首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
大气沉降向林地(小叶栎)输入硫素通量的观测   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
 利用中国科学院红壤生态试验站森林小气候观测站(江西鹰潭)逐时气象梯度参数连续自动观测数据,采用阻力模式计算SO2、硫酸盐(SO42-)粒子的干沉降速率(Vd),结合大气SO2、SO42-粒子浓度现场测定,研究了该地2年大气硫沉降量.结果表明,2000年大气SO2和SO42-粒子时年Vd值分别为0.748cm/s、0.665cm/s;2002年分别为0.180cm/s、0.221cm/s.2000和2002年大气干沉降硫(SO2+SO42-粒子)通量分别为104.6kgS/(hm2a)和140.6kgS/(hm2a),SO2干沉降是大气干沉降主要贡献者,占98.38%和97.2%;大气沉降硫总量分别为150kgS/(hm2a)和185kgS/(hm2a);可见大气干沉降是大气硫沉降主要贡献者,分别占70%和76.2%.  相似文献   

2.
 1998年11月~1999年10月间,利用中国科学院红壤站(江西鹰潭)农田小气候分站进行了全年逐时气象资料收集,通过阻力模式求算SO2和SO42-的干沉降速度,结合大气中SO2、硫酸盐(SO42-)粒子和雨水的收集和测定,定量研究了大气沉降向农田生态系统的硫输入.结果表明,12个月大气硫沉降总量为94.9 kg S/hm2,其中大气中硫干沉降量(SO2+SO42-粒子干沉降)占81.9%.大气中SO2干沉降是大气干沉降的主要贡献者,占大气硫干沉降总量93%.并对不同季节及不同的作物生长期间硫的沉降动态进行了分析、比较.  相似文献   

3.
浙江省降水酸度和化学特征分析   总被引:29,自引:4,他引:29       下载免费PDF全文
 根据浙江省酸沉降监测网24个观测点1992~1994年的监测资料,运用统计学和回归分析评价的方法研究了浙江省降水酸度和各化学组份的浓度分布和时空分布特征,以及季节变化规律.结果表明,降水中阴离子以SO42-为主,冬、春季节降水离子浓度较高,酸度也大,影响降水酸化的主导离子是SO42-、NO3、NH4+和Ca2+.  相似文献   

4.
厌氧流化床反应器处理含硫废水毒性的实验   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
 采用多孔聚合物载体固定化微生物在厌氧流化床(AFB)反应器中处理含硫废水,研究反应器抗硫化物(S2-)毒性抑制和抗硫酸盐毒性抑制的能力;探索解除 S2-毒性的方法.研究表明,当进料基质 COD浓度为 5000mg/L,HRT为5.2-5.4h,S2-<200mg/L时,反应器去除 COD效果不受影响,S2-350mg/L时,厌氧消化受到明显抑制,反应器可容忍530mg/L S2-浓度而未造成消化系统的破坏;SO42-浓度高达3521mg/L,COD去除率仍可达77%-80%,但SO42-去除率明显下降;当COD/SO42-的比值大于1.45时,硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌的生长未受到明显抑制,此时容积负荷为22-24kgCOD/(m3>·d),COD去除率为80%,SO42-去除率为58.8%;向反应器投加适量FeCl2可很好地解除S2-的抑制.  相似文献   

5.
我国东部地区硫沉降模拟研究──模式开发和性能分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
 为满足管理和决策的需要,研究了一个可用于模拟硫化物远距离输送和沉降的二维欧拉统计箱模式。分析结果表明:湿沉降模式计算值和监测值之间具有较好的对应关系,两者的相关系数大于0.7;尽管SO2、SO24-浓度和沉降量对一些参数的变化较为敏感,但模式的主要输出结果硫沉降对参数的变化不敏感,只要参数在适宜的范围内取值,计算结果是合理的。对气象场的年际变化影响分析表明,采用多年统计平均气象场代替单气象场切实可行。  相似文献   

