多环芳烃室内土柱淋溶行为的CDE模型模拟

采用土柱淋溶实验方法对多环芳烃(PAHs)在人工污染士柱中表面活性剂淋溶下的运移进行了实验室研究,获得了示踪剂Br^-和PAHs的穿透曲线(BTCs);并通过室内批量平衡试验(PAHs和表面活性剂吸附试验和表面活性剂对PAHs吸附／解吸影响试验)获得了吸附系数,进而获得阻滞因子．基于这些实验室结果,通过CXTFIT2．1软件,用平衡CDE模型拟合了Br^-的BTCs,获得物理和水动力参数;并在此基础上应用CDE非平衡模型拟合PAHs在表面活性剂淋溶条件下土柱中的BTCs以及不同时刻、不同埋深处PAHs浓度的动态变化,预测了PAHs在土柱中的迁移趋势。     

浓度及渗流速度变化时污染物运移过程的求解

基于稳态情形下的解析解,得到污染物浓度及渗流速度随时间变化的非稳态情形下的近似解,并与稳态情形下的计算结果进行验证分析.计算表明,随时间离散间距减小,所得近似解的精确度显著提高.算例分析表明,阻滞因子对污染物吸附量有较大影响,随解吸因子与吸附因子差值的增大,污染物的吸附量逐渐增大.例如,当吸附因子为1.7,解吸因子为1时,污染物吸附量可达到30%.而且,随吸附因子的增大,污染物穿透曲线的峰值减小,而峰值出现时刻也相应滞后.弥散度对吸附量的影响较小,但对污染物的穿透曲线形态有较大影响.随弥散度增大,污染物穿透过程延长,且污染物迁移过程主要受渗流速度影响.     

磷酸盐对农药草甘膦在不同土壤中迁移的影响

通过饱和土壤与恒定水流速率条件下的土柱混合置换实验,定量分析流出液中草甘膦浓度随时间变化的穿透曲线(BTCs)来预测其在环境中潜在的淋溶损失能力.结果表明,砂土中草甘膦的迁移能力大于红壤水稻土;对红壤水稻土来说,加磷酸盐有增加草甘膦移动性的趋势,砂土中情况刚好相反.因此磷酸盐对草甘膦移动性的影响效果视土壤类型的不同而异.     

砂质壤土中农药阿特拉津阻滞因子的研究

采用批量平衡法和流动平衡法对农药阿特拉津在砂质壤土中的吸附特性进行了研究 ,获得表征其在水 土间分配的吸附常数 ,计算出阿特拉津在该质地土壤中运移的阻滞因子 ;同时 ,由易混合置换实验中测定的阿特拉津出流动态 ,通过求解对流 弥散方程的反问题 ,获得了砂质壤土对该农药的吸附特性参数 .此外 ,还利用阿特拉津的若干物化参数 ,求取了它的阻滞因子 .研究表明 ,实验方法与理论计算的结果具有较好的一致性     

锶在不同水流速度下的迁移规律探究

为研究水流速度对土壤中锶迁移的影响,设计室内易混合置换实验,获得了饱和黄土土柱中不同水流速度条件下溴的穿透曲线及锶的垂直分布曲线,并用CXTFIT2.1软件对其参数进行拟合。实验结果表明:在本实验条件下,黄土对锶有很强的吸附能力,阻滞系数(Rd)均在170以上,而且不为常数;对于锶在垂直土柱中的迁移,可用两点模型描述;随着垂直土柱的水流速度的增大,锶的阻滞系数Rd越来越小,表明更高的水流速度促进了Sr在土壤中的迁移。因此,用不变的阻滞系数描述锶在介质中的迁移是不恰当,一旦外界环境发生改变,锶的阻滞系数也会发生相应的变化。在水流速度不定的情况下,不能采用某一个固定的阻滞系数作为计算的标准。     

咸水中胶体迁移-沉积对砂介质渗透性损失的数学模型

采用室内土柱试验,研究咸水中胶体迁移引起砂介质渗透性变化的特征,通过胶体迁移-沉积作用的分析对砂介质渗透性损失的机理进行了探讨.结果表明:砂介质渗透性随孔隙体积数变化的动态特征符合Boltzmann函数;砂介质渗透性总的损失率为37.4%;渗透系数的损失量随孔隙体积数的增加而增加.胶体在砂介质中的穿透曲线呈"S"型,其中的2个拐点将曲线分成开始穿透、快速穿透和平稳穿透3个阶段,但并没有完全穿透,其迁移过程中发生了沉积.胶体沉积作用是砂介质渗透性降低的主要原因.     

