Conservation for the landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan scenic area of China

Wulingyuan is located at the mountainous area of the middle reach of the Yangtze River,it is one of the three nature heritages in China which ranks in the “List of Worls‘s Heritage”by UNESCO.It is characterized by quartz sandstone peaks landform with several landform components(pattern,corridor)and rich in landscape ecological diversity and biodiversity.The main patterns(ecosystem)include mid-height mountain peaks,rift-avlley and streams among peaks,peaks and gullies on slopes,square mountain-platforms and peaks among blind valleys and so on.The corridor system consists of natural corridors and artificial corridors among which the stream corridors account for a major part.The fracturing of habitat is unfavorable for the biodiversity conservation,but meanwhile the habitat diversity leads to an increase in biodiversity.Therefore,it is still rich in landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan.The biodiversity at the level of landscape component(ecosystem) and the function of the Wulingyuan complex ecosystem,and the measures for the biodiversity conservation in Wulingyuan ecotourism area are discussed in this paper.     

Landscape eco-environmental research on littoral zone in China

Littoral zone is a special land/ landscape type. As an important kind of land resource in support, the use of littoral zone is vital to eastern coastal areas in China. And the research on littoral zone relates to the key theory of landscape ecology. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, the littoral zone was divided into four types: mud flat, sand beach, bench, and biological flat. The distribution of each type in China is pointed out. As a typical open system, littoral zone has six landscape ecological characteristics: (l) high sensitivity to disturbance; (2) distinct edge effect; (3) spatial aggregation of natural resources; (4) frequently spatial oscillation; (5) obviously spatial heterogeneity; and (6) noticeably spatial differentiation. Some proposals are also put forward on the land use and development of littoral zone for environmental protection and environmental mana qement.     

Landscape dynamitic change in Mu Us Desert derived from Landsat TM data

Landscpae ecology emphasizes large areas and ecological effects of the spatial patterning of ecosystem.Recent developments in landscape ecology emphasized the important relationship between spatial patterns and many ecological processes.Quantitative methods in landscape ecology link spatial patterns and ecological processes at broad spatial and temporal scales.In turn the increased attention on temoral change of ecosystem has highlighted the need for quantitative methods that can analyze patterns.This research applies quantitative methods-change detection to assess the ecosystem temporal change in the arid and semiarid area.Remote sensing offers the temporal change of ecosystem on landscape characteristics.     

Multifunctional landscapes--perspectives for the future

New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed.Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of Iandscape,and landscape fnction is the capacity to change the structural heterogeneity of a landscape ystem.In most developed countries the industrialisation of agriculture has in general resulted in a change of agricultural landscapes from a small-grained heterogeneous pattern towards more monotonous and monofunctional landscapes.During the 1990‘s this trends seems to have changed due to a diversification of rural land use and new trends in urbanisation.Weather these phases of landscape development should be expected in developing countries is a totally open question.Dealing with the study of multifunctionality of landscapes it is proposed to distinguish between ecological functionality of landscape ecosystems,functionality.Further,the relation between function,space and scale is important by the determination of spatial and time segregation as well as spatial and time integration of multifunctionality in landscapes.     

Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area： A case study in the Shiyang River Basin, China

Ecosystem risk is a new concept in understanding environmental problems. It is important to study and develop quantitative methods for regional ecosystem risk analysis. In this study, some new indicators and methods for measuring oasis ecosystem risk were established using reliability theory. These indicators are linked to water resource, which is the key restricting factor in arid area oasis ecosystems. They have clear meanings and can also be compared in different arid area oases. A case study in the Liangzhou oasis of the Shiyang River Basin in China shows how to calculate these ecosystem risk indicators. The results of the case study are as follows： the reliability indicator, risk indicator, stability indicator, and integrated loss indicator of the Liangzhou oasis are 0.686, 0.314, 0.743, and 0.301, respectively. This means that the reliability degree of the oasis＇s ecosystem safety is 68.6%; the degree of risk that it is unsafe is 31.4%; the stability degree is 74.3%; and 30.1% of the oasis＇s area is supported by over-exploiting underground water and damaging the lower reaches of the ecosystem. This result can be used as a guide in controlling and managing ecosystem risk in the research area.     

