重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属（包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）Glomus mosseae对蚕豆（Vicia faba）生长及DNA损伤的影响。结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异。采用单细胞凝胶电泳（single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE）法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合。结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致。     

复垦矿区土壤有机碳和微生物活性变化及其解析

以适当比例混合煤矸石、粉煤灰和活性污泥并种植黑麦草构建植物-矿区复合基质体系,测试复合基质有机碳及酶活性变化,利用群落水平生理结构(CLPP)对复合基质微生物功能多样性进行解析,分析了矿区复合基质中有机碳动态变化及其与酶活性、微生物多样性关系。结果表明:植物-矿区复合基质体系3种基质中有机碳随复垦年限增长而增加,且在第3年煤矸石+粉煤灰+污泥(F+G+S)区有机碳达到最大,分别是煤矸石+粉煤灰(F+G)区和对照区的1.1和1.2倍。3个复垦区域复合基质中蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶酶活性随复垦时间增长而增加。微生物多样性CLPP解析结果表明,微生物种类在复垦1年时最多,微生物优势度和均一性随复垦时间逐渐变大;同时3个区域基质微生物多样性与营养元素相关性不大,可能有机碳可获得性低成为微生物生长的限制因子。     

菲、芘污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对土壤酶活性的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对菲、芘复合污染土壤中微生物数量和酶活性的影响.结果表明,接种AMF显著增加了三叶草根际和菌丝际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,并对微生物区系有选择性.在供试菲、芘污染浓度范围内,低浓度菲、芘对土壤多酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性有激活作用;但当菲、芘浓度升高时,3种酶活性受到抑制.与无植物对照土壤相比,接种AMF后三叶草菌根际酸性磷酸酶活性降低了2.4%~23.1%,过氧化氢酶活性增加了12.6%~20.3%,除高浓度处理外多酚氧化酶活性均增加;菌丝际多酚氧化酶活性比菌根际低12.9%~62.9%,酸性磷酸酶活性比菌根际高3.3%~24.0%,过氧化氢酶活性则高于菌根际.     

外加不同铁源和丛枝菌根对砷污染土壤上玉米生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了添加不同铁源及接种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuecular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对高砷污染土壤上玉米生长及其吸收磷、砷、铁、锰、铜和锌的影响.试验结果表明,与对照相比,添加硫酸亚铁并接种AMF显著地提高了土壤有效铁、锰含量,降低了土壤中水溶性砷、磷含量以及玉米地上部砷的含量,并极大地增加了植株对磷的吸收,提高了植株体内磷砷吸收量之比,从而明显地改善了植株的菌根建成和生长状况.在不接种情况下,硫酸亚铁和石灰混合处理显著地降低了土壤水溶性砷、磷含量及根系砷含量,并明显增加了磷的吸收以及磷、砷吸收量的比值,使玉米植株生物量和根长增加的幅度较其它铁源处理时更大.尽管添加铁尾矿砂增加了土壤水溶性磷的含量以及植株磷的吸收而在一定程度上改善了玉米的生长,但这种效果以不接种时更为明显,因而有必要根据土壤的污染程度调整铁尾矿砂的添加量和接种抗性菌株,以强化植物的抗砷能力.     

丛枝菌根对翅荚木生长及吸收累积重金属的影响

针对湖南某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染严重问题,采用温室盆栽的方法,以该矿区污染土壤为基质,先锋植物翅荚木(Zenia insignis Chun)为宿主植物,研究摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,Gm)和根内球囊霉(G.intraradices,Gi)两种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对翅荚木生长和吸收累积重金属的影响.结果表明,重金属污染条件下,两种AM真菌均能与翅荚木形成良好的共生关系,且AM真菌能够显著促进植物吸收磷,增加植物生物量,同时改变植物重金属吸收及分配.总体来说,AM降低了翅荚木体内Fe、Cu、Zn和Pd浓度,同时增加了Fe、Cu、Zn和Pd累积量.而两种AM真菌对植物体内重金属分配影响并不相同,而且受重金属种类影响,接种Gi降低了植物Fe、Zn和Pb的TF值,而接种Gm对植物Zn和Pb的TF值无影响,两种AM真菌对植物Cu的TF值均无影响,表明Gi具有能够强化翅荚木根系固持Fe、Zn和Pb的能力.本研究表明,AM真菌在翅荚木适应重金属污染中起着重要的积极作用,因而在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中具有极高的潜在应用价值,但在具体应用中需考虑菌种和植物组合及重金属类型等因素.     

