微生物转化污泥制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂

以城市污水处理厂的污泥为原料,探索了微生物转化污泥制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的可行性,并与常规培养基的发酵进程进行了对比.主要考察了苏云金杆菌的代谢特征、菌体形态与杀虫晶体蛋白产量.研究表明:无需任何预处理工序,污泥所含营养成分即可基本满足苏云金杆菌生长需求,且增殖较快,24h即可达活菌数与活芽孢数的最大值:9.48×10⁸CFU·mL^-1和8.51×10⁸CFU·mL^-1,比常规培养基提前12h,数量分别提高17%和21%;36h SEM表征显示,污泥中晶体与芽孢大部分游离,且晶体较大,呈规则的菱形,而常规培养基中苏云金杆菌的代谢进程相对滞后,且晶体较小;至发酵终点污泥中杀虫晶体蛋白含量为2.80 mg·mL^-1,亦略高于常规培养基.采用污泥发酵制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂大大降低了生产成本,且发酵性能优良,为污泥处置开辟了崭新途径.     

Cow dung-derived biochars engineered as antibacterial agents for bacterial decontamination

Disposal of the pollutants arising from farming cattle and other livestock threatens the environment and public safety in diverse ways. Herein, we report on the synthesis of engineered biochars using cow dung as raw material, and investigating these biochars as antibacterial agents for water decontamination. By coating the biochars with N-halamine polymer and loading them with active chlorine (i.e., Cl⁺), we were able to regulate them on demand by tuning the polymer coating and bleaching conditions. The obtained N-halamine-modified biochars were found to be extremely potent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We also investigated the possibility of using these N-halamine-modified biochars for bacterial decontamination in real-world applications. Our findings indicated that a homemade filter column packed with N-halamine-modified biochars removed pathogenic bacteria from mining sewage, dairy sewage, domestic sewage, and artificial seawater. This proposed strategy could indicate a new way for utilizing livestock pollutants to create on-demand decontaminants.     

污泥与猪粪作为培养基微生物去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

以污泥或猪粪代替常规的无机盐(SM)作为A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans复合菌株的培养基,利用微生物淋滤法去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属.结果表明,重金属去除率大小顺序为:污泥+菌液>SM+菌液>猪粪+菌液.污泥+菌液的处理中,经过15d的微生物淋滤,Cd、Zn、Cu去除率最高分别达到88.1%、78.7%、69.6%,而猪粪+菌液的处理,3种金属的去除率分别为82.4%、73.5%、60.0%.试验也表明,相同浓度的猪粪DOM对硫杆菌复合菌株的抑制作用远大于污泥DOM.当污泥DOM和猪粪DOM中水溶性有机碳浓度分别高于400mg/L和150mg/L时,就表现出对硫杆菌的不可修复的抑制作用.猪粪DOM中小分子量组分较多是造成这一现象的主要原因.     

Isolation of antifungal bacteria from Japanese fermented soybeans,natto

An inhibitory effect of a traditional Japanese fermented food, natto, was found against plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and the bacteria which showed inhibition were isolated from the natto. Among isolated bacteria, BC-1 and GAc exhibited a strong antagonistic effect in vitro against plant pathogens on an agar medium. The supernatant of bacterial culture also showed strong activity against R. solani, which meant the antimicrobial substances were produced and secreted into the medium. Both of the bacteria were estimated as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from a partial sequence of the 16s rRNA gene. High performance liquid chromatography analysis clearly showed the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A by BC-1 and GAc.     

改善污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌的分离及其促进污泥脱水的机制初探

探讨污泥中丝状真菌对污泥脱水性能的影响及其机制,对生物法强化污泥脱水技术的发展具有重要意义.本研究从剩余污泥中分离筛选可以提高污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌,并分析其改善污泥脱水性能的具体机制.结果表明,在剩余污泥中存在着可以促进污泥脱水性能改善的丝状真菌,从中分离筛选出1株毛霉属的真菌Mucor circinelloides ZG-3,该菌对改善污泥脱水性能具有良好的效果.该丝状真菌处理剩余污泥过程中污泥的脱水性能改善效果主要受到接种方式、接种浓度和污泥含固率的影响,其最适接种方式为菌丝体接种,最适接种浓度为10%,最适污泥含固率约为4%.在最适条件下处理污泥可使污泥比阻降低75.1%,显著改善污泥的脱水性能,并且处理后污泥溶液的COD值约为310 mg·L-1,处理后的污泥仍具有良好的沉降性能.M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥过程中,污泥脱水性能的改善主要与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的降解和污泥p H的降低有关.因此,采用M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥是一种非常有潜力的新型污泥调理技术.     