Analysis on sensitivit and landscape ecological spatial structure of site resources

This article establishes a set of indicators and standards for landscape ecological sensitivity analysis of site resources by using the theories and approaches of landscape ecology.It uses landscape diversity index(H),evenness(E),natural degree(N),contrast degree(C) to study spatial structure and landscape heterogeneity of site resources and thus provides a qualitative-quantitative evaluation method for land planning and management of small ,medium scale areas.The analysis of Yantian District,Shenzhen of China showed that Wutong Mountain belonged to high lanscape ecological sensitivity area,Sanzhoutian Reservoir and Shangping Reservoir were medium landscape sensitivity area and high ecological sensitivity area;Dameisha and Xiaomeisha belonged to medium sensitivity area caused by the decline of natural ecological areas.Shatoujiao,Yantian Pier belonged to low sensitivity area but urban landscape ecological development had reshaped and influenced their landscape ecological roles in a great extent.Suggestions on planning,protection goals an development intensity of each site or district were raised.     

Effect of land-use and land-cover change on nutrients in soil in Bashang area,China

The Bashang area is a water-source area and ecological barrier zone for Beijing and Tianjin. The area is located at 200 km from Beijing and Tianjin and is a typical agriculture-pasture-interlacing zone, in which theis vulnerable and hence it is sensitive to anvironmental change. The area is relatively lagged in social and economic development, where the traditional cultivation mode is predominatedin agriculture and animal husbandry, but the disturbance by human activity is relatively small. Therefore, in order to reveal the interrelation between eco-environmental change in the area and environmental change in Beijing and Tianjin area, it is fairly necessary to study the effect of land-use and land-cover change on nutrients in soil in this area. According to the actual situation of changed land use for the limited time period, five series of changed land plots were selected and 4 samples were collected from each series for the study. The samples were collected from different soil-forming levels at the same site in different time. Analysis of the collected samples indicates that in the process of change of land use and land cover, the nutrients in soil, such as organic matter, total N, total P, total K, and available N, P, K, and B, Mo, Mn,Zn, Cu, and Fe, have regularly changed. When the land had changed from grassland and non-irrigated farmland into woodland, and from non-irrigated farmland into irrigated field, the nutrients in soil totally increased. But there exists some exception, i.e. quick-acting N, P, K, and some micreelements have appeared to be inconsistent with the mentioned above regularity in some cases.     

Landscape ecolgical assessment and eco—tourism development in the South Dongting Lake Wetland,China

As an important resource and the living enivronment of mankind,wetland has become gradually a highlight ,strongly concerned and intensively studied by scientists and sociologists.The governmetns in the world and the whole society have been paying more and more attention on it.The Dongting Lake of China is regarded as an internationally important wetland.For a rational development and protection of the wetland,an investigation and studied on its resources and its value to tourism in the South Dongting Lake was conducted,to create an assessment system of the ecological landscapes,and to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the value of wetland landscape to the eco-tourism.The results showed that the scenic value of the South Dongting Lake Wetland satisfied the criterion of AAAA grade of China national scenic attraction.The eco-tourism value of the landscape cultures in the South Dongting Lake Wetland was discussed with emphasis.It were formulated that a principle and frame of sustainable exploitation of the wetland landscapes and it was proposed as well that establishing a Wetland Park and developing eco-tourism in the South Dongting Lake .Wetland is a fragile ecosystem with low resistance to the impact of the exploitation.Thus,we must pay intensively attention to the influence of exploitation on the landscape,take the ecological risk in account to employ a right countermeasure and avoid the negative affection.     

