黄土丘陵区小流域植被建设的土壤水文效应

以纸坊沟流域为研究对象,研究了植被恢复后不同植被对土壤水分的影响情况,得出如下结论:①草地土壤水分含量大于灌木林地,灌木林地土壤水分含量大于乔木林地;②选用乡土树种油松造林对土壤的干化程度较轻,选用刺槐造林时要考虑立地条件和造林密度,林草隔带种植可以减轻土壤干化程度;③灌木林下阴坡土壤干层并不比阳坡干层程度轻。土壤干化程度和植被种类直接相关。此外,受种植密度及人为干扰影响;④和以前人们的认识不同,天然草本植被也会形成土壤干层,其中白羊草和长芒草形成有利于自身群落稳定的干层,但茭蒿形成的干层则对自身稳定不利,在植被建设上应引起足够重视。     

黄土高原不同类型旱区旱作粮田深层土壤干燥化特征

随降水量趋势性减少和粮食产量不断提高,黄土高原旱作粮田深层土壤干燥化现象日益显现。在黄土高原不同类型旱区,测定了32类旱作粮田0～600cm土层土壤湿度,分析和比较了各类粮田深层土壤贮水量、土壤湿度剖面分布和土壤干燥化强度。结果表明：①32类旱作粮田0～600cm土层土壤湿度、土壤贮水量和土壤有效贮水量分别为13.90%、1084.4mm和573.7mm,其中有16类粮田发生了土壤干燥化现象,土壤水分过耗量平均值85.1mm;②有28类旱作粮田100～400cm土层为土壤干层,其中夏粮田土壤干层厚度大于秋粮田,最大耗水深度接近或超过600cm;③32类旱作粮田和16类干燥化粮田土壤干燥化指数分别为110%和83%,分别属于无干燥化和轻度干燥化强度,土壤干层厚度平均值为267cm,以半干旱偏旱区粮田土壤干燥化程度最严重。     

河套灌区土壤水和地下水动态变化及水平衡研究

为探究田间土壤水及地下水在不同作物种植区、不同灌期等情况下的动态变化规律与水平衡特征,以春小麦、玉米、向日葵为典型作物,在河套灌区选取4块2亩的试验田,于2009年4-11月采集田间土壤及地下水样品进行研究.结果表明,不同作物地块间土壤含水率的变化差别主要集中在5-9月的作物生长期.夏灌灌水量不足,土壤含水率呈下降趋势,田间土壤水分变化属于“蒸腾蒸发消耗型”;秋浇期内水量充足,各地块各土层含水率均明显增加,田间土壤水分呈“入渗补给型”.各地块地下水埋深月均变化趋势基本一致,由于优先流的存在,地下水对灌溉降水响应快.本文定量研究了区域土壤水和地下水的变化规律,揭示了灌区水平衡要素间的相互转换关系,可为灌区科学合理的水资源管理提供理论依据.     

西藏高原草原化小嵩草草甸生长季土壤微生物呼吸测定

以西藏当雄县草原化小嵩草草甸生态系统为研究为对象,利用Li6400-09对生长季土壤微生物异养呼吸进行了测定。土壤异养呼吸R(h)动态与土壤温度T()变化趋势一致,尤其与5cm地温相关性最强,说明5cm地温是土壤微生物异养呼吸的主要限制因子。在生长季中土壤异养呼吸与5cm土壤温度呈现不同的函数关系:在降水比较集中的雨季(6～8月),函数关系是Rh=0.106exp0.133T;在降水相对较少的旱季(5月,9～10月),函数关系是Rh=0.18exp0.0833T。在生长季中,雨季土壤日异养呼吸量为2.4g CO₂.m-2,雨季异养呼吸总量为219.6g CO₂.m-2,Q 10为3.8;旱季日异养呼吸量为1.8g CO₂.m-2,呼吸总量为160.2gCO 2.m-2,Q 10值为2.3。结果表明,土壤异养呼吸在降水集中的雨季对土壤温度反应更敏感,在生长季不同时期由于降水格局的影响,土壤水分对土壤微生物异养呼吸对温度的响应有调节作用。2004年生长季(5～10月)土壤异养呼吸总量达379.8gCO₂.m-2。     