硝化细菌的培养及包埋固定化中试

为实现硝化细菌规模化富集及包埋固定化技术的工业化应用.以污水厂回流污泥为菌源,利用工业级生物发酵罐,连续投加并逐渐提高底物浓度,控制FA和FNA实现硝化细菌的快速增长,实现了氨氧化速率118 mg·(L·h)~(-1)的高表达.高通量种群分析结果表明,回流污泥生物多样性较大,具有硝化作用的Nitrosomonas比例仅为0.53%;富集培养后污泥多样性明显降低,Nitrosomonas比例上升至10.27%,相较于驯化前,比例提高了20倍.以此为菌源,用PVA(聚乙烯醇)进行包埋固定化,包埋填料填充率为30%,通过连续流的方式进行包埋填料的活性恢复,仅用27 d填料的硝化速率达到62mg·(L·h)~(-1),证明包埋填料活性恢复.     

群体感应淬灭菌的分离及其膜污染控制性能

通过淬灭细菌的群体感应系统来抑制生物膜形成、防止膜生物污染的方法近年来受到广泛关注.本实验从实际运行污水处理厂活性污泥中分离出5株具有群体感应淬灭功能的菌株,其中菌株HG10对信号分子N-乙酰高丝氨酸环内酯(C6-HSL)分解能力最强.经16S rRNA基因序列比对,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).用海藻酸钠将菌株HG10进行包埋固定,以探究其在膜过滤系统中对膜污染防治的效果.结果表明,经过8 d培养,添加细菌包埋珠(SA-HG10)的实验组B中膜通量为181.29 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),未投加包埋珠的对照组A膜通量为110.64 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),B组膜通量比A组高出63.86%;对微滤膜片上生物膜中EPS含量测定表明,实验组B中EPS多糖和蛋白质含量较对照组A分别减少了29%和48%,疏水性蛋白质含量的大量减少是造成膜污染减弱的主要原因;膜表面胞外聚合物(EPS)总含量减少了43%,表明投放SA-HG10细菌包埋珠对过滤膜片上生物膜形成具有明显抑制作用,改善了膜过滤性能.     

城市污泥厌氧消化和脱水工艺对肠道病原菌的杀灭效应

运用最大或然数(MPN)培养法和定量PCR(qPCR)技术对不同城市污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化处理和脱水处理前后,污泥中埃希氏大肠杆菌(E.coli)、沙门氏菌(Salmonellaspp.)和志贺氏菌(Shigellaspp.)含量的变化进行了研究.MPN检测结果表明,污泥中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌数量经厌氧消化处理后明显下降,平均下降2～5个数量级,但qPCR检测结果显示,种病原菌平均下降1～2个数量级.脱水处理3后,污泥中的肠道病原菌含量基本没有变化,没有发生脱水后再生长现象.大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌含量分别在104～107、104～105和103～105MPN·g-1(以污泥干重计)之间.MPN和qPCR检测结果之间的差异性显示厌氧消化会造成肠道病原菌的有活性但不可培养状态(VBNC),同时也提示应用传统的培养检测方法检测病原菌含量和评定污泥排放的生物安全性时需慎重.     

Effect of organic wastes on the plant-microbe remediation for removal of aged PAHs in soils

The effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be inhibited by low nutrients and organic carbon. To evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the PAHs removal efficiency of a plant-microbe remediation system, contaminated agricultural soils were amended with different dosages of sewage sludge (SS) and cattle manure (CM) in the presence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and PAHs-degraders (Bacillus sp. and Flavobacterium sp.). The results indicated that the alfalfa mean biomasses varied from 0.56 to 2.23 g/pot in root dry weight and from 1.80 to 4.88 g/pot in shoot dry weight. Low dose amendments, with rates of SS at 0.1% and CM at 1%, had prominent effects on plant growth and soil PAHs degradation. After 60-day incubation, compared with about 5.6% in the control, 25.8% PAHs removal was observed for treatments in the presence of alfalfa and PAHs-degraders; furthermore, when amended with different dosages of SS and CM, the removed PAHs from soils increased by 35.5%-44.9% and 25.5%-42.3%, respectively. In particular, the degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs was up to 42.4%. Dehydrogenase activities (DH) ranged between 0.41 and 1.83 μupg triphenylformazan/(g dry soil. hr) and the numbers of PAHs-degrading microbes (PDM) ranged from 1.14× 10⁶ to 16.6× 10⁶ most-probable-number/g dry soil. Further investigation of the underlying microbial mechanism revealed that both DH and PDM were stimulated by the addition of organic wastes and significantly correlated with the removal ratio of PAHs. In conclusion, the effect of organic waste application on soil PAHs removal to a great extent is dependent on the interactional effect of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in organic waste and soil microorganisms.     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

