Nitrobenzene biodegradation ability of microbial communities in water and sediments along the Songhua River after a nitrobenzene pollution event

More than 100 t of nitrobenzene (NB) and related compounds were discharged into the Songhua River,the fourth longest river in China,because of the world-shaking explosion of an aniline production factory located in Jilin City on November 13,2005.As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river,NB biodegradation abilities by microbes in the water and sediments from different river sections were evaluated systematically.The results indicated that microbial communities from any section ...     

Prediction of the environmental fate and aquatic ecological impact of nitrobenzene in the Songhua River using the modified AQUATOX model

An accidental discharge of nitrobenzene happened in November 2005 in the Songhua River,China.The AQUATOX model was modified and adapted to simulate the time-dependent nitrobenzene distribution in this multimedia aquatic system and its potential ecological impacts.Nitrobenzene concentrations in flowing water,sediment,and biota were predicted.Based on the initial concentrations of nitrobenzene observed in the field during the accidental discharge,that is,0.167-1.47 mg/L at different river segments, the pre...     

Spatial and temporal distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin in northeastern China

The Songhua River Basin is a burgeoning agricultural area in the modern times in China. Particularly in recent years, increasing chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been applied with the development of agricultural production. However, the situation of non-point source pollution (NSP) from agricultural production in this basin is still obscure. In order to solve the problem, the occurrence and distribution of acetochlor in sediments and riparian soils of the Songhua River Basin before rain season and after rain season were investigated. In addition, total organic carbon was analyzed. The result showed that the concentration of acetochlor ranged from 0.47 to 11.76 μg/kg in sediments and 0.03 to 709.37 μg/kg in riparian soils. During the high flow period in 2009, the mean concentration was 4.79 μg/kg in sediments and 0.75 μg/kg in riparian soils, respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration was 2.53 μg/kg in sediments and 61.36 μg/kg in riparian soils, during the average flow period in 2010. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of acetochlor and total organic carbon in surface sediments. Moreover, the distribution of acetochlor in sediments of the Songhua River was significantly correlated to land use and topography of the watershed. The investigated data suggested that the concentration of acetochlor in the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain was higher than that in the other areas of the basin, and riparian buffering zones in these areas had been destroyed by human activities. The optimal agricultural measures to alleviate the contamination of pesticides should be adopted, including controlling agricultural application of acetochlor and ecological restoration of riparian buffering strips.     

Faecal sterols as sewage markers in the Langat River, Malaysia: Integration of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches

The Langat River in Malaysia has been experiencing anthropogenic input from urban, rural and industrial activities for many years. Sewage contamination, possibly originating from the greater than three million inhabitants of the Langat River Basin, were examined. Sediment samples from 22 stations (SL01-SL22) along the Langat River were collected, extracted and analysed by GC-MS. Six different sterols were identified and quantified. The highest sterol concentration was found at station SL02 (618.29 ng/g dry weight), which situated in the Balak River whereas the other sediment samples ranged between 11.60 and 446.52 ng/g dry weight. Sterol ratios were used to identify sources, occurrence and partitioning of faecal matter in sediments and majority of the ratios clearly demonstrated that sewage contamination was occurring at most stations in the Langat River. A multivariate statistical analysis was used in conjunction with a combination of biomarkers to better understand the data that clearly separated the compounds. Most sediments of the Langat River were found to contain low to mid-range sewage contamination with some containing `significant' levels of contamination. This is the first report on sewage pollution in the Langat River based on a combination of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches that will establish a new standard for sewage detection using faecal sterols.     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

Contamination of soil, leaves and vegetables by polychlorinated biphenyls in Xiamen region, China

The paper aimed to identify the primary of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in the Jiulong River Estuary, investigate the spatial distribution of PCBs contamination in the environment, localize the atmospheric source and evaluate ongoing PCBs emissions by analyzing soil samples collected along the Jiulong River region. In addition, the accumulation of PCBs in the human food chain was quantified by analyzing leaf of orange trees and vegetable samples collected along a gradient of soil/atmospheric contamination moving away from the source. Consequently, the impact on the human health and the ecosystem was quantified, different management options were proposedto reduce this impact and to carry out research on organic contaminants along the Jiulong River and Xiamen region.     

Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in sediments and paddy soils from Liaohe River Basin, China: Levels, distribution and mass inventory

Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) are two kinds of brominated flame retardants and widely present in the environment and biota. The levels,spatial distributions and mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA were investigated in sediments and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin in northeast China. The concentrations of ΣHBCD and TBBPA were in the range of not detected(nd) to 4.02 ng/g dry weight(dw) and 0.03 to 4.06 ng/g dw, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominated in sediments,while the abundance of α-HBCD was relatively high in paddy soils. The spatial distributions of HBCD and TBBPA in surface sediments and paddy soils indicated that the local point-input was their major source. The significant correlation between total organic carbon(TOC) contents and the HBCD levels suggested that TOC content also exerted an influence on the distribution of HBCD in sediments. Meanwhile, it was found that the irrigation with river water was not the major transportation pathway of HBCD and TBBPA in paddy soils. Based on the study, it was estimated that there were about 1.67 tons HBCD and 2.20 tons TBBPA deposited into sediments of the Liaohe River system every year. The total mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA in sediments were far higher than that in paddy soils.     

Response of the sediment geochemistry of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Based on the measurement of major and trace elements in suspended sediments in the low reaches of the Changjiang River during throughout a whole hydrologic year, the origins, seasonal variations, and fluxes of multielements and the human impacts on multielements transport processes have been analyzed along with the influence of weathering in the Changjiang River basin. The results show that most element contents were high in both autumn and winter and low in summer, which was largely caused by the dilution of discharge. Weathering detritus in the Changjiang River basin is the main source of most elements in suspended sediments. However, riverine pollution could bring more loadings of Cd, Pb, As and Zn into river water than it did a few decades ago. The annual average fluxes of Cd, Pb and Zn, which are major contamination elements, to the sea were 179 ± 21 tons/year, 7810 ± 675 tons/year, and 12,000 ± 1320 tons/year,respectively, in which approximately 8.7%, 11.9% and 2.7% of their loadings, respectively,were contributed by pollution inputs. Element exports mainly occurred in the summer(44.4%–57.4%) in the lower part of the Changjiang River. A general relationship between sediment retention and element content suggests a positive feedback mechanism for the decreased number of particles, in which element riverine loadings are reduced due to the enhanced trapping effect by the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). Compared to those in 1980,current element shares of the Changjiang River compared to the global budget have declined due to the construction of the TGD.     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

Distribution and contamination status of chromium in surface sediments of northern Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan

The distribution, enrichment, accumulation, and potential ecological risk of chromium (Cr) in the surface sediments of northern Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, China were investigated. Sediment samples from ten locations located between the river mouths and harbor entrance of northern Kaohsiung Harbor were collected quarterly in 2011 and characterized for Cr, aluminum, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total grease, and grain size. Results showed that the Cr concentrations varied from 27.0 to 361.9 mg/kg with an average of (113.5±87.0) mg/kg. High Cr concentration was observed near the Jen-Gen River mouth. The mean Cr concentration was high at 255.5 mg/kg, which was at least 2 to 7 times than that of other sites. This might imply significant Cr contribution from upstream receiving tanneries wastewater into the Jen-Gen River. The spatial distribution of Cr reveals relatively high in the river mouth region, especially in Jen-Gen River, and gradually diminishes toward the harbor entrance region. This indicates that the major sources of Cr pollution from upstream industrial and municipal wastewaters discharged along the river bank; and Cr may drift with sea current and be dispersed into open sea. Moreover, Cr concentrations correlated closely to the physical-chemical properties of the sediments, which suggested the influence of industrial and municipal wastewaters discharged from the neighboring industrial parks and river basins. Results from the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index analyses imply that the Jen-Gen River sediments can be characterized as moderate enrichment and none to medium accumulation of Cr, respectively. However, results of potential ecological risk index indicate that the sediment has low ecological potential risk. The results can provide valuable information to developing future strategies for the management of river mouth and harbor.     

土壤环境中硝基苯的微波萃取-气相色谱法检测技术的研究

土壤环境中的硝基苯是难于检测的一类化学污染物。本研究以受到硝基苯污染的松花江水灌溉的哈尔滨流域的农田为研究对象,采用＂微波萃取-气相色谱法＂,研究了模拟受到硝基苯污染土壤环境中的硝基苯含量和实际检测了松花江水灌溉的农田的硝基苯,研究了微波消解和气相色谱测定条件。结果显示：1.0mg/L～15.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,硝基苯的最低检出限为0.012,回收率为92.4%～99.4%。松花江流域农田土壤硝基苯含量未检出,即没有硝基苯污染。     

松花江流域河流沉积物中多氯联苯的分布、来源及风险评价

为查明松花江流域沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)分布、来源及污染现状,利用GC-ECD和GC-MS测定松花江流域沉积物中PCBs含量,并运用美国国家环保署法(EPA)、加拿大沉积物环境质量标准(SQG)和潜在生态危害指数法(Er)对沉积物中PCBs生态风险进行评价.结果表明,河流沉积物中均有2～10氯代的PCBs同系物被检出;松花江流域沉积物中PCBs含量介于0.83～125.53 ng.g-1,其中嫩江为0.83～4.44 ng.g-1,第二松花江为12.44～125.53 ng.g-1,松花江干流为1.74～6.25ng.g-1;沉积物中PCBs含量最高的是第二松花江,主要来源于沿江分布的与油漆、绝缘材料等工业品有关的污染源,其它河流沉积物中以二氯联苯为主的PCBs主要来源于大气沉降.3种方法(EPA、SQG、Er)的风险评价显示第二松花江沉积物中的PCBs已达到中等到较强程度的污染,其它河流沉积物中的PCBs暂无生态风险.     

