美国雨水集蓄利用财政补贴的激励措施综述

21世纪初美国开始鼓励各州进行雨水集蓄利用,目前有36个州编制了雨水集蓄利用相关的技术手册,其中:17个州以及华盛顿特区制订了相关法律和激励措施;2个降雨较少的州严格限制雨水集蓄利用,其余12个州未给出相关规定。美国的雨水集蓄利用财政补贴主要为费用减免、税收优惠、财政报销和财政贴息等方式,目前共有7个州以及华盛顿特区具有明确的补贴程序。分析总结美国各州雨水集蓄利用财政补贴激励措施,可为我国雨水管理建立相关财政补贴制度和完善激励政策体系提供经验。     

"基于BREEAM评估体系的绿色建筑节水标准

根据BREEAM,很多节水技术可以运用到绿色建筑中:对居住建筑,在住宅内全面考虑使用节水型器具,在住宅外充分利用英国丰富的雨水资源进行灌溉和中水回用;对办公建筑,使用节水型器具,鼓励使用雨水或者回用水系统,合理安装和使用水表,进行泄漏检测,定期维护和用水量检测和记录;对于工业建筑,重要的是安装节水型器具、合理安装和使用水表,以及进行漏水检测;对于商业建筑,除了满足以上之外,更强调进行水的循环利用,特别是回用水用于洗车,以及用水设备的维护和控制,以及水消耗监测,并反馈到记录表明用水有降低趋势。这些指标对于我国大力发展绿色建筑、节水型建筑、节水型企业,积极建设节水型城市和节约型社会,有着积极的参考价值。     

典型集雨人饮地区窖水微生物群落多样性及差异解析

为阐释我国典型集雨饮水地区窖水水质自然变化机制,应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,对以庭院为组织单元、不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中微生物群落及功能多样性差异进行了研究,表明窖水微生物群落结构及其功能存在显著的差异,造成这种差异的主要因素是窖水内部环境因子、外部环境因子等的异质性.窖水微生物群落结构多样性差异呈现大量的稀有种和少数常见优势种的分布模式,不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中含有不同的显著差异性微生物类群;微生物群落功能多样性差异体现在:编码新陈代谢功能的基因序列与其他功能基因序列相比具有显著的优势性,氨基酸、碳水化物、能量、脂类、辅助因子和维生素、萜类和酮类化合物、核苷酸、多糖的合成与代谢、外来物质的降解与代谢是构成新陈代谢功能的主要基因序列类群,表明窖水中存在大量、具有相对特定生态功能的微生物进行着诸多活跃的与新陈代谢相关活动.研究认为混凝土集流面与混凝土水窖组合模式用于收集和贮存雨水,水质更好、更安全.研究结果加深了对窖水微生物群落结构和多样性的认识,为开展集雨窖水水源地优选及改善窖水水质提供了借鉴.     

基于IKONOS影像的城市住宅区中水回用空间分布估算

中水回用是解决城市水资源短缺和水环境污染问题的有效途径。开展分散式中水可行性研究,需要考虑中水原水与回用需求的数量、空间分布及平衡关系。论文以南京市住宅区为例,探索了基于IKONOS高分辨率遥感影像分类,估算中水回用空间分布的方法。通过引入单位面积用水定额,将遥感和GIS 分析得到的用地信息与中水原水产量和回用需求关联起来,计算了研究区域中27 个地块的中水原水产量和回用需求量,并分析了两者在空间上的水量平衡关系。结果表明,研究区域存在较大的中水原水供给潜力3.52 L/（m²·d）和较大的利用需求5.37 L/（m²·d）。住宅小区的单位面积原水产量与其建筑容积率成正比;以中高层住宅区为主的地区,中水原水产量能够基本满足本地区的中水回用需求。因此,在这些地区建立分散式污水处理系统,可减少废污水排放,节约自来水取用量,提高水资源利用率。     

天津城区雨水利用的前景分析

水资源紧缺已成为全球性问题。城市雨水作为一种宝贵的资源,已经成为一些国家和地区的重要水源。通过对天津市降水特征的监测分析,得出天津市降雨量较为充足且集中在6、7、8三个月份,初期径流雨水污染较为严重(路面SS和COD浓度分别为235 mg/L和131 mg/L,屋面SS和COD浓度分别为72 mg/L和53 mg/L),但经弃流初期雨水后的雨水水质较好(路面SS和COD浓度分别为93 mg/L和57 mg/L,屋面SS和COD浓度分别为30 mg/L和21 mg/L),适合作为回用水水源。讨论了在天津市中心城区内具有代表性区域的雨水利用方案,老城区内宜采用小规模雨水利用装置;新建小区宜将雨水集蓄利用、渗透与园艺水景观等相结合;文化保护区内宜将雨水有组织的快速排除,在该区域外实施雨水利用工程;公园、广场可作为大型雨水储蓄池,在少雨季节时,作为回用水水源。     