6.
2001~2003年间北京大气降水的化学特征   总被引:46,自引:1,他引:46       下载免费PDF全文
 为了了解北京大气降水的化学组成与时间变化特征,连续进行了2年的降雨采样与分析.在65个降雨样品中,12%的降水呈酸性;全年降水的酸度主要取决于夏季的降水.SO42-、NH4+与Ca2+是含量最丰富的组分,其平均浓度均接近或超过200礶q/L.比较分析表明,在近几年,SO42-对降水酸度的贡献显著降低,降水的硫污染特征减弱,而No3-的贡献显著增加.人为污染元素和地壳元素的浓度均在冬春季较高,在夏季最低.  相似文献   

7.
香港大气气溶胶组成与特征   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
 选用香港空气质量监测网中11个监测站1990~1994年间TSP(总悬浮粒子)和RSP(可吸入悬浮粒子)的监测数据,分析香港大气气溶胶的化学组成与时空变化。香港大气气溶胶的浓度较低,其浓度的季节变化主要受气候变化的影响。C是大气气溶胶中最重要的化学成分,它支配着气溶胶的季节和空间变化。SO2-4、NH+4和NO-3的浓度很低,空间分布很均匀,其季节变化主要受东亚季风控制。海洋气溶胶主要以较大的颗粒形式存在,它的来源稳定且空间分布较均匀。扬尘浓度主要受降雨和湿度的影响。V和Ni浓度的季节变化与燃料油消耗量的季节变化相同,其空间的变化反映了当地工业窑炉排放对香港气溶胶的影响  相似文献   

8.
日本关东冬季飘尘酸度及其对酸雨形成的影响   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
 利用微量酸碱滴定方法测定日本关东地区冬季高浓度飘尘的酸度,估算了飘尘对酸性降水的缓冲能力,并对飘尘水溶性离子组成进行了分析。结果发现:该地区飘尘的酸性很强,H+浓度在24neq/m3以上,是我国北方城市飘尘的几千倍,这表示该地区大气环境已严重酸化,可能是该地区酸雨形成的主要原因;飘尘的水溶性离子组成与我国飘尘截然不同,飘尘中cl-浓度很高,SO42-、NO3-的浓度也较高,说明飘尘主要来自人为源,NH4+浓度则占全部阳离子80%以上,飘尘的这种组成也是非常特殊的。  相似文献   

9.
模拟酸雨对砂浆影响的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
 建立了周期浸泡法和喷淋试验法等两种加速腐蚀试验方法,并分别研究Ph为5.6、3.5和Ph为1.0、S24-为0、0.06、0.1、0.2mol/L六种模拟酸雨对砂浆的影响。研究结果表明:砂浆受蚀后强度降低,其下降的程度与材料中CaO和SO3/CaO的比值成二元线性关系;酸雨中+的侵蚀将使材料中CaO、MgO、Al2O3和Fe2O3组分流失,H+.和SO的协同作用,使材料中的SO3/CaO的比值增大;受蚀后的砂浆其物相发生较大的变化,变化趋势是原[CaNa][SiAI]408、KAISi308、0.62NaAISi208·0.38CaAl2等矿物晶体逐渐消失,而转化成CaSO4·2H2O、CaAl2i2O8、Ca-Fe-Al-S-Si-O,甚至体积更大的Ca3Al6O12·CaSO4。因此,酸雨对砂浆的影响,主要是H+侵蚀引起的溶解腐蚀和SO24-侵蚀引起的膨胀腐蚀。  相似文献   

10.
COD/SO42-值对硫酸盐废水厌氧消化的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
采用间歇试验方式,研究了COD/SO42-值对硫酸盐废水厌氧消化的影响.试验结果表明,COD/SO42-值是影响厌氧消化处理效果的主要参数.本试验中,COD/SO42->15,硫酸盐还原作用对厌氧反应器影响甚微;COD/SO42-=5-15时,硫酸盐还原作用对厌氧反应器产生轻度抑制,相对产甲烷率为79.2%-94.7%;COD/SO42-=0.5-5时,反应器受中度抑制,相对产甲烷率为61.6%-79.2%;COD/SO42-<0.5时,反应器受严重抑制.COD/SO42-≥1时,相对产甲烷率与COD/SO42-值之间有很好的线性关系.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

16.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

17.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

18.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

19.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

20.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号