咸水中胶体迁移-沉积对砂介质渗透性损失的

采用室内土柱试验,研究咸水中胶体迁移引起砂介质渗透性变化的特征,通过胶体迁移-沉积作用的分析对砂介质渗透性损失的机理进行了探讨.结果表明:砂介质渗透性随孔隙体积数变化的动态特征符合Boltzmann函数;砂介质渗透性总的损失率为37.4%;渗透系数的损失量随孔隙体积数的增加而增加.胶体在砂介质中的穿透曲线呈“S”型,其中的2个拐点将曲线分成开始穿透、快速穿透和平稳穿透3个阶段,但并没有完全穿透,其迁移过程中发生了沉积. 胶体沉积作用是砂介质渗透性降低的主要原因.      

天然胶体对含水介质中氨氮迁移的影响

为了研究天然胶体对氨氮在滨海含水介质中迁移的影响,文章采用室内土柱实验,分析了0、70、160、265和630mg/L五种不同浓度胶体影响下氨氮的迁移-转化规律。研究结果表明:氨氮在胶体影响下的穿透曲线表现为"未穿透"、"开始穿透"和"完全穿透"三个阶段,但是不同胶体浓度下三个阶段出现的孔隙体积数不同。胶体对氨氮迁移的影响与胶体浓度有关,当胶体浓度为70mg/L和160mg/L时,氨氮完全穿透时的孔隙体积数小于无胶体情况,胶体对氨氮的迁移具有促进作用;当胶体浓度为265mg/L和630mg/L时,氨氮完全穿透时的孔隙体积数大于无胶体情况,胶体对氨氮的迁移具有阻滞作用。这说明在160mg/L和265mg/L之间存在一个临界浓度;当胶体浓度达到临界浓度之前,胶体对氨氮的迁移起促进作用;当浓度超过临界浓度后,胶体对氨氮的迁移起阻滞作用。     

垃圾淋滤液胶体在含水介质中迁移-滞留规律

运用室内砂柱试验,研究垃圾淋滤液通过含水介质时胶体浓度的变化规律,胶体在砂柱不同位置的滞留情况以及含水介质对胶体的阻滞作用。研究发现,胶体相对浓度随时间变化趋势大致为"S"型,直至试验结束也并未完全穿透;沿水流方向,距进水口越远胶体迁移速率越小,含水介质对胶体的阻滞作用越大。在进水口0~60 cm之内胶体的突破时间稍稍早于示踪剂,其迁移速率略大于示踪剂;而60~100 cm之间胶体的突破时间稍稍晚于示踪剂,胶体的迁移速率小于示踪剂;60 cm处二者正好相等。垃圾淋滤液胶体在砂柱中不同位置滞留情况不同,在距进水口0~20 cm内,胶体累积滞留量随时间不断增加,累计滞留量最多;距进水口20~40 cm、40~60 cm段累计滞留量随时间先增多后减少;60~80 cm、80~100 cm段累计滞留量随时间增加到一定程度后趋于稳定。     

杀扑磷在土壤色谱柱中的迁移及其模型拟合

基于液相色谱原理,建立了土壤色谱系统.在红壤和砂质灰潮土色谱柱中分别对杀扑磷在3种不同模拟土壤溶液(分别为0.01 mol·L-1 CaCl2溶液、0.001 mol·L-1柠檬酸和0.01 tool·L-1CaCl2,的混合溶液、0.001 tool·L-1苹果酸和0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2的混合溶液).2种孔隙水流速度(11.46和22.92 cm·h-1)下的迁移行为进行了实验研究,获得了示踪剂Cl-和杀扑磷的穿透曲线(BTCs).通过CXTFIT2.1软件,用局部平衡(LEA)对流一扩散方程(CDE)和化学非平衡两点模型(TSM)拟合了杀扑磷的BTCs,获得了物理和水动力学参数.研究表明,用TSM对本实验条件下杀扑磷迁移的仿真具有较高的精度,这为预测和控制有机磷农药在土壤环境中的迁移与归宿行为提供了理论依据.     