农村水污染防治源头控制政策与技术研究

从源头控制农业污染源进入水体,是实现水质提升的重要途径.目前中国农村污水防治政策制度进入强化和完善阶段,但在某些细化领域还存在空白.农村生活污水和畜禽养殖污水的治理技术比较成熟,而农业种植径流、水产养殖污水、坑塘污水等农村污染源,还未有相关的治理技术指南发布.建议从完善政策法规、强化执法和激励,做好农村发展规划,合理安排种植业、养殖业布局,以及加强资金投入与环境监管等方面加强农村水污染防治工作.     

岛屿硬化集水面雨水弃流方案与分质收集策略研究

通过研究海南岛文昌市水泥屋顶和水泥路面上的雨水径流特征,建立了岛屿地区不同硬化集水面的雨水弃流方案和分质收集策略.在降雨初期,水泥路面和水泥屋顶均发生明显的冲刷效应,水泥路面雨水径流污染物浓度远高于水泥屋顶,且不同硬化集水面上前30%雨水中的污染物浓度均高于后70%的雨水.通过与相关水质指标对比得出,水泥屋顶雨水径流可作为饮用水水源,水泥路面雨水径流经处理可作为城市杂用水使用.通过建立雨水径流污染物累积-冲刷经验模型,可计算不同硬化集水面的弃流雨量,并以此为依据制定了弃流方案.以两种典型硬质化集水面径流污染物传输特征、水质特征和弃流方案为基础,分别提出了屋顶雨水收集方案和多种生态方法协同作用的路面雨水收集方案,可为岛屿地区的雨水收集利用方案提供参考依据.     

雨水资源集蓄利用研究综述

由于干旱、人口增长、地表水地下水污染等问题 ,人们对雨水资源的开发利用产生了极大的兴趣并进行了广泛的研究 ,而且已初步显示出雨水资源开发利用的巨大潜力。文中对雨水的汇集、蓄存、利用技术,雨水利用对区域环境的影响,雨水资源的评价,雨水利用的效益评估等方面的最新研究进行了全面的分析总结 ,同时 ,提出了目前研究中亟待解决的问题。     

Rainwater harvesting technologies and practises in rural Uganda: a case study

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is practised to mitigate water shortages in both household chores and agricultural use. This paper examines the relationship between adoption of household RWH technologies in rural Uganda (dependant variable), and the influence of independent variables (household characteristics such as age or monthly cash income, household perception including attitude or risk preference, and institutional and policy-assumed variables such as household’s contact with extension workers, RWH-subsidy provision, information flow channels and local community financial sources) that potentially influence technological adoption. Logistic regression techniques were used on a random sample of 224 respondents to ascertain the influence of variables on adoption of household RWH technologies. Analyses of hypothesised relationships revealed that subsidy provision was statistically significant for adoption of RWH technologies in rural Uganda. Overall, the paper suggests the consideration of household RWH subsidies in form of hardware when promoting adoption of RWH technologies. Moreover, when subsidies in the form of RWH construction materials are provided, the chances of having a RWH system installed seem more likely than when cash is provided owing to the many options cash can be used to purchase. Furthermore, household subsidy provision will produce immediate improvement in rural water supply, fostering the probability of adoption of rainwater technologies, a choice that can be made with regard to the form or level of public subsidy received depending on institutional and policy interventions.     

The impact of climate change mitigation on water demand for energy and food: An integrated analysis based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Climate change mitigation, in the context of growing population and ever increasing economic activity, will require a transformation of energy and agricultural systems, posing significant challenges to global water resources. We use an integrated modelling framework of the water-energy-land-climate systems to assess how changes in electricity and land use, induced by climate change mitigation, impact on water demand under alternative socioeconomic (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) and water policy assumptions (irrigation of bioenergy crops, cooling technologies for electricity generation). The impacts of climate change mitigation on cumulated global water demand across the century are highly uncertain, and depending on socioeconomic and water policy conditions, they range from a reduction of 15,000 km³ to an increase of more than 160,000 km³. The impact of irrigation of bioenergy crops is the most prominent factor, leading to significantly higher water requirements under climate change mitigation if bioenergy crops are irrigated. Differences in socioeconomic drivers and fossil fuel availability result in significant differences in electricity and bioenergy demands, in the associated electricity and primary energy mixes, and consequently in water demand. Economic affluence and abundance of fossil fuels aggravate pressures on water resources due to higher energy demand and greater deployment of water intensive technologies such as bioenergy and nuclear power. The evolution of future cooling systems is also identified as an important determinant of electricity water demand. Climate policy can result in a reduction of water demand if combined with policies on irrigation of bioenergy, and the deployment of non-water-intensive electricity sources and cooling types.     

