三元离子缔合物萃取分光光度法测定环境水样中Fe(Ⅱ)和总铁含量

以3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-二苯基-1,2,4-三嗪(PDT)为络合衍生显色试剂,四溴酚酞乙酯钾(TBPE-K)为离子对试剂,Fe(Ⅱ)与PDT、TBPE-K生成三元离子缔合物[Fe(PDT)3][TBPE]2,用1,2-二氯乙烷作为有机萃取试剂,测定有机相中离子缔合物的吸光度。由于三元离子缔合物的生成,最大吸收波长由555 nm红移至610 nm,摩尔吸收系数由2.4×104L.mol-1.cm-1增加至1.9×105L.mol-1.cm-1,使得检测方法的灵敏度得到较大提高,并成功应用于泉水及表层湖水中Fe(II)及总铁含量的测定。     

分光光度法测定痕量铅

本文实验了Pb~(2+)—kI—丁基罗丹明B显色体系在阿拉伯胶和聚乙烯醇共同存在时的超高灵敏显色反应。缔合物最大吸收波长605nm,表观摩尔吸光系数ε=1.04×10~6L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)。结合巯基棉分离技术,测定了尿液和城市废水、嘉陵江水中的痕量铅,结果满意。     

尿中铬的原子吸收法测定

通常,铬以Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+)两种价态存在。Cr~(3+)是维持人体内葡萄糖平衡及脂肪和蛋白质代谢作用所必须的微量元素;而Cr~(6+)却对人体有毒害作用。分别测定人体中Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+),对生命科学十分重要。水和尿液中Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+)的测定方法,多有报道。Mulins用Fe(OH)_3共沉淀和溶剂萃取法,分别测定了天然水中Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+)。本文用Fe(OH)_3共沉淀法分离尿中Cr~(3+)和Cr~(6+),以电热原子吸收法测定其含量。并对最     

Fe/Zn-TMS体系吸收去除催化裂化干气中H2S的性能

本研究采用FeCl3·6H2O、ZnCl2和环丁砜(TMS)复配形成的Fe/Zn-TMS体系脱除催化裂化(FCC)干气中的H2S,并用30%H2O2氧化再生Fe/Zn-TMS体系.同时,研究了各活性成分比例、吸收液体积浓度、吸收液pH值等对脱硫效率的影响,以及H2O2用量、吸收富液pH值对Fe2+氧化率的影响.结果表明,n(FeCl3·6H2O)∶n(ZnCl2)∶n(TMS)为0.45∶0.55∶1,吸收液pH为0.75,体积浓度(W)为50%的条件下能长时间高效脱硫,最高脱硫率达99.9%;在n(Fe2+)∶n(H2O2)为2∶1,吸收富液pH为0.65的条件下,Fe2+氧化率达96.7%.体系可循环使用3次,且能耗低、操作简单.     

稀土元素钕对菲律宾蛤仔金属硫蛋白的诱导效应

稀土元素能否诱导海洋生物合成MTs(金属硫蛋白),将影响到MTs对海水重金属的指示作用. 以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为试验动物,采用含稀土Nd3+的人工海水对其进行暴露培养,测定蛤仔鳃部和内脏中MTs含量随暴露剂量和时间的变化. 结果表明,Nd3+暴露能够增加蛤仔体内MTs含量. ρ(Nd3+)为0.1～10 μg/L时能明显促进蛤仔鳃和内脏MTs的合成;蛤仔在ρ(Nd3+)为1 μg/L下暴露培养7 d,内脏MTs含量达到最高水平;同时,光谱扫描及SDS-PAGE分析表明,Nd3+诱导的蛤仔内脏中MTs在258 nm处有特征吸收峰,主要以二聚体和三聚体的形式存在,分子质量分别为13.0和18.1 ku.      

D201树脂负载[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]2-脱除NO过程研究

通过D201(Cl型)树脂的离子交换作用,将[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)嫁接到树脂骨架上,并以此研究该树脂对NO的吸收过程和脱除效果.主要考察了D201(Cl型)树脂嫁接[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)过程中[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)负载量、EDTA与Fe~(2+)物质的量比、络合液p H、抗氧化剂复配体系等因素对改性树脂脱除NO的影响.结果表明,D201(Cl型)树脂负载[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)能够有效地脱除NO,树脂表面残留的络合液在脱除NO过程中起到关键作用,它为NO进入树脂内部反应提供了通道;NO脱除效果随着[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)负载量的增加而提高,70 g树脂饱和负载量为12.5~15.0 mmol;当络合液EDTA与Fe~(2+)的物质的量比为1.5、p H=6时,得到的负载[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)树脂脱除NO的效果最好;烟气中的氧气对NO脱除效果影响极大,加入0.02 mol·L~(-1)抗坏血酸的复配体系能够较好地减缓氧气的影响;红外分析结果证明,[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)和SO_4~(2-)一起参与了树脂离子交换过程;BET分析表明,D201树脂负载前后孔结构没有变化,树脂的大孔结构提供了较大的NO吸收接触面积.     