微生物菌剂对砒砂岩土壤的改良作用

为了研究微生物菌剂改良砒砂岩土壤特性的效果,以植物促生细菌Bacillus halotolerans P75、Sinorhizobium meliloti D10、Bacillus megaterium H3和Bacillus subtilis HB01为原料制备4种液体单一菌剂和1种复合菌剂CB,分别按5%（体积质量比）接种到砒砂岩土壤中,种植紫花苜蓿和柠条,进行盆栽试验.通过分析植物生物量、土壤pH值、有机质、氮磷钾含量、酶活性和水稳性团聚体等指标来评价微生物菌剂对砒砂岩土壤的改良效果.结果表明,与不接菌的对照组相比,接菌处理能使紫花苜蓿显著增产18.6%~45.6%、柠条显著增产24.1%~46.7%,降低土壤pH值,促使土壤中的有机质、铵态氮、硝酸盐氮、速效磷、速效钾含量不同程度的增加,提高了土壤团聚体的水稳性,且接种复合菌对砒砂岩土壤的改善效果要优于单一菌株的效果.接种供试菌株能够改善砒砂岩的土壤质量,同时促进植物生长,其中复合菌对砒砂岩土壤的改良效果更为突出.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对枯枝落叶腐解物养分利用影响

枯枝落叶堆放腐解后可以作为露天排土场表土改良的有机物料,为了探究丛枝菌根真菌对枯枝落叶及其腐解物的作用,以黄花苜蓿为供试植物设计盆栽试验。堆肥处理后的树枝、树叶、干树叶、干树枝分别与沙子以质量比1∶3混合作为基质,通过接种摩西管柄囊霉菌株,分析植物侵染率、地上生物量、不同基质的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量、pH和EC值的变化。结果表明:丛枝菌根对已堆肥处理过的基质的促进作用优于干物质,基质中碱解氮含量增高,pH值的升高得到缓解。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对露天矿区不同配比沙土与黏土的培肥效应分析

在室内盆栽条件下,研究沙土和黄土配比联合接种AM真菌对根际土壤养分、有机质含量,植物叶片营养元素含量等的影响。结果表明:接种AM真菌后玉米的生物量和叶片营养元素含量均呈现不同程度的提高,沙土与黄土质量比为1∶1和3∶1中接菌处理的提高作用较为显著;接菌后土壤中的速效磷和速效钾含量降低的同时有机质含量增加。将黄土和沙土进行优化配比可以显著提高菌根侵染率和玉米的生物量,提高土壤速效磷和有机质的含量,提升玉米叶片的营养元素含量。相关性分析表明,菌根侵染率与土壤各理化指标之间存在相互的正效应,菌根侵染后对植物营养吸收具有协同作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对百菌清引起的旱稻(Oryza sativa L.)毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了百菌清对旱稻(Oryza sativa L.)生长和氧化胁迫的影响,以及接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对百菌清污染下旱稻生长的影响和对旱稻氧化胁迫的影响.结果表明,百菌清处理对旱稻的生长有明显的抑制作用,施加百菌清后可以使旱稻地上部的生物量由2.5 g·pot-1下降到1.0 g·pot-1以下;地下部分的生物量在施加百菌清处理后由0.9 g·pot-1下降到0.3 g·pot-1以下.百菌清处理下接种AMF能显著提高旱稻生物量,接种菌根真菌能使50mg·kg-1百菌清处理下旱稻的生物量增加1倍以上.百菌清处理能显著降低旱稻对磷(P)营养元素的吸收,在50 mg·kg-1百菌清处理下旱稻地上部分P的吸收量由3 200 μg·pot-1下降到860 μg·pot-1,接种AMF能使旱稻地上部P的吸收量增加到1 900 μg·pot-1.百菌清处理还可以引起旱稻体内的氧化胁迫,改变旱稻体内抗氧化酶系统的活性,而接种菌根真菌能降低百菌清对旱稻产生的氧化胁迫,从而减轻百菌清污染对旱稻的毒性作用.总之,百菌清土壤污染能够引起旱稻体内的氧化胁迫、降低旱稻P的吸收量而影响植物生长,接种菌根真菌能显著改善旱稻的生长和降低百菌清对旱稻的影响.     