Effect of pH on transport of Pb（2＋）,Mn（2＋）,Zn（2＋）and Ni（2＋） through lateritic soil： Column experiments and transport modeling

This study investigated the e ects of pH on the transport of Pb2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ through lateritic soil columns. Model results by fitting the symmetric breakthrough curves (BTCs) of bromide (Br??) with CXTFIT model suggested that physical non-equilibrium processes were absent in the columns. The heavy metal BTCs were, however, asymmetrical and exhibited a tailing phenomenon, indicating the presence of chemical non-equilibrium processes in the columns. The retardation factors of Pb2+ were the largest of the four metal ions at both pH 4.0 (33.3) and pH 5.0 (35.4). The use of Langmuir isotherm parameters from batch studies with HYDRUS-1D did not predict the BTCs well. Rather the two-site model (TSM) described the heavy metal BTCs better than the equilibrium linear/nonlinear Langmuir model. The fraction of instantaneous sorption sites ( f ) of all four metal ions on the lateritic soil was consistently about 30%–44% of the total sorption sites.     

典型地区饱和土壤中硝态氮垂直运移及拟合

采用室内土柱模拟的方法, 研究了封丘地区农田土壤中硝态氮垂直运移规律. 结果表明: 在饱和条件下, 不同浓度硝态氮溶液(100mg·L^-1、200mg·L^-1)处理的土壤, 硝态氮运移的穿透曲线间无明显影响. 用含有不同价态陪伴阳离子(K⁺和Ca²⁺)的硝态氮溶液处理黄潮土0～30cm土层和风沙土, 硝态氮运移的穿透曲线基本重合; 而陪伴Ca²⁺硝态氮溶液处理的黄潮土30～60cm、60～90cm土层中硝态氮出流时间具有滞后效应. 硝态氮溶液全部运移出土体所需时间越长, 穿透曲线越平缓、峰值越低. CXTFIT2.0数学模型估算的稳定水流条件下饱和土壤中硝态氮淋失量具有较高精度, 相关系数均达到极显著水平.     

The model test of leaching behaviour of trifluralin, lindane and aldicarb through the plough layer in three types of soil

A study on the leaching behaviour of trifluralin, lindane and aldicarb in three different types of soil was performed using soil column method. Leaching of trifluralin was not much influenced by soil types. Organic matter content showed an apparent influence on the leaching of lindane and aldicarb. Leaching depth of the pesticide was found to be negatively related to the organic matter content of the soil under study. It was also found that hydrophobic property of the pesticide increased the tendency of adsorption of the chemical to soil particles and hence reduced its leaching tendency. Thus, the leaching depths of the three pesticides in each of the three soils were observed in the order: aldicarb >lindane> trifluralin. Leaching behaviour of the three pesticides was also predicted based on the adsorption coefficients of the chemicals. For trifluralin and lindane, the predicted results were considerably in line with the results of the experiment.     

基于TOUGH2/EOS9nT模拟饱和双区介质砂柱中纳米颗粒的运移

随着纳米材料的大量生产和广泛应用,纳米颗粒不可避免地进入环境中,对地下水系统和人体健康产生潜在影响,研究纳米颗粒在地下水中的迁移规律具有重要意义.采用TOUGH2/EOS9nT模块,基于多重相互作用连续体(MINC)概念和胶体过滤理论,数值分析示踪剂KNO_3和纳米氧化石墨烯在一维非均质砂柱中的运移.研究结果表明:1MINC方法能够有效模拟双重非均质介质,非均质介质渗透系数的差异是造成出流穿透曲线双峰和拖尾特征的主要原因之一;随溶液离子强度增大,纳米氧化石墨烯在饱和非均质介质中的迁移能力下降;基于EOS9nT模块中的线性平衡过滤模型可有效模拟低离子强度下双重非均质介质中纳米颗粒运移,但即使采用动态过滤模型仍无法精确模拟高离子强度下纳米颗粒的运移;2通过双渗模型中渗透率的敏感性分析发现:随渗透率比值增大,裂隙区穿透曲线峰值提前,基质区曲线峰值推后,穿透曲线双峰现象更明显;3比较三重介质和双重介质,发现总穿透曲线受三重区域各自曲线叠加时刻影响,也表现出峰值/拖尾的增强或削弱,在合适的渗透率比值下,可能出现三个峰值和拖尾.     

