SO2污染的次生作用--促进粘虫的生长

将3龄幼虫接种在暴露于低浓度SO_2的小麦植株上自由取食12d,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响;对照组小麦用经过活性炭过滤的空气处理。结果表明,随着SO_2浓度升高,幼虫历期逐渐缩短,幼虫期的平均相对生长速率依次增大。用人工饲料进行的类似试验结果,排除了SO_2污染直接促进粘虫生长的可能性。根据对食料植物水解氨基酸含量的测定结果,可以假设在非污染条件下生长的麦叶中,蛋氨酸和精氨酸含量偏低使粘虫处于亚最适生长状态,SO_2污染增加了食料中这两种限制性氨基酸的浓度,导致幼虫转入最佳生长状态。     

低浓度SO2长期暴露对小麦生长和产量的影响

随着化石燃料,特别是煤的燃烧量日益增加,大气层SO_2的浓度越来越高,成为当今世界对绿色植物危害最严重的大气污染物之一。SO_2对植物,特别是对农作物的影响,已受到普遍重视。近年来,我国有关科研人员陆续开展了SO_2对农作物生长、发育和代谢等方面影响的研究,本文报道利用野外开顶式熏气装置研究低浓度SO_2对冬小麦生长和产量影响的试验结果。     

石油烃污染对海胆胚胎及浮游幼虫生长发育的影响

为研究石油烃污染对海胆的毒性, 采用海胆胚胎发育技术, 观察0号柴油、船用轻质柴油和船用重质燃料油分散液对马粪海胆胚胎及浮游幼虫生长发育的影响.结果显示, 三种油品分散液使得胚胎发育至2-细胞期、4-细胞期、8-细胞期、16-细胞期、囊胚期的时间延后,这种延后的现象随着发育进程和油品分散液浓度升高而愈发明显.与对照组相比,染毒的海胆浮游幼虫生长速度明显减慢,二腕幼虫及四腕幼虫的体长均变短.三种油品对于海胆胚胎生长发育过程的毒性顺序为:0号柴油>船用轻质柴油>船用重质燃料油.     

我国西南地区大气中硫的化学状态

对我国西南重庆、贵阳地区大气中的二氧化硫和颗粒物进行采样和分析,并用多元回归法对数据进行了处理和解析。结果表明,该地区大气颗粒物中的硫主要以SO_2~(2-)状态存在,约为74％。其次是S~(4+),约为15％。S~(2-)、S~(?)或非水溶性硫酸盐共为11％。其中SO_4~(2-)以H_2SO_4的含量最高,约为60％。用双曲线1/[SO_4~(2-)]=1.31/[SO_2)+0.041拟合SO_2与SO_4~(2-)之间的关系较好,反映了该地区大气中SO_4~(2-)的浓度变化有一极限值。当SO_2浓度达200μg·m~(-3)以上时,SO_4~(2-)浓度基本稳定在24μg·m~(-3)左右。     

二氧化硫浓度的垂直分布对云下雨水酸化的影响

用一物理化学模式讨论了云下雨水的酸化过程.参照重庆地区的实际情况,讨论了SO_2随高度指数分布和其它分布对酸化的影响及近地面层高浓度SO_2对酸化的影响.SO_2平均浓度与实际垂直分布相比较,地面雨水成份相差较小,用平均浓度代替实际垂直分布是可行的.     

液相催化氧化净化低浓度SO2生产复肥研究

以氨气作为SO_2吸收辅助原料,在中性条件下,就Fe、Cu、Mn、Co四种有利作物生长的金属离子对SO_2水溶液的催化氧化特性做了研究,结果表明,当SO_2吸收效率≥85％时,可得到的(NH_4)_2SO_4母液浓度高达56(Wt％),母液浓缩结晶后得到三种复肥产品,产品成分符合作物使用要求.     

低浓度SO2长期暴露下菜豆的生长发育和气孔反应

本研究采用连续搅拌槽反应器系统(CSTR)对菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)进行低浓度SO_2长期暴露试验.结果表明,SO_2在植物可见伤害阈值以下抑制了莱豆生长,叶片气孔阻力随SO_2浓度的增加而增加.植物一旦脱离SO_2污染的环境,气孔就恢复到正常水平.切除子叶的菜豆生长明显受抑,但对SO_2敏感性和留子叶菜豆相同.     