长沙地区樟树林土壤水稳定同位素特征及其对土壤水分运动的指示

为研究长沙地区林地土壤水分运动规律,基于2017年3月-2018年2月长沙地区樟树林土壤水分及0~130 cm土壤水、地下水和降水中稳定同位素监测数据,分析了土壤水中稳定同位素特征及其与降水中稳定同位素的关系.结果表明:①土壤水分季节变化表现为丰水期（3-6月,土壤蓄水量大而稳定）、耗水期（7-10月,土壤水分以消耗为主）、补水期（11月-翌年2月,土壤水分以补给为主）3个阶段,土壤含水量由表层至深层呈增加趋势,稳定性增强,土壤含水量的垂向差异依次为耗水期 > 补水期 > 丰水期.②受到冠层截留和地表枯枝落叶吸持的影响,林地的有效降水为降水量（P）>3.3 mm,并且LMWL_{P > 3.3 mm}（降水量>3.3 mm时的当地大气水线）较LMWL的斜率和截距显著增加,与各深度SWL（土壤水线）更接近.③由表层至深层,土壤水稳定同位素受降水入渗、新旧水混合和蒸发的影响减小,0~40 cm土壤水中δ18O均表现为丰水期 > 补水期 > 耗水期,而40~130 cm土壤水中δ18O的季节变化不显著.④观测期间不同水体中lc-excess（δD与LMWL的差值）的平均值依次为降水（0） > 地下水（-2.80‰） > 土壤水（-5.00‰）,土壤水中lc-excess随深度的增加而增大.研究显示:土壤水下渗时新旧水混合是一个持续累积的过程,旧的土壤水逐渐被降水替代;受土壤结构、质地等性质的差异及不同降水事件的影响,土壤水分的补给在剖面上存在时滞.      

宁南旱区紫花苜蓿土壤干层水分特征及时空动态

通过连续两年对宁南山区不同生长年限的苜蓿土壤深层水分进行测定,结果表明：①随着苜蓿生长年限的增加,土壤整体上干燥化程度加剧。 2004年测定的4、7和12年生苜蓿地0~700cm土层平均含水率分别为5.30%、5.22%和5.01%,2005年测定的3、6和10年生苜蓿地0~800cm平均含水率分别为6.26%、5.60%和5.27%。3年生以后,苜蓿根系已达300cm以下,对300~800cm土层水分消耗强烈,而对300cm以上土层水分消耗减缓。②根据不同生长年限苜蓿土壤深层水分分布和动态分析,可将土壤剖面分为4个层次：降水蒸发易变层（0~100cm）、降水继续扩散层（100~300cm）、根系耗水干燥层（300~800cm）和深层储水调节层（800~1000cm以下）。③苜蓿在6年生前,耗水深度和干层厚度逐年迅速增加;6年生时耗水深度和干层厚度均超过1000cm,0~1000cm平均含水率仅5.73%,土壤水分亏缺严重;7~12年生苜蓿生长衰退,耗水深度和干层厚度有所减小,300~700cm干层湿度仅维持在4.00%左右,而800~1000cm水分有回升现象。     

极端强降雨条件下黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型土壤水分特征

为了解黄土丘陵沟壑区极端强降雨条件下土壤水分与植被之间的关系,对2013 年7 月极端强降雨条件下黄土丘陵沟壑区5 种主要植物群落,即刺槐(Robinia psendoacacia)、柠条(Caragana intermedia)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、白羊草(Bothriochlo aischaemun)群落的土壤水分进行了调查与分析,结果表明:①极端强降雨下,植被是影响土壤含水量的主要因素;②草本群落的土壤水分明显好于人工林,其中长芒草群落的土壤含水量、土壤贮水量和土壤有效贮水量均最高,分别为17.8%、961.2 mm和691.2 mm,郁闭度最大的31 龄林土壤水分最差;③人工林地土壤水分可补充至300 cm左右,草本群落土壤水分可补充至500 cm左右,人工林地深层土壤水分的恢复仍十分困难.     