粉煤灰中氟污染地下水的试验研究

近年来,随着工业的发展,电能消耗日益增加,供需矛盾日益突出,为缓解用电的紧张局势,我国北方以煤为燃料的小火电厂时有投建和落成,其中很多电厂,将水力冲出的粉煤灰漓干后,运出厂外,进行填沟造田,而且很多干沟灰场都临近城镇居民地下饮用水源地之上(如陕西渭南电厂,渭河电厂,旬邑电厂等)。为了弄清这种堆灰是否因降雨,尤其是酸性降雨长期淋溶下渗而使粉煤灰中的氟     

GIS based ArcPRZM-3 model for bentazon leaching towards groundwater

Groundwater contamination due to pesticide applications on agricultural lands is of great environmental concern. The mathematical models help to understand the mechanism of pesticide leaching in soils towards groundwater. We developed a user-friendly model called ArcPRZM-3 by integrating widely used Pesticide Root Zone Model version 3 (PRZM-3) using Visual Basic and Geographic Information System (GIS) based Avenue programming. ArcPRZM-3 could be used to simulate pesticide leaching towards groundwater with user-friendly input interfaces coupled with databases of crops, soils and pesticides. The outputs from ArcPRZM-3 could be visualized in user-friendly formats of tables, charts and maps. In this study we evaluated ArcPRZM-3 model by simulating bentazon leaching in soil towards groundwater. ArcPRZM-3 was applied to 37 sites in Woodru County, Arkansas, USA to observe the daily average dissolved bentazon concentration for soybean, sorghum and rice at a depth of 1.8 m for a period of two years. Nineteen ranks of bentazon leaching potential were obtained using ArcPRZM-3 for all sites having di erent soil and crop combinations. ArcPRZM-3 simulation results for bentazon were compatible with the field monitored data in term of relative ranking and trend, although some uncertainties exist. This study indicated that macropore flow mechanism would be important in analyzing the e ect of irrigation on groundwater contamination due to pesticides. Overall, ArcPRZM-3 could be used to simulate pesticide leaching towards groundwater more e ciently and e ectively as compared to PRZM-3.     

Uranium speciation in coal bottom ash investigated via X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectra

Similar to chromium contamination, the environmental contamination caused by uranium in radioactive coal bottom ash (CBA) is primarily dependent on the chemical speciation of uranium. However, the relationship between uranium speciation and environmental contamination has not been adequately studied. To determine the relationship between uranium speciation and environmental contamination, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) analyses were performed to determine the uranium speciation in CBA exposed to different chemical environments and simulated natural environments. The leachability of the different forms of uranium in the CBA was studied via a simulated acid rain leaching experiment, and the results showed that 57.0% of the total uranium was leached out as U(VI). The results of a linear combination fit (LCF) of the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum revealed that in the raw CBA, the uranium mainly occurred as U3O8 (71.8%). However, in the iron-rich particles, the uranium mainly occurred as UO2 (91.9%) after magnetic separation. Magnetite is a ubiquitous ferrous-bearing oxide, and it was effective for the sorption of U(IV). The result of FeSO4 leaching experiment indicated that 96.57% of total uranium was reduced from U(VI) to U(IV) when infiltrated with the FeSO4 solution for 6 months. This result clearly demonstrated the changes in chemical valence of uranium in the coal ash and provided a conceptual principle for preventing uranium migration from ash to the surrounding soil and plants.     

Nitrogen leaching under corn cultivation stabilized after four years application of pig manure to red soil in subtropical China

The impact of long-term pig manure application to a red soil in subtropical China on nitrate leaching was investigated in a field lysimeter experiment from 2002 to 2009. Simultaneously, nitrate leaching was simulated by water and nitrogen management model (WNMM) basing on these observed data to determine the environmental threshold of manure application. Nitrate concentrations in the drainage and nitrate leaching under low manure application (150 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) did not increase during the study period. Interestingly, the nitrate concentrations in drainage water following high manure application (600 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) increased exponentially in the first four years and then remained at 13 mg l⁻¹ for the next four years. Addition of lime based on high manure application had no significant effect on nitrate concentrations or total nitrate leaching. WNMM simulated the variation in corn yields and nitrate leaching well. The environmentally safe threshold for long-term application of pig manure was 360 kg N ha⁻¹.     

模拟酸雨对红壤中铬释放的影响研究

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨淋溶下4种红壤铬的释放特征与规律.结果表明:经过相当于9 150和10 650 mm降水量的淋溶后,与对照(pH为5.6)相比,pH为4.5的酸雨使红壤铬的累积释放量提高4.03%～88.54%,pH为3.5的酸雨使其提高6.75%～308.42%;不同红壤铬的释放量随淋溶量的变化规律较为相似,总体上表现为释放量随淋溶量的增加而缓慢上升.酸雨对红壤铬释放的促进作用一方面是由于酸雨提高了Cr(OH)₃的溶解度;另一方面是由于H+对Cr3+的竞争吸附作用、酸雨所导致的土壤溶液中离子强度增加及酸雨对土壤胶体(主要是铝和铁的氧化物及氢氧化物)的溶蚀作用而降低了Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附量.