Effects of drought climate on the photosynthesis of Aneurolepidium chinense community in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia

Under the dry weather conditions in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia, the diurnal change curve of photosynthetic rate of Aneurolepidium chinense community is a curve of "double peaks" with midday depression. The photosynthetic rate in the morning is height than in the afternoon, which is related to the water condition at that time. The decrease range of community photosynthetic rate at noon is closely correlated with the low air relative humidity and soil moisture, the photosynthetic rate decreases less under better water condition.The instantaneous photosynthetic rate and diurnal net photosynthesis declined in dry condition, but they rised after irrigation or nitrogen-fertilization. Thus irrigation and fertilization is a effective way to improve grasslands and to raise grassland productivity.     

黄土高原半干旱区侧柏林群落土壤呼吸日变化及季节动态变化特征

Desertification is one of the most serious eco-environmental problems around Qinghai Lake. Based on GIS and RS, GIS analysis was used to obtain the information of spatial-temporal change and different pattern of desertification in each county around Qinghai Lake in four phases of 1976, 1987, 1995 and 2006. Using the function of intersect and overlay supported by ARCGIS, with analyzing attributes of vector RS images, we obtained transition data and established transfer matrix of land-use types in recent 30 years, besides, protracted land-use transition maps of all desertification classes. In further, we analyzed transition quantity and direction of desertification in each county, moreover, reconstructed the process of spatial-temporal evolution of desertification. The results are showed below: (1) it′s the transition between desertified land and others but not in the desertified that played the main role in Gangcha and Gonghe County, while the transfer between desertified lands were greater than that with other land-use types in Haiyan County. (2) Extremely severe desertified land mainly distributes in Ketu and Sand Islands that belongs to Haiyan County, and moderate desertified land in riversides of Gangcha County, also, the light desertification expanded too rapidly to become the most desertified land-use type in the surrounding of Qinghai Lake since 1976. (3) By using relative change rate of desertified land, the regional variability rank from top to toe was Gangcha, Haiyan and Gonghe.     

Study on the oasis corridor landscape in the arid regions based on RS and GIS methods--application of Jinta Oasis, China

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基于源-汇理论和最小累积阻力模型的城市生态安全格局构建——以安徽省宁国市为例

根据景观生态学相关理论,选取高程、坡度、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀、距风景名胜区距离、距水体距离、距道路距离、距居民点距离、距工业用地距离、距矿点距离等11个生态安全评价因子,应用GIS空间分析技术对安徽省宁国市生态安全等级进行划分,并采用基于源汇理论的最小累积阻力(MCR)模型构建宁国市生态廊道和生态节点,优化生态网络布局.模拟结果表明,宁国市总体生态安全水平较高,高度安全的区域面积为1174.38 km2,占区域总面积的48.41%;低度安全的区域面积为232.07 km2,占区域总面积的9.57%;在生态安全评价的基础上,提取了宁国市88条潜在生态廊道,总长度约1426.99 km,生态节点57个.与现有生态廊道相比较,宁国市需进一步补充11条主要生态廊道,总长度约241.37 km,这对城市生态安全保护具有重要的意义.     

典型海岛景观生态网络构建以崇明岛为例

人类活动的日益频繁使得海岛生物多样性保护压力不断增大,构建景观生态网络是缓解海岛生物多样性压力的重要途径。基于RS和GIS,运用最小阻力距离法和重力模型构建了崇明岛景观生态网络,结果显示:崇明岛景观生态网络由重要生态功能斑块和生态廊道构成;重要生态斑块共17个,面积170.6 km2,占崇明岛总面积的12%,其中东滩湿地为核心生态源地,东平国家森林公园附近区域为核心生态节点;生态廊道共25条,包括核心生态廊道17条,总长度分别为164.2 km和74.1 km,其中东滩湿地和北湖湿地之间廊道以及东风西沙周边廊道是崇明岛生态连接的关键;随着生态廊道宽度的增大,景观生态网络中最适宜景观比例相应减少,中等适宜景观和不适宜景观比例则有所增大,网络构建的难度也随之上升。     