耕作和秸秆覆盖对苹果园土壤水分及养分的影响

为了揭示土壤耕作和秸秆覆盖对苹果园土壤保蓄水性能及土壤肥力的影响,研究设置了以土壤耕作(免耕、翻耕、旋耕)为主处理,秸秆覆盖(秸秆覆盖、无覆盖)为副处理的裂区试验,对比分析了各处理果园土壤水分贮量、土壤肥力等性状。结果表明,免耕裸地与翻耕裸地处理的保蓄水效应在果树不同生长期表现不同,在5月份免耕裸地处理1 m土层内土壤贮水量高于翻耕裸地处理,而在10月份免耕裸地处理显著低于翻耕裸地处理;秸秆覆盖各处理1 m土层内土壤贮水量均明显高于无覆盖各处理,耕作与秸秆覆盖相结合在整个土壤水分测定过程中均以免耕秸秆覆盖土壤贮水量最高且较稳定;耕作与秸秆覆盖相结合显著提高了有机质含量,土壤速效肥含量明显增加,各处理以翻耕秸秆覆盖及免耕秸秆覆盖土壤养分含量为最高。在渭北洛川苹果生产基地,采用免耕秸秆覆盖技术能起到较好的保蓄水作用,土壤肥力明显增加。     

半干旱区土壤微生物呼吸对极端降水的响应

了解土壤微生物呼吸对极端降水的响应对深入理解全球变暖趋势下降水格局的改变对土壤碳循环的影响具有重要意义.于2015年雨季(7~9月)在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,模拟了3种雨季降水量(最高600 mm;平均300 mm;最低150 mm)条件下两种降水形式(每次10 mm:P_(10),每次150 mm:P_(150)).利用土壤碳通量测量系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)监测不同降水条件下土壤微生物呼吸速率及其土壤水分、温度的变化.相同次降水量条件下,土壤微生物呼吸波动因雨季降水量变化而不同.P_(150)较P_(10)波动剧烈,600 mm降水量下土壤微生物呼吸变异系数分别为36%和33%;300 mm降水量下为28%和22%,150 mm降水量下依次为43%和29%.与P_(10)相比,P_(150)土壤微生物呼吸累积量在600 mm降水量下降低20%;但150 mm降水量下增加22%,300 mm降水量下二者无显著差异.土壤累积呼吸量与水分胁迫时间长短呈显著负相关(R2=0.75).全球变暖趋势下极端性降水事件增加对土壤微生物呼吸的影响不容忽视.     

华北低平原区降水与坑塘蓄水响应关系研究——以河北省南皮县为例

华北低平原区淡水资源短缺,坑塘水等非常规水资源的开发利用日益重要。明确坑塘蓄水在不同降水年型下作为灌溉水源的保障能力,研究该区域降水与地表坑塘蓄水的响应关系,对于农业多水源联合利用具有重要意义。论文以华北低平原区河北省南皮县为研究区,通过Cl~-和稳定同位素平衡法,计算了南皮县雨季降水对坑塘水的补给份额,并基于2013—2015年间的3期Landsat TM遥感数据,采用改进的归一化差异水体指数提取坑塘信息,分析不同降水年型下南皮县坑塘的蓄水能力及灌溉潜力。结果表明:坑塘蓄水除了接受地下水的补给,主要接受降水的补给,丰水年雨季降水对微小型、中小型坑塘的补给比例约占74.3%～86.0%,对大型坑塘的补给比例不足30%;坑塘主要以小于0.5 hm~2的微小型坑塘为主,不同面积等级的坑塘数量及蓄水面积与降水的变化是一致的;其中,平水年、枯水年和丰水年坑塘蓄水量分别为1.49×10~7、0.84×10~7、1.90×10~7m~3,随年降水量增大而增多。研究结果可为区域坑塘水资源的合理开发利用提供理论基础。     

Analysis and improving ways for water condition in winter wheat field of dryland in subhumid areas of the loess plateau

Based on the soil moisture data from the locating experiments from 1986-1990, and using the water balance method, the water supply and demand state in the field of winter wheat, and the ways for improving water condition in dryland of subhumid by dry area of the Loess Plateau were studied. The results suggested that a low precipitation satisfying ratio of 42.9%-58.8% appears in the growing period of winter wheat, and the yield, to a great extent depends on the water that was stored in deep soil layer in the previous rainy season. The filed trial results showed that tillage in the summer fallow period,straw cover, soil moisture regulation with adequate fertilization, crop rotation and proper croppingsystem could be the efficient ways for improving the water condition,and for the exploitation and utilization of natural water resources(both precipitation and soil water) in the winter wheat field of dryland.     