SO_2、HF对小麦、大麦产量及品质的联合影响

本文研究了SO_2、HF对小麦、大麦的产量及品质的联合影响。SO_2浓度为130和267μgm~(-3),HF浓度为0.03和0.38μgm~(-3),实验在顶部开口的桶中进行,为期90天。在所用浓度下,SO_2比HF具有更大的影响。所有反应的一个显著特点是补偿效应。虽然SO_2减少了小麦地上部重量,但各处理对产量并无影响。SO_2促进了大麦的生长,增加了产量,并且SO_2和HF都使籽粒蛋白含量增加。SO_2和HF混合物的效应较为复杂,但通常是对抗性的,加入HF可以抵消SO_2单独存在的影响。     

单乙醇胺作吸收剂利用分光光度法测定大气中的二氧化硫

本文研究了用单乙醇胺作为SO_2吸收剂的可能性。该试剂约有100％的吸收率,在下述几方面本法比四氯汞酸钠法优越:操作简便快速,对SO_2吸收的稳定性好,试剂性能稳定并容易取得纯品而且无毒。本文还研究了试剂浓度、流速和温度对SO_2吸收作用的影响。吸收了的SO_2于盐酸介质中以对氨基偶氮苯一甲醛试剂用分光光度法进行测定。用氨基磺酸     

苹果树长期接触低浓度SO2对生长的影响

本文报道用四套开顶式熏气装置对四棵十一年生国光苹果树进行一个生长季低浓度SO_2熏气的试验结果,各罩内SO_2浓度分别为O(CK)、0.10、0.18和0.28 mg/m~3,结果表明,0.10 mg/m的SO_2对试验树的光合作用速率、叶面积、单位叶片重量和当年生枝条生长量无明显影响;0.18 mg/m有轻度影响;0.28mg/m影响显著。     

Effect of airborne SO_2 on performance of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum Schiff

SO2 Pollution; rape plant (Brassica chinensis); turnip moth (Agrotis segetum); growth and developmental parameters.     

Secondary effect of SO_2 pollution: enhanced growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of SO2 pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO2 levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-top fumigation devices. Larval period shortened while their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) increased as SO2 dose elevated. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet excluded the possibility that SO2 pollution directly stimulated growth of the army worm.The patterns of change in amino acid hydrolysates in the host foliage suggested that contents of methionine, and perhaps, arginine in food material exposed to unpolluted air were at such levels that they could only support sub-optimum growth of the insect, and SO2 pollution increased concentrations of these limiting amino acids, resulting in better performance of the larvae.     

Effect of SO2 on performance of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum Schiff

Effect of SO₂-enriched air on the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum Schiff.was investigated by rearing the larvae on rape leaves that had been exposed to 40 or 80 ppb of the air pollutant in field fumigation chambers. An examination on the 11th day showed that the larvae in both treatments survived more, developed markedly faster, their fresh v/eig'ht and mean relative growth rate were significantly greater than those of control insect. Improvement of their growth and development resulted in decrease of total larval duration by 0.5 - 1.0 day. Pupal and adult performances were little affected by SO₂ level to which larval food plant was exposed. Possible reason responsible for enhanced growth and development of the insect species was discussed.     

Food selection in larval fruit flies: dynamics and effects on larval development

Selecting food items and attaining a nutritionally balanced diet is an important challenge for all animals including humans. We aimed to establish fruit fly larvae (Drosophila melanogaster) as a simple yet powerful model system for examining the mechanisms of specific hunger and diet selection. In two lab experiments with artificial diets, we found that larvae deprived of either sucrose or protein later selectively fed on a diet providing the missing nutrient. When allowed to freely move between two adjacent food patches, larvae surprisingly preferred to settle on one patch containing yeast and ignored the patch providing sucrose. Moreover, when allowed to move freely between three patches, which provided either yeast only, sucrose only or a balanced mixture of yeast and sucrose, the majority of larvae settled on the yeast-plus-sucrose patch and about one third chose to feed on the yeast only food. While protein (yeast) is essential for development, we also quantified larval success on diets with or without sucrose and show that larvae develop faster on diets containing sucrose. Our data suggest that fruit fly larvae can quickly assess major nutrients in food and seek a diet providing a missing nutrient. The larvae, however, probably prefer to quickly dig into a single food substrate for enhanced protection over achieving an optimal diet.     