基于重要生态节点独流减河流域生态廊道构建

河道、湿地、湖库和河口等生态节点是区域生物多样性保护的重要景观要素,而生态廊道是连接这些重要生态节点的"桥梁"和"纽带".针对中尺度流域景观破碎化问题,以天津市独流减河流域为例,在景观生态学理论指导下,借助GIS与RS技术,基于"河道-湿地-湖库-河口"等重要生态节点,重点考虑景观类型和人类活动干扰的影响,利用最小累积阻力模型构建生态廊道,识别生态节点与生态断裂点,并对其空间结构进行定量化分析,进而规划设计了研究区的生态框架.结果表明:①45条生态廊道的网络连接度评价指标——α指数（网络环度）、β指数（节点连接率）和γ指数（连接度）分别为0.32、1.56、0.56,说明廊道网络具有较高的连通性和复杂度,有利于生态流的顺畅流动.②共识别26个生态节点和35个生态断裂点,明确了研究区需重点保护建设和修复改善的关键点（区）的地理位置.③廊道最佳宽度为30~60 m,空间配置以草地、林地和水域等重要景观类型为主,约占70.63%~78.97%,能够为物种提供高质量的栖息地和迁移通道.④廊道网络中河流廊道为主要廊道类型,其长度约占廊道总长度的51.19%,具有丰富的水资源和植被种类,所构建的"一轴两心九带"的生态框架具有重要的生态服务功能.研究显示,基于重要生态节点构建生态廊道和生态框架能够提高独流减河流域的景观连接度,对该流域的生态安全格局规划和生态工程建设具有重要参考价值.      

耕地整理的景观效应分析

论文通过对不同耕地类型区的典型样区调查获得的小尺度耕地景观现状特征与各耕地类型在不同整理水平下的耕地景观细部规划设计下的景观特征进行对比分析来研究北京市延庆县耕地整理的景观效应。选用斑块平均面积、平均周长、密度、边界密度、平均斑块周长面积比等指标来描述整理前后耕地景观斑块特征的变化;采用廊道类型、廊道占耕地景观面积的比例、各类型廊道占总廊道长度的比例、密度、网络连通度、网络环通度等来表达整理前后廊道特征的变化。研究结果表明,通过耕地整理明显提高了斑块平均面积、平均周长,降低了斑块密度、边界密度、平均斑块周长面积比,提高了景观粒度,减小了耕地景观破碎化程度和耕地景观被边界分割程度。整理后廊道占耕地景观面积比例减小;整理后耕地廊道系统中各廊道类型占总廊道长度的比例趋于合理;廊道类型中增加了农田防护林带,改变了耕地内单一类型景观格局;提高了道路、沟渠等廊道的网络连通度和环通度,有利于农田生态系统中物质和能量流动。     

基于灌区尺度的聚落与水土资源空间耦合关系研究——以张掖绿洲为例

灌区是构成绿洲的最基本单元,在人工灌渠系统的强烈控制与引导下,渠系的供水量决定了灌溉面积(水浇地)的大小,而水浇地的规模又决定人口的承载能力,因此,水-土-人系统存在着高度的相互依存性和共生性。论文应用空间自相关分析模型的Getis-Ord G_i^*指数,选取张掖39 个灌区中的3 个灌区(新坝、平川、盈科)分别代表沿山独立灌区、绿洲边缘区灌区和绿洲中腹灌区进行分析。结果表明,新坝灌区受独立水系和水资源保证程度的深刻影响,渠系、水浇地和居民点自干渠向外,由热点地区逐渐转变为冷点地区,居民点、干渠、水浇地具有明显的空间聚集特征,渠系对水浇地分布具有显著的控制和引导作用。平川灌区受黑河干流走向的影响,居民点、水浇地表现出明显的核心-外围特征,黑河沿岸干渠对居民点和水资源具有较强的基础性作用。盈科灌区由于水资源丰富,保证程度高,渠系对于水浇地和居民点的控制作用反而低于其他两类灌区。     

