生素在黏土矿物上的吸附的影响,以沸石为供试黏土矿物,环丙沙星（CIP）为目标污染物,研究了不同温度、 pH值和离子强度条件下,纳米氧化锌（ZnO NPs）和纳米二氧化钛（TiO₂ NPs）这2种NPs对沸石吸附CIP的影响,并结合沸石的表面特征探讨不同类型NPs对CIP吸附的影响机制.结果表明,除5 mg·L^-1ZnO NPs共存时,轻微促进了CIP的吸附,其他NPs浓度均对CIP产生不同程度的抑制,抑制程度表现出TiO₂ NPs>ZnO NPs的顺序;随温度升高,NPs的存在增强了沸石对CIP吸附的增温正效应;当离子强度由0.001mol·L^-1增加到0.01mol·L^-1时,CIP的吸附量下降,但2种NPs的存在均减弱了离子强度的负效应;溶液pH会影响CIP的存在形态和NPs的性质,进而影响CIP的吸附.沸石对单一CIP的吸附存在静电引力、氢键和孔径填充作用,ZnO NPs主要通过静电引力竞争吸附位点对CIP吸附产生影响,而TiO     

Multi-function adsorbent-photocatalyst MXene-TiO2 composites for removal of enrofloxacin antibiotic from water

MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides or nitrides, have attracted tremendous attention for various applications due to their unique properties such as good electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and ion intercalability. In this work, Ti₃C₂ MXene, or MX, is converted to MX-TiO₂ composites using a simple and rapid microwave hydrothermal treatment in HCl/NaCl mixture solution that induces formation of fine TiO₂ particles on the MX parent structure and imparts photocatalytic activity to the resulting MX-TiO₂ composites. The composites were used for enrofloxacin (ENR), a frequently found contaminating antibiotic, removal from water. The relative amount of the MX and TiO₂ can be controlled by controlling the hydrothermal temperature resulting in composites with tunable adsorption/photocatalytic properties. NaCl addition was found to play important role as composites synthesized without NaCl could not adsorb enrofloxacin well. Adding NaCl into the hydrothermal treatment causes sodium ions to be simultaneously intercalated into the composite structure, improving ENR adsorption greatly from 1 to 6 mg ENR/g composite. It also slows down the MX to TiO₂ conversion leading to a smaller and more uniform distribution of TiO₂ particles on the structure. MX-TiO₂/NaCl composites, which have sodium intercalated in their structures, showed both higher ENR adsorption and photocatalytic activity than composites without NaCl despite the latter having higher TiO₂ content. Adsorbed ENR on the composites can be efficiently degraded by free radicals generated from the photoexcited TiO₂ particles, leading to high photocatalytic degradation efficiency. This demonstrates the synergetic effect between adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of the synthesized compounds.     

A comparative study and evaluation of sulfamethoxazole adsorption onto organo-montmorillonites

Three organo-montmorillonites were prepared using surfactants, and their adsorption behaviors toward sulfamethoxazole（SMX） were investigated. The surfactants used were cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide（CTMAB）, 3-（N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonio） propane sulfonate（HDAPS） and 1,3-bis（hexadecyldimethylammonio）-propane dibromide（BHDAP）. The properties of the organo-montmorillonites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and N2adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements. Results showed that the interlayer spacing of montmorillonite was increased and the surface area as well as the morphology were changed. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the surfactant loading amount had a great effect on the adsorption of SMX. The adsorption process was p H dependent and the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at p H 3 for HDAPS-Mt, while CTMAB-Mt and BHDAP-Mt showed a high removal efficiency at 3–11. The adsorption capacity increased with the initial SMX concentration and contact time but decreased with increasing solution ionic strength.Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo second-order model. Equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir model, and the Freundlich constant（n） indicated a favorable adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of SMX was 235.29 mg/g for CTMAB-Mt, 155.28 mg/g for HDAPS-Mt and 242.72 mg/g for BHDAP-Mt. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to evaluate the spontaneity and endothermic or exothermic nature. The adsorption mechanism was found to be dominated by electrostatic interaction,while hydrophobic interaction played a secondary role.     

Photocatalytic degradation of paraquat using nano-sized Cu-TiO2/SBA-15 under UV and visible light

Photocatalytic degradation of paraquat using mesoporous-assembled Cu-TiO₂/SBA15 under UV and visible light was investigated. The catalyst was synthesized by impregnation of Cu-TiO₂ colloids onto SBA-15. The colloids of Cu-TiO₂ were prepared via sol-gel method while the mesoporous support was prepared using hydrothermal technique. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, transmission electron microscopy, UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Zeta potential and X-ray adsorption spectroscopy. Results from characterizations showed that Cu doped TiO₂ had a small crystalline size and was well-dispersed on SBA-15. The inclusion of SBA-15 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst. Among the three types of undoped catalyst in this study (P25, TiO₂, TiO₂/SBA-15), TiO₂/SBA-15 yielded the highest degradation of paraquat for all pH under UV illumination. Meanwhile 2 wt.% Cu-TiO₂/SBA-15 yielded the highest activity under visible light.