20年来第二松花江汞污染自净规律研究

研究了受到汞严重污染的第二松花江20年来水体净化过程,并对已有的模型进行了检验.利用切断污染源后5次系统监测资料,通过回归分析建立了沉积物和平水期江水汞浓度变化的数学模型.同时,对未来15a水体汞污染趋势进行了预测.结果表明,第二松花江汞污染自然净化取得明显成效;表层沉积物净化速率高于中下层;第二松花江水体自然净化经历两个阶段,在汞污染源切断初期第二松花江汞污染净化速率较快,目前处于净化速率较慢的时期.预测结果显示,未来水体净化速率将更为缓慢.     

第二松花江中下游水体邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征

通过采集和分析第二松花江中下游水和底泥样品,探讨了该河段水体中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量及其分布特征。结果表明第二松花江中下游水体中PAEs以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)两种为主。水中PAEs总量较高,DBP和DEHP含量均已超过我国地表水标准限值。底泥中PAEs总量与国内外一些河流底泥中的含量相近,但DBP和DEHP含量均已超过了美国华盛顿州的警戒标准。底泥中PAEs含量沿程分布总体上均呈现先增加后减少的特征;水体中PAEs含量及其分布特征主要受流域内工农业活动的影响。     

第二松花江中下游水体中苯系物含量及分布特征

本次研究采用气质联用仪分析第二松花江中下游江段底泥和水中苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的含量,并对其分布特征和成因进行了讨论。研究发现,水中苯系物含量均远低于我国地表水环境质量标准和美国国家一级饮用水标准的限值。与国内其他水体相比,第二松花江江水中苯系物含量水平较低。底泥中苯系物含量显著高于水中,市区江段水和底泥中苯系物含量普遍高于非市区江段。     

中国七大水系沉积物中典型重金属生态风险评估

为评价国内水系重金属生态风险,根据2000-2015年国内外文献报道,选择中国七大水系--长江水系、黄河水系、辽河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系的沉积物,以Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni等5种典型重金属为研究目标,对其质量分数及分布特征进行了系统分析;并利用生物效应数据库法对5种重金属的淡水水体沉积物质量基准值--TEL（临界效应浓度）和PEL（可能效应浓度）进行了更新.结果表明:Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的新TEL分别为56.2、2.58、47.3、79.9和35.4 mg/kg,新PEL分别为141、19.6、200、461和78.6 mg/kg.七大水系以珠江水系沉积物中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的浓度最高,海河水系和黄河水系次之,而长江水系、辽河水系、松花江水系和淮河水系沉积物中重金属浓度较低.通过比较生物效应数据库法更新的沉积物质量基准值与实际沉积物重金属浓度,评价中国重点水系沉积物生态风险所得结论与国内外研究结果基本一致.研究显示,重金属对中国七大水系沉积物的污染大多处于生态风险较小或风险不确定的水平,其中仅有1.15%~7.60%的采样点重金属生态风险较高;七大水系以珠江水系沉积物生态风险最高,其5种重金属质量分数最高,并且超过各自PEL的采样点占比在4.41%~26.8%之间;其次,海河水系沉积物也存在一定的重金属生态风险,其Cu、Zn和Ni的质量分数较高,超过各自PEL的采样点分别占14.1%、15.2%和14.8%.      

谈突发性环境污染事件应急处理专家组的作用

摘要：如何及时采取科学手段控制污染,减少对环境和人民生命财产的损失,与专家组的专业水平有着密切的关系。文章结合松花江硝基苯污染、化工原料桶进入江水事件,论述了在突发性环境污染事件中专家组的作用。     

第二松花江中下游水体重金属特征及潜在生态风险

通过测定第二松花江中下游水体中重金属的含量,探讨了水体重金属的分布特征,并采用潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,水中重金属含量较低,沉积物中重金属含量均远高于该河段水中重金属含量;水和沉积物重金属含量沿程变化规律一致,即在市区河段中的含量远高于非市区河段;沉积物重金属呈现中等至极强的生态风险,以Hg和Cd的生态风险为主。