生物沥浸处理中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物对城市污泥脱水性能的影响

探讨城市污泥生物沥浸过程中微生物菌群和胞外聚合物(EPS)变化对污泥脱水性能的影响,对进一步揭示生物沥浸法提高污泥脱水性能机理具有重要意义.本研究通过摇瓶试验探讨了硫杆菌和异养微生物菌群数量的变化及EPS在生物沥浸法提高城市污泥脱水性能中的作用.试验结果表明,在生物沥浸处理的前2 d内,由于硫杆菌A.ferrooxidans LX5和A.thiooxidans TS6的大量生长,导致生物沥浸污泥的pH从初始的4.62显著下降至2.47,进而导致污泥中异养菌数量从初始的2.65×108CFU·mL-1下降至8.20×106CFU·mL-1,污泥中EPS含量从初始的28.18 mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)显著下降为13.53 mg·g-1.A.ferrooxidans LX5和A.thiooxidans TS6的大量生长、异养微生物细胞的死亡破裂及EPS含量的下降共同促使污泥的结合水含量从初始的37.28%下降至21.10%,最终导致污泥比阻从初始的5.14×1012m·kg-1显著下降至6.92×1011m·kg-1.通过验证试验发现,原始污泥在剥离EPS后其比阻仅为原来的11.23%,其脱水性能与生物沥浸2 d后的污泥在0.05水平上没有显著性差异.因此,污泥中A.ferrooxidans LX5、A.thiooxidans TS6和异养微生物菌群数量的改变及EPS含量的减少是生物沥浸法提高污泥脱水性能的两个重要因素.     

厌氧污泥降解萘动力学与生物多样性研究

为对工业废水中的萘进行高效的生物处理,采集某石油工业废水处理装置的厌氧活性污泥,以萘和萘与乳酸钠为电子供体进行驯化培养.当一个驯化周期中萘去除率达到90%以上时,研究间歇反应条件下分别以萘和萘与乳酸钠为电子供体时的降解动力学,并提取去除率高的污泥中微生物总DNA,构建16S rDNA基因片段克隆文库分析细菌群落结构.结果表明,以单一萘为电子供体时萘的降解率远远小于萘与乳酸钠共代谢时的降解率;两种驯化模式下萘浓度与时间符合一级反应动力学,动力学常数K分别为3.5×10-3h-1和16×10-3h-1.萘与乳酸钠共代谢污泥中细菌类群主要为Deltaproteobacteria、Thermotogae、Bacteroidetes、Chloroflexi和Unclassified bacteria,其中Deltaproteobacteria类细菌占主导地位.在成熟的厌氧活性污泥中Desulfobulbus sp.所占比例为24.2%;Kosmotoga占21.0%.此外,反应器中还存在Smithella、Syntrophobacter、Levilinea等细菌.对厌氧活性污泥中细菌多样性的研究有利于优化反应条件,从而提高污泥中萘的去除率.     

微生物营养剂浓度对生物沥浸法促进城市污泥脱水性能的影响

通过实验室摇瓶试验和实际工程应用试验研究了不同污泥浓度(2%～5%)下,营养剂加入量对生物沥浸促进城市污泥脱水性能的影响,同时分析了pH值和营养剂利用率的变化.结果表明,生物沥浸过程中,不同浓度污泥各处理下pH值均呈直线下降后趋于稳定的趋势;生物沥浸2 d后,各处理中营养剂几乎都被微生物完全利用;2%、3%、4%、5%浓度污泥比阻随着沥浸时间的延长先迅速减小后逐渐回升,且浓度越高回升幅度越大,各浓度污泥选择最佳营养剂浓度分别为3.0、4.5、8.3和12.8 g.L-1,此时污泥最低比阻分别为0.61×1012、1.22×1012、3.09×1012和4.83×1012m.kg-1.通过工程应用试验表明,将5%浓度城市污泥稀释成3%浓度再生物沥浸的方法不仅能够改善生物沥浸污泥脱水性能,表现在比阻从3.29×1012m.kg-1下降到1.10×1012m.kg-1,同时还可以缩短污泥停留时间(从4 d缩短为2.35 d)及降低运行成本.这为生物沥浸工艺处理高浓度污泥运行参数的优化提供了科学依据.     