Fe/Cu体系湿式催化氧化一步高效脱除H2S新方法研究

提出了Fe/Cu体系室温湿式催化氧化一步高效脱除H2S废气的新方法,阐述了反应机理、实验装置和工艺流程;考察了Fe3+、Cu2+浓度和H2S入口浓度对H2S脱除效率的影响及Fe3+、H+与添加剂NaCl浓度对CuS氧化浸出的影响,分析了Fe3+、Cu2+、H+浓度和废气中O2含量对fe3+、Cu2+再生的影响;并进行了综合实验.结果表明,当废气中O2体积分数为5%时,新方法中含40g·L-1Cu2+及80g·L-1Fe3+的吸收体系即能对体积分数为1000×10-6的H2S废气100%稳定脱硫,体系除消耗O外,过程不消耗任何原料,不产生二次污染,体系无降解问题.     

金属离子及盐度对硝基苯厌氧生物降解过程的影响

以硝基苯废水处理反应器内的污泥为菌源,采用间歇反应的方法分别考察Fe3+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Al3+,Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu2+ 6种金属离子及盐度对硝基苯厌氧生物降解过程的影响.结果表明,适宜质量浓度的Fe3+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Al3+和Cr(Ⅵ)可促进硝基苯的降解. 当ρ(Fe3+)为5 mg/L,ρ(Ni2+),ρ(Zn2+)和ρ(Al3+)为1.0 mg/L及ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为0.50 mg/L时,硝基苯的降解速率提高5%～23%. 当ρ(Fe3+),ρ(Ni2+),ρ(Zn2+),ρ(Al3+),ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕和ρ(Cu2+)分别大于50,10.0,5.0,5.0,5.0和0.25 mg/L时,金属离子开始对硝基苯降解菌产生抑制作用,毒性顺序为Cu2+>Cr(Ⅵ)>Al3+>Zn2+>Ni2+>Fe3+. 硝基苯降解菌生长的最佳盐度为0.25%～1.00%.      

Bio-F生物吸附剂对水中铁锰的去除与特性

以Bio-F（Bio-F生物吸附剂）为材料,研究其对水中Fe2+和Mn2+的去除能力与特性. 结果表明,Bio-F可同时去除水中Fe2+和Mn2+且吸附过程符合Lagergren一级动力学模型. Langmuir吸附等温线能较好地描述Bio-F吸附Fe2+和Mn2+的过程,表现为单分子层化学优惠吸附,其对Fe2+和Mn2+的最大饱和吸附量分别达491和380 mgg. Bio-F对Fe2+和Mn2+的吸附为吸热反应且在pH 6~7范围内可保持86％以上吸附能力(P>005). 较高的c(Ca2+)和c(Mg2+)可明显抑制Bio-F去除Fe2+和Mn2+的能力（P<005),但高c(PO₄3-)则可促进该吸附过程（P>005). Bio-F经10次再生后对Fe2+和Mn2+的去除率分别达9727%和9467%. Bio-F无毒安全,采用Bio-F处理高铁锰饮用水具有应用潜力.      

通气-树脂联用技术在养猪废水中的应用

畜禽养殖废水无害化处理并实现资源的回收利用已成为畜禽养殖业未来发展的主要方向。文章探讨了通气速率及阴离子交换树脂添加量对养猪废水中化学耗氧量、氨氮去除率的影响,明确废水处理的最佳条件,并采用磷酸实现对释放的氨气进行回收利用。结果显示:综合处理成本及废水排放标准,通气-树脂联用技术去除废水中氨氮和COD含量的最佳条件:45℃、22.7 g/L阴离子交换树脂、2 L/min通气速率。8 h后COD的含量为310.25 mg/L,低于畜禽废水国家排放标准(COD≤400 mg/L),去除率为79.17%;氨氮的含量为87.9 mg/L,接近国标(NH_4~+-N≤80 mg/L),去除率为85.38%。另外磷酸对氮源的回收率达到90.52%,实现了养猪废水的有效处理及氮源的高效率回收。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.