环洞庭湖丘岗地区雨水资源和管理策略

环洞庭湖丘岗地区是我国南方丘陵农林复合生态系统的典型板块。雨水资源对生态系统水环境、水平衡具有不可替代性。生态系统水环境要素的定位观测和小流域水平衡监测研究表明:该地区雨水资源呈季节性配置,系统水平衡过程有明显盈(季节性水富余311.3mm)、亏(季节性水亏缺134.7mm)现象。本地区自然降雨大约有76%产生派生资源参与系统水分循环,其余部分主要以径流形式溢泄入下游水域;雨水侵蚀使该地区每年流失或向洞庭湖水域输送水1.31×1010m3、泥沙1.64×106m3、养分(N、P、K)0.89×104t。集雨利用是本地区农业雨水管理的基本形式,据研究估测,可利用的集雨水量为现今农业可用地灌溉水需求量的2.41倍;可集雨水量和农业集雨需求量的比值与系统尺度有关。影响生态系统水平衡和农业集雨利用有两大因子,即人工蓄调雨水的局限性和坡地生态系统构建。因此,雨水资源的生态管理重在坡地系统构建---地表植被植物群落的组配和土壤生产力持续性保护。     

耕地结构变化下水土资源匹配时空特征效应分析——以黑龙江省为例

基于耕地利用水资源的供需视角,在综合考虑耕地利用类型、作物种植结构、作物生长期等条件的基础上,结合黑龙江省的国家气象站数据,对耕地利用需水量与有效供水量从微观尺度上进行分析,并以此对1990—2018年内不同生长期耕地利用水土资源匹配的时空动态进行分析。结果表明：1990—2018年间黑龙江省耕地结构不断变化,旱改水现象在2010— 2018年间最为普遍;作物生育前期与中期需水量较多,后期需水量较少,需水量逐年上涨,与水田占比变化保持较为一致,并且空间上需水量高值地区偏移规律与同时段内的旱地水田化现象保持高度一致;1990—2018年间,作物各生育期水土资源匹配程度均先降后升,大部分的水土资源匹配高值地区分布在有效降水量的高值地区与旱地地区的交接地带,可见天然降水仍是满足耕地作物用水的主要来源;近年来三江平原南部地区水土资源匹配程度严重下降,粮食单产下滑,建议该部分地区减少旱改水工程量,同时,松嫩平原西部地区水土资源匹配水平与粮食单产逐年上升,可适当进行旱改水工程。     

FloodProBE: technologies for improved safety of the built environment in relation to flood events

The FloodProBE project started as a FP7 research project in November 2009.Floods, together with wind related storms, are considered the major natural hazard in the EU in terms of risk to people and assets. In order to adapt urban areas (in river and coastal zones) to prevent flooding or to be better prepared for floods, decision makers need to determine how to upgrade flood defences and increasing flood resilience of protected buildings and critical infrastructure (power supplies, communications, water, transport, etc.) and assess the expected risk reduction from these measures.The aim of the FloodProBE-project is to improve knowledge on flood resilience and flood protection performance for balancing investments in flood risk management in urban areas. To this end, technologies, methods and tools for assessment purposes and for the adaptation of new and existing buildings and critical infrastructure are developed, tested and disseminated.Three priority areas are addressed by FloodProBE. These are: (i) vulnerability of critical infrastructure and high-density value assets including direct and indirect damage, (ii) the assessment and reliability of urban flood defences including the use of geophysical methods and remote sensing techniques and (iii) concepts and technologies for upgrading weak links in flood defences as well as construction technologies for flood proofing buildings and infrastructure networks to increase the flood resilience of the urban system.The primary impact of FloodProBE in advancing knowledge in these areas is an increase in the cost-effectiveness (i.e. performance) of new and existing flood protection structures and flood resilience measures.     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization

The characteristics of urban runoffs and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three different functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runoffs were higher than those of roof runoffs. The first flush effects in roof and road runoffs were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R~2, 0.87-0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD_5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an effective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.     

Pollution prevention and biochemical oxygen demand reduction in a squid processing facility

Fish processing, especially squid, creates high strength biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) wastewater that must be pretreated prior to sewer discharge. This study evaluated (1) new squid processing techniques, (2) advanced biological/chemical treatment technologies to meet local wastewater discharge regulations, and (3) recycling opportunities for materials formerly discarded as waste. Low technology modifications such as improved housekeeping/management systems were implemented in order to obtain initial reductions in BOD loadings. Various high technology separation processes, aimed at removing soluble BOD from the process effluent, were evaluated. A first order cost–benefit analysis based on capital and operating costs, BOD reduction efficiencies, and worker health risk factors indicated that a modified biological trickling filter was the best available pretreatment technology for squid processing wastewater.     