Energy budget of Pieris brassicae L. larvae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) fed on four host plant species

Energy budgets were evaluated for the larval development of Pieris brassicae fed on leaves of Brassica oleracea var. capitata, B. oleracea var. botrytis, B. oleracea var. sarson and Nasturtium montanum. Food consumption, assimilation and tissue growth values were maximum for the larvae fed on B. oleracea var. capitata and minimum for the larvae fed on N. montanum. Mean values of approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of digested food into body tissue (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body tissue (ECI) fall within the values reported for other leaf-eating lepidopterans. An equivalent weight of the following materials had calorific values in the order given: faeces < food plant < larval stages < pupal stage.     

Effects of cross-feeding anarchistic and wild type honey bees: anarchistic workers are not queen-like

Unlike normal (wild type) honey bee ( Apis mellifera) colonies, 'anarchistic' colonies are characterised by workers that activate their ovaries in the presence of the queen and brood and by the ability of their workers to lay eggs that evade worker policing. In the Cape honey bee ( A. m. capensis), female larvae can manipulate non- capensis nurse workers such that they receive more larval food and develop into worker-queen intermediates or intercastes. We speculated that, in anarchistic colonies, larvae might produce signals that result in excessive feeding of female larvae. Excessively fed female larvae may then develop into reproductively active workers. In this study we cross-fostered anarchistic and wild type brood and investigated the effect of cross-fostering on the amount of food fed to larvae and on the morphology of the resulting workers. We show that anarchistic larvae do not manipulate wild type nurse workers into feeding them more, nor do anarchistic workers develop into worker-queen intermediates. On the contrary, anarchistic larvae are fed less than wild type larvae and anarchistic workers seem to be poor nurses in that they feed larvae less, irrespective of brood genotype.     

Response of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.     

次生微塑料食物暴露对土壤白符跳Folsomia Candida毒性的初步研究

土壤微塑料污染已引起国内外学者的广泛关注。但关于次生微塑料在土壤动物食物链上的迁移及其毒理效应的研究较少。为探究次生微塑料的生物传递效应,本试验以同步化14 d （幼虫）和28 d （成虫）的土壤白符跳（Folsomia Candida）为供试生物,将废料（塑料类废料混合物）、保温棉、麦麸保温棉混合和细保温棉经黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus）降解后形成的4种不同次生微塑料产物作为处理因子,研究次生微塑料对土壤跳虫生物学的影响。结果发现:1）第7天,所有跳虫开始蜕皮,喂食保温棉、麦麸保温棉和细保温棉组的幼虫死亡率分别为1.67%、1.67%和5%;2）第14天,跳虫蜕皮量增多,保温棉和细保温棉组的幼虫死亡率分别为6.67%和5%,各组成虫产卵量剧增,喂食酵母菌的对照组产卵率显著高于处理组;3）第28天,蜕皮量增势趋缓,除废料组外,各组幼虫开始产卵且无死亡现象发生;4）与处理组相比,对照组中跳虫的蜕皮量、产卵量和生物量都是最高的,且体长变化显著（P<0.05）。综上,研究结果将进一步完善次生微塑料对土壤动物毒理效应的基础数据,为土壤环境中的次生微塑料的生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

Effects of fluoride on growth and reproduction of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

This paper deals with effects of airborne fluorine on the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker), by rearing the larvae on the wheat foliage exposed to HF or fumigating the larvae on the artificial diet with the pollutant. Larval relative growth rate (GR) and index of population trend of the insect reduced by 5% and 11%, respectively, when the larvae were reared on the foliage taken from the wheat plants exposed to 0.87 g·dm^-2·day^-1 of fluorine compared with those of the control. An extra instar appeared in a majority of the larvae treated. Survival rate and GR of the larvae on the wheat plant being exposure to the same concentration of fluorine in field open-top fumigation device were 40% and 15% lower than that of the control, respectively. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet also showed that direct impact of the pollutant on the army worm was greater than its indirect effect via their host plant.