基于边介数的省域生态廊道构建方法优化

我国城市建设和生态保护工作均对土地资源有大量需求,二者之间的矛盾在经济优先发展区表现尤为明显.为了有效地改善生态环境,管控土地利用并引导其变化发展,需要建设具备不可替代特征的省域生态廊道.最小累积阻力模型（minimum cumulative resistance,MCR）是识别生态廊道最常用、有效的模型,但在应用于省域尺度时,MCR模型识别的潜在廊道路由存在冗余的问题.因此,通过引入网络科学中的边介数指数（edge-betweenness）对MCR模型进行优化,计算潜在廊道路由的边介数指数值,选取出其中最为重要和简明的结构来连通生态源地,即提取潜在路由中的骨干路由（backbone route）和关键战略点（key strategic point）作为不可替代的结构来指导省域生态廊道建设.将优化后的MCR模型应用于广东省,构建了全长5 493 km的省域生态廊道,其中包含生态源地20处,关键战略点11个,骨干生态廊道29条.骨干路由与关键战略点构成的不可替代省域生态廊道（irreplaceable provincial corridor）能够实现"廊道数量和占地面积最少、连通性基本不变"的目标.研究显示,边介数能够对潜在路由进行优化筛选,识别出维护省域生态安全的关键结构;不可替代生态廊道能够指导省域生态规划和土地空间的发展利用,并为更高水平的生态安全环境提供了演进的基础;同时也为土地资源紧张的地区提供了建设生态廊道的参考与依据.      

平原河网地区土地利用生态适宜性评价——以上海市张江功能区域为例

以上海市张江功能区域为研究对象,借助于ArcGIS和Fragstats的统计分析功能,研究2000～2006年区域土地利用和景观格局动态变化特征,表现为区域工业用地增长过快,水域等自然下垫面明显减少,绿色廊道建设不足,区域景观格局空间分布有待优化。运用生态适宜性评价方法,划分了生态适宜性评价等级及标准,从自然生态和人文生态两个维度,构建了以工业用地,居住用地和河流廊道为主体的土地利用生态适宜性评价指标体系。评价结果表明:生态适宜性综合评价值为0.82,三种用地类型得分处于0.79～0.84之间,均为中度适宜等级;工业和居住用地自然生态建设不足,生物资源保护、环境质量和绿地建设是主要自然限制因子;河流廊道生态效应未能充分发挥,河岸建筑密度、河岸带舒适性、河流廊道连续性和植被结构完整性是主要限制因子。     

Ecological-breaking zone originates and its ecosystems reconstruction in arid area

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绿洲-荒漠交错带土地利用/覆盖时空变化研究

选择新疆于田县为研究区,从导致区域生态环境问题的主要驱动因素--土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)为出发点,以遥感技术为依托,对3个时相的陆地卫星数据及相关统计资料进行了处理,利用得到的土地覆盖差值图像,定量分析评价了该区域1979-2001年的时空变化趋势及其主要驱动机制.结果表明:造成绿洲-荒漠交错带生态环境变化的原因主要是绿洲人口数量的剧增以及过渡樵采等,不合理的水土资源利用导致绿洲荒漠化和交错带地下水位下降.绿洲-荒漠交错带普遍存在植被覆盖度大面积下降现象,原先连续的过渡带已有转化成生态裂谷的趋势,绿洲的屏障作用进一步降低.在绿洲外围风沙前沿地带,地表裸露、松散,在起沙风的作用下,流沙侵入农田,进一步恶化了本已很贫瘠而又脆弱的农业生态环境.因此,现阶段绿洲外围生态环境较为恶劣,整体处于不稳定状况.