Analysis and improving ways for water condition in winter wheat field of dryland in subhumid areas of the loess plateau

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黄土丘陵沟壑区狼牙刺灌木林地的土壤水分动态

在陕北黄土区安塞县纸坊沟小流域,选择不同林龄的狼牙刺地块,对其土壤水分作了动态观测,并以柠条地和撂荒地为对照。分析研究得出如下结论:①在土层足够深的地块上,天然灌木狼牙刺年蒸散量约为590mm,单株平均耗水量约85mm。强烈耗水期是5月中旬至7月底,8月底土壤水分达到最低值,9月份以后开始恢复;②狼牙刺地土壤水分活跃层在0-2.5m之间,土壤水分的消耗强度随深度的增加而下降;③狼牙刺地干层超过10m,比同龄的柠条土壤干层(8m)深,在两个生长季中,干层没有进一步发展。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区植被间土壤水分竞争

通过对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区4 种相邻植被条带（撂荒地、柠条地、苜蓿地、农地）0~4m土壤剖面含水量和地上生物特征的测定分析,研究不同植被之间的水分竞争关系。结果表明：水平方向上,撂荒地和农地土壤含水量随着靠近柠条地和苜蓿地呈下降趋势,且柠条对临近撂荒地土壤水分影响的水平距离至少有6 m。而深根性植物柠条和苜蓿相邻处测点的土壤含水量在所有测点中最低。此外,通过对地上生物特征分析,临近农地的苜蓿和临近撂荒地的柠条有较高的生物指标,证明这两种深根系植物吸收利用了相邻地块的土壤水分。因此,柠条和苜蓿对土壤水分竞争激烈,不宜搭配种植,而深根-浅根植物搭配扩大了深根系植物根系吸水空间,有利于其生长。     

Structure and diversity of small mammal communities in agriculture landscape

Small mammal communities were snaptrapped for six years in agricultural landscapes to establish their relationship to various crop habitats in southern Moravia, Czech Republic. The presence of 14 small mammals was documented; 77% of the community found in crops consisted of three rodents, namely Microtus arvalis, Apodemus microps and A. sylvaticus, whereas in woody habitats, 89% of the community was represented by Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis and A. sylvaticus. In permanent habitats (windbreaks, small woods and fallow land), the community was more abundant and diversified. Among the crop fields, the lowest abundance was found in cereal fields whereas the lowest diversity was observed in alfalfa. Soil-cultivating practices affected abundances especially in sugar beat and maize. Seasonal variation in numbers was lowest in forest and fallow land. Species richness decreased from spring and summer to autumn and winter in annual crops (cereal, maize, sugar beet and other crops), increased in alfalfa and fallow land, and remained relatively stable in windbreaks and forests. Based on similarity indices, two groups of small mammal communities were identified: one for field crops and another for permanent habitats. The fallow land assemblages in spring and summer were more similar to field crop species assemblages and in autumn and winter to permanent habitats one. Trophic requirements of small mammals and the food supply available in the various habitats are discussed.     

长期施氮和水热条件对夏闲期土壤呼吸的影响

在黄土高原地区,夏季休闲期既是高温多雨期也是土壤微生物强烈活动期.研究该时期土壤呼吸变化与土壤水分、温度和施氮之间关系,有助于深入理解农田生态系统土壤呼吸的时空变异性及其影响因素.本研究以1984年设立在黄土旱塬区长期田间定位试验为平台,选取了5个不同施氮处理（N0、N45、N90、N135和N180）,于2009年夏...     

Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices

Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and ‘market forces’ have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers’ income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25 mm h⁻¹) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were: (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (1 year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.     