城市非点源污染治理与资源化技术研究

城市降雨地面径流同时具有危害性与资源性,解决城市非点源污染的问题,亦应将削减污染与资源化结合考虑。本研究根据南方地区包气带中土壤水丰富的特点,设计出一种新型小区雨水处理利用方法。通过工程措施的一级沉淀处理和生态环境的二级生化处理使雨水径流得到处理和利用,实现污染治理与资源利用协调发展。     

Rheum palaestinum (desert rhubarb), a self-irrigating desert plant

The rare plant Rheum palaestinum (Polygonaceae) is a perennial hemicryptophyte that grows during the rainy winter in desert mountainous areas in Israel and Jordan that receive an average annual rainfall of ca. 75 mm. It produces between one and four large round leaves that are tightly attached to the ground and form large rosettes of up to 1 m². These leaves differ markedly from the typical small leaves of most desert plants. Moreover, they have a unique 3D morphology resembling a scaled-down mountainous area with well-developed steep drainage systems, raising the question which selective agents were involved in their evolution. We propose that the large leaves collect rainwater that then infiltrates the soil surrounding the root. We measured the seasonal course of leaf growth, examined the area of wet soil surrounding the root after actual and simulated rain, and modeled the water harvesting capacity using the plant leaf area and the weekly precipitation. We show that even in the slightest rains, water flows above the veins to the leaf’s base where it irrigates the vertical root. A typical plant harvests more than 4,100 cm³ of water per year, and enjoys a water regime of about 427 mm/year, equivalent to the water supply in a Mediterranean climate. This is the first example of self-irrigation by large leaves in a desert plant, creating a leaf-made mini oasis. All authors contributed equally to this paper.     

城市景观水体富营养化及其控制

随着城市的发展及人们生活质量要求的不断提高,城市景观水体污染及富营养化问题越来越引起更多关注,景观水体治理工作迫在眉睫。本文着重分析了城市景观水体污染及富营养化的原因及危害,提出针对外源污染和内源污染的控制措施：补水水源控制、雨水污染控制、强化水体自然净化、建立生物净化生态系统等方法,以满足对城市景观水体富营养化控制的要求。同时指出针对不同的受污染的景观水体,应根据其具体情况,因地制宜地采取相应的措施加以控制,才能获得满意的处理效果。     

Effects of land use change and water reuse options on urban water cycle

The aim of this article was to study the effects of land use change and water reuse options on an urban water cycle. A water cycle analysis was performed on the Goonja drainage basin, located in metropolitan Seoul, using the Aquacycle model. The chronological e ects of urbanization were first assessed for the land uses of the Goonja drainage basin from 1975 to 2005, where the ratio of impervious areas ranged from 43% to 84%. Progressive urbanization was identified as leading to a decrease in evapotranspiration (29%), an increase in surface runo (41%) and a decrease in groundwater recharge (74%), indicating a serious distortion of the water cycle. From a subsequent analysis of the water reuse options, such as rainwater use and wastewater reuse, it is concluded that wastewater reuse seemed to have an advantage over rainwater use for providing a consistent water supply throughout the year for a country like Korea, where the rainy season is concentrated during the summer monsoon.     

黄海近岸大气降水中磷溶解度及其影响因素

于2020年6~9月在黄海近岸城市青岛采集31场降水69个样品,分析其中总磷（TP）、溶解态总磷（DTP）及溶解态无机磷（DIP）和有机磷（DOP）,探讨P浓度和溶解度的变化特征及其影响因素.降水中TP浓度为（6.2±1.0）μg/L,DTP浓度为（3.8±0.6）μg/L,P溶解度为（64.8±18.0）%.DTP中以DIP为主,其贡献为（56.5±21.6）%.降水中TP和DTP与降水量呈负幂指数关系,TP清除指数大于DTP.降水量<10mm时,降水对气溶胶P的清除和稀释作用显著影响降水中P浓度,但降水量>40mm时,这种作用对P浓度的影响不大.降水对气溶胶P的清除作用以云下清除为主,占总清除效率的70%~85%.酸化作用显著促进降水中颗粒态P溶解,且无机P溶解效率高于有机P.对降雨量<5mm及>30mm降水,pH值是影响P溶解度的主要因素,降水量和气团来源对P溶解度也有一定影响.当pH值相近时,降水量越大,P溶解度越高;当pH值相近且降水量<5mm时,海洋源贡献越大,P溶解度越高.对降水量5~30mm的降水,P溶解度受到降水量、pH值及气团来源等因素的共同影响.