污泥在矿区废弃地复垦中的应用实验

研究将污泥引入到矿区废弃物,构成矿区复合基质,并在复合基质上种植三叶草进行实验。通过考察不同配比基质对三叶草出苗率、根冠比和生长指数随时间的变化情况,研究污泥的添加对矿区废弃地复垦的作用。结果表明,污泥的适量添加（实验中粉煤灰、煤矸石和污泥的质量配比为20：60：20,20：40：40和20：50：30的基质）可以为植株生长提供较为充足的养分,促进三叶草的生长,有望加快矿区废弃地的复垦。     

固废基土壤调理剂的制备及其矿区生态修复效果

我国煤矸石产量大,利用率偏低,大量堆积没有得到合理利用,造成了土地资源浪费和严重的环境污染。以煤矸石为主要原料,通过添加铝粉发泡养护得到多孔材料,再将其与废弃有机质以及含碳辅料发酵制成固废基土壤调理剂。对比探究喷播固废基土壤调理剂(SWSC)、丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和固废基土壤调理剂耦合菌根真菌(SWSC+AMF)的土壤理化性质以及对矿区典型植物生长的影响,研究不同处理下植物中重金属的累积量。结果表明:固废基土壤调理剂的优选配方为:当煤矸石和水泥掺比为85%∶15%时,制备的多孔材料性能最优;优选鸡粪和风化煤作为有机质和含碳辅料;当多孔颗粒、鸡粪与风化煤的质量配比为4∶2∶4时,制备的固废基土壤剂调理剂最优。对土壤调理剂的制备及应用全流程进行重金属安全性评价,重金属含量均低于国家标准中重金属的限定值。喷播SWSC+AMF的土壤中有机质含量为35.24 mg/kg,速效钾含量为261 mg/kg,有效磷含量为278 mg/kg,碱性磷酸酶含量可达到293.07 mg/kg,且喷播SWSC+AMF对披碱草的株高和根长生成具有促进作用,可有效减少对披碱草中重金属Cd、Pb、Ni的累积,同时对改善土壤结构,提升土壤肥力方面有积极作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌在矿区生态环境修复中应用及其作用效果

针对煤矿区生态环境修复中存在的主要问题,研究丛枝菌根真菌与紫穗槐共生状况,丛枝菌根真菌对紫穗槐根系发育的影响及其对煤炭开采塌陷区退化土壤的改良效应.结果表明,接种菌根5个月后,接种丛枝菌根促进紫穗槐地上部分和根系生长,提高了紫穗槐根系侵染率;接种区紫穗槐根际土壤中球囊霉素、易提取球囊霉素含量显著增加;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷和有机质含量,微生物数量明显提高,取得较好的菌根生态效应.接种菌根有利于对矿区根际土壤的改良,促进了矿区生态系统稳定,对维持矿区生态系统的持续性具有重要意义.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony(Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contaminationwas the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

粉煤灰与污水沉淀物复合土壤添加剂中磷的有效化实验研究

我国西北地区荒漠化土壤的一个重要特征是严重缺磷。粉煤灰和城市污水沉淀物均有较高的磷含量。但是,如果将城市污水沉淀物单独加入土壤,在强淋雨条件下其有效磷将会再度流失。为研究如何提高有效磷的利用率,特设计了粉煤灰和污水沉淀物复合土壤添加剂中磷的有效化实验。实验表明:多孔的粉煤灰颗粒对污水沉淀物中的有效磷有强烈的吸附、存储,并缓慢解吸、释放的作用。同时,粉煤灰颗粒中的磷也会在污水的生物化学等综合作用下缓慢溶出。因此,在植被覆盖率低、干旱且易遭受集中强淋雨条件的西北荒漠化土壤中,添加由粉煤灰和污水沉淀物组成的复合添加剂,能够有效恢复植被,加快改善西北地区荒漠化的步伐。     

干旱区高强度开采地表裂缝对土壤微生物学特性和植物群落的影响

为了研究高强度开采地表裂缝对土壤微生物特性和植物群落的影响,以鄂尔多斯盆地腹地的神府-东胜矿区上湾煤矿开采沉陷区为研究对象,通过野外调查和试验分析裂缝两侧土壤和植物特征.结果表明:裂缝导致其两侧0～120 cm范围内土壤水分和养分流失,距裂缝越近,土壤含水量和w(碱解氮)越低.与距裂缝200 cm处相比,裂缝上0～40 cm范围内土壤含水量和w(碱解氮)分别降低16.8%和29.9%;裂缝下0～40 cm范围内土壤含水量和w(碱解氮)分别降低27.8%和42.2%.地表裂缝显著减少了其两侧0～80 cm范围内土壤中微生物数量,但超过80 cm时则影响不显著.在地表裂缝两侧0～120 cm范围内土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性被显著抑制,但当距离裂缝超过120 cm时,裂缝则对两种土壤酶的活性没有显著影响.地表裂缝还会影响植物含水量,距裂缝越近植物含水量越低.与距裂缝200 cm处的植物含水量相比,在裂缝上、下0～40 cm范围内植物含水量分别降低8.4%、4.5%.地表裂缝通过干扰土壤理化性质和植物对水分的吸收,进而影响其生长,距裂缝两侧0～80 cm范围内草本植物的生物量和盖度显著减少,但超过120 cm时裂缝对植物生物量和盖度的影响不显著.      

Rhizophagus irregularis influences As and P uptake by alfafa and the neighboring non-host pepperweed growing in an As-contaminated soil

It was documented that arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi(AMF) play an important role in protecting host plants against arsenic(As) contamination. However, most terrestrial ecosystems contain a considerable number of nonmycorrhizal plants. So far little information is available for the interaction of such non-host plants with AMF under As contaminations. By using a dual compartment cultivation system with a plastic board or a nylon mesh separating roots of non-host pepperweed from roots of the AM-host alfafa plants, avoiding direct root competition, the two plant species were grown separately or partially separated(with rhizosphere effects) in the presence or absence of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis in As-contaminated soil. The results indicated that mycorrhiza caused phosphorus(P) concentration decrease in the non-host pepperweed, but promoted the P concentration of the AM host alfafa. Mycorrhiza is potentially helpful for non-host pepperweed to adapt to As contamination by decreasing root As concentration and showing no suppressing effect on biomass production. The study provides further evidence for the protective effects of AMF on non-host plants against As contamination, and improved our understanding of the potential role of AMF for non-host plant adaptation to As contaminated soils.     

丛枝菌根真菌对铜尾矿上植物生长和矿质营养的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了白三叶草(Trifolium repens Linn)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)在单独和混合种植情况下单独或混合接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus versiforme对铜尾矿砂中植物生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,不同接种处理下均以单独种植白三叶草菌根侵染率较高,平均为25%.在单种和混种情况下,接种处理均显著提高了白三叶草地上部的干物重,但对黑麦草生长影响不明显同时,接种处理显著提高了三叶草植株中的磷含量,同时降低了植株铜含量,但对黑麦草植株体内元素含量影响不明显.两种植物混合种植情况下黑麦草显示了相对竞争优势,而菌根共生体能够提高三叶草的竞争能力.试验初步证明丛枝菌根真菌对于豆科植物适应铜尾矿复合逆境(养