东北典型黑土区耕地轮作休耕的空间重构

轮作休耕是保障黑土区耕地资源可持续利用的重要手段。科学合理确定粮食作物轮作休耕的耕地利用规模及空间分布,对实现黑土区耕地修养生息、提升地力和平衡粮食供求结构具有重要意义。以东北典型黑土区——克山县、拜泉县和依安县为研究区,运用作物种植空间适宜性评价模型、多目标优化（MOP）模型和智能体土地布局优化配置（AgentLA）模型,基于地块尺度构建耕地轮作和休耕布局,适度调整轮作休耕规模及分布。结果发现：（1）研究区主要作物种植适宜性高值和低值区存在明显空间差异。玉米和大豆种植适宜性高值区交汇于依安县北部和克山县西部,是玉米—大豆轮作优势区域。主要作物种植适宜性低值区交汇于依安县南部和拜泉县西南部,是休耕的重点区域。（2）基于种植结构优化的轮作规模实现了大豆种植比例增加和玉米种植比例减少,缓解了目前玉米阶段性供大于求、大豆供给不足的现实矛盾。通过设定多种粮食供求情景确定休耕规模有利于灵活应对粮食市场变动。（3）兼顾耕地空间适宜性和集聚性的轮作休耕布局有利于充分利用耕地资源禀赋比较优势、发展规模化经营,对提高耕地利用效率具有重要作用。研究通过科学重构黑土区耕地轮作和休耕空间布局,实现了耕地空间适宜性、空间集聚性、种植结构合理性和粮食供求稳定性的同步提升,为实现黑土区耕地资源合理可持续利用和粮食安全提供政策参考。     

Response of CH4 emission of paddy fields to land management practices at a microcosmic cultivation scale in China

The terrestrial ecosystem may be either a source or a sink of CH4 in rice paddies, depending, to a great extent, on the change of ecosystem types and land use patterns. CH4 emission fluxes from paddy fields under 4 cultivation patterns (conventional plain culture of rice(T1), no-tillage and ridge culture of rice(T2), no-tillage and ridge culture of rice and wheat (T3), and rice-wheat rotation(T4)) were measured with the closed chamber technique in 1996 and 1998 in Chongqing, China. The results showed that differences existed in CH4 emission from paddy fields under these land management practices. In 1996 and 1998, CH4 emission was 71.48% and 78.82% (T2), 65.93% and 57.18% (T3), and 61.53% and 34.22% (T4) of that in T1 during the rice growing season. During the non-rice growing season, CH4 emission from rice fields was 76.23% in T2 and 38.69% in T]. The accumulated annual CH, emission in T2, T3 and T4 in 1996 decreased by 33.53%, 63.30% and 65.?3%, respectively, as compared with that in TI. In 1998. the accumulated annual CH4 emission in T], T2, T3 and T4 was 116.96g/m^2, 68.44g/m^2, 19.70g/ms and 11.80g/m^2, respectively. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties, in thermal and moisture conditions in the soil and in rice plant growth induced by different land use patterns were the dominant causes for the difference in CH4 emission observed. The relative contribution of various influencing factors to CH, emission from paddy fields differed significantly under different land use patterns. However, the general trend was that chlorophyll content in rice leaves, air temperature and temperature at the 5 cm soil layer play a major role in CH4 emission from paddy fields and the effects of illumination, relative humidity and water layer depth in the paddy field and CH4 concentration in the crop canopy were relatively non-significant. Such conservative land use patterns as no-tillage and ridge culture of rice with or without rotation with wheat are thought to be beneficial to reducing CH4 emission from paddy fields and are, therefore, recommended as a significant solution to the problems of global(climatic) change.     

陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替过程中的土壤水分效应

根据陕北黄土丘陵区17块不同撂荒年限样地土壤水分的普查和10块样地土壤水分的定位测定,利用多元回归分析和通径分析法研究了植被恢复过程中土壤水分的变化和各植被、土壤因子对土壤水分的作用效应:①农田撂荒后,随着植被的恢复,因群落生物量、植被盖度和土壤有机质等这些对土壤水分有直接作用因子的变化,而间接表现为随着撂荒年限的增加,土壤含水量越来越低,而土壤水分的波动却越来越大;②用地形因子(包括坡度、坡向和海拔)、土壤因子(地表土壤容重和有机质含量)和植被因子(地上生物量和植被盖度)可以较好地对土壤水分做出多元拟合,影响表层土壤水分含量和根系层水分波动的主导因子是植被盖度,而影响深层土壤水分波动的主导因子是地上生物量;③土壤水分两次测定期间深层储水量差值与累积降雨量成显著正相关,说明土壤水分测定下边界存在上渗与下渗运动,而且储水量差值多数为正值,说明是以下渗为主。因此O根据土壤水分来估算群落蒸散时会有正的系统误差。为此论文将深层储水量差值作为补偿调节因子自变量,以提高多元拟合精度。拟合结果说明群落蒸散可由群落生物量、群落盖度、坡度、坡向和土壤表层容重或坚实度来估计。在植被恢复过程中影响群落蒸散的最大因子是群落蒸腾,其次是植被盖度。