Elemental content of soil,sorghum and wheat on sludge-injected agricultural land

The objective of this research was to determine the uptake of heavy metals by plants grown on sludge-injected soil. The study took place at the sludge farm owned by the Manhattan, Kansas, sewage treatment plant, where sludge has been injected since 1976. Soil and two crops, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), were sampled in 1980 after a total of 128 t ha^?1 of sludge (dry-weight basis) had been added to the soil (32 t ha^?1 year^?1). The control area, a farm next to the sludge farm, received only inorganic fertilizer. Four non-essential elements were analyzed (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb), as well as nine essential elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn).Soil in sludge-fertilized fields had more N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni than did soil from the control fields. In general, concentrations of essential elements in plants grown on sludge were similar to concentrations of essential elements in plants grown with inorganic fertilizer. Concentrations of non-essential elements were also similar, except for the following five exceptions, in which the sludge-treated plants had a higher concentration of the element than did the control plants: Cd in stems of sorghum; Cr in roots of wheat; Ni in roots and grain of wheat; and Pb in roots of wheat. Nickel in grain of wheat grown with sludge was within normal concentration ranges. Cadmium was at low levels in all plants, which indicated that, when sludge was layered below the surface of the soil, transfer of Cd from the soil to the plants was small. Sludge-injection appeared to be an effective method for fertilizing plants.     

城市污水处理厂进水氨氧化菌对活性污泥系统的季节性影响

为考察进水氨氧化菌（AOB）对活性污泥系统的季节性影响,对未设置初沉池的西安市第二污水处理厂中进水及活性污泥的氨氧化活性及群落结构进行长期调查分析.结果表明,进水及活性污泥的比氨氧化速率（SAUR）分别为0.48~3.02 mg·（g·h）^-1和0.68~2.25 mg·（g·h）^-1,相关性分析结果显示进水SAUR与次月活性污泥SAUR高度相关（r=0.862,P<0.05）,表明进水硝化菌对活性污泥硝化性能有显著影响.根据硝化活性计算的进水AOB对活性污泥的接种强度为0.21~0.92 g·（g·d）^-1,因此,在优化活性污泥模型及污水厂设计时,有必要考虑到进水硝化菌的迁移作用.qPCR结果显示,进水及活性污泥中AOB丰度分别为1.32×10⁸~2.36×10⁹cells·g^-1和1.12×10¹⁰~1.19×10¹⁰ cells·g^-1,而冬季活性污泥中AOB丰度虽有降低,但仍保持在10¹⁰ cells·g^-1,这说明进水硝化菌的迁移能缓解因温度降低而导致的活性污泥硝化菌丰度下降.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,进水和活性污泥中具有共同的优势AOB,分为Nitrosomonas sp.Nm58、Nitrosomonas sp.JL21和bacterium CYCU-0253.     

Effect of nitrite on hydrolysis-acidification, biogas production and microbial community in semi-continuous two-phase anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Previous study found that the pre-treatment of sewage sludge with nitrite improves the biogas production during the mono/two-phase anaerobic digestion (AD) using batch biochemical methane potential tests. In this study, the effects of nitrite on hydrolysis-acidification, biogas production, volatile solids destruction and microbial composition in semi-continuous two-phase AD of sewage sludge were investigated. The addition of nitrite promotes sludge organic matter solubilization (+484%) and VFAs production (+98.9%), and causes an increase in the VS degradation rate during the AD process (+8.7%). The comparison of biogas production from the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors with or without the addition of nitrite implies that the nitrite has no significant effect on the overall biogas production of two-phase sludge AD process. High-throughput sequencing analysis shows that the microbial communities of bacteria and archaea in two-phase AD reactors significantly changes after the addition of nitrite. Vulcanibacillus (bacteria) and Candidatus Methanofastidiosum (archaea) become the dominant genera in the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors with the nitrite respectively. These findings provide new insights about using nitrite to promote the organic matter degradation of sewage sludge in a semi-continuous two-phase AD system.     

Settling and dewatering characteristics of granulated methane-oxidizing bacteria

We evaluated the settling ability and dewaterability of granulated methane-oxidizing bacteria (GMOB) after granulation using a continuous-flow reactor. A comparative analysis on settling and dewatering characteristics due to changes in sludge retention time (SRT, 10, 15 and 20 days) during cultivation of GMOB was conducted. In assessing dewaterability, the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of activated sludge and GMOB was found to be 8.21×1013-2.38×1014 and 4.88 × 1012-1.98×1013 m/kg, respectively. It was confirmed that as SRT decreased, SRF of GMOB increased. In the case of bound extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), activated sludge registered 147.5 mg/g-VSS while GMOB exhibited 171-177.2 mg/g-VSS. In the case of extracellular polymeric substance soluble EPS in effluent, activated sludge measured 62 mg/L and GMOB had 17.4-21.4 mg/L. The particle size analysis showed that mean particle diameters of GMOB were 402, 369, and 350 μm, respectively, at SRTs of 20, 15 and 10 days. In addition, it was found that GMOB had a larger mean particle diameter and exhibited much better settleability and dewaterability than activated sludge did.     

Isolation, identification and characterization of an algicidal bacterium from Lake Taihu and preliminary studies on its algicidal compounds

In an effort to identify a bio-agent capable of controlling cyanobacterial blooms, we isolated a bacterial strain, A27, which exhibited strong algicidal activity against the dominant bloom-forming species of Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Taihu. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this strain belongs to the genus Exiguobacterium. This is the first report of an algicidal bacterial strain belonging to the genus Exiguobacterium. Strain A27 exhibited algicidal activity against a broad range of cyanobacteria, but elicited little or no algicidal activity against the two green algal strains tested. The algicidal activity of strain A27 was shown to be dependent on the density of the bacteria and to have a threshold density of 1.5× 10⁶ CFU/mL. Our data also showed that the algicidal activity of strain A27 depended on different growth stages of Microcystis aeruginosa (exponential ≈ lag phase > early stationary) rather than that of the bacterium itself. Our results also suggested the algicidal activity of strain A27 occurred via the production of extracellular algicidal compounds. Investigation of the algicidal compounds revealed that there were at least two different algicidal compounds produced by strain A27. These results indicated that strain A27 has great potential for use in the control of outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu.     

活化过硫酸盐对市政污泥调理效果的影响

常规污泥脱水技术只能将市政污泥含水率降到80%左右,难以满足日益严格的污泥处理处置要求.活化过硫酸盐产生硫酸根自由基SO4·-具有强氧化性,可用于破坏污泥的絮体结构.本研究利用Fe2+活化过硫酸钠(SPS)的方法进行污泥调理,以到达改善污泥的脱水性能的目的.结果表明,当Fe2+与S2O2-8投加量(以绝干污泥计)分别为25.88 mg·g-1、80 mg·g-1(Fe2+与S2O2-8摩尔比为1.1∶1)时,污泥毛细吸水时间CST和污泥比阻SRF降低率最大,滤液中蛋白质和多糖浓度达到最大.进一步的研究表明,污泥Zeta电位值由负向正变化,颗粒比表面积增大,絮体由密集的团状变成结构松散的层状结构,污泥脱水性能提高.     

城市污泥中温厌氧消化中挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)对肠道病原菌的杀灭机理

为探讨污泥中温厌氧消化（MAD）过程中挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）对肠道病原菌的杀灭机理,在连续流污泥MAD反应器中,研究了两种pH条件下VFA对埃希氏大肠杆菌（E.coli）、沙门氏菌（Salmonella spp.）和志贺氏菌（Shigella spp.）杀灭的影响.结果发现,中性条件下（pH≈7）,污泥中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量经厌氧消化处理后明显下降,均下降了2个数量级,但VFA浓度为1000～6000mg·L-1时大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的杀灭效果差别不明显.在pH酸性条件下（pH≈5）,高浓度VFA反应器中污泥的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌数量分别下降了3、6和2个数量级,达到污泥A级标准.对于纯培养的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌,在VFA浓度8000mg·L-1、pH=5条件下培养6d后病原菌浓度低于检测限.结果表明,VFA对污泥厌氧消化中病原菌的杀灭效应与未解离状态的VFA浓度密切相关,高浓度VFA、低pH时,未解离态VFA浓度增加,从而提高病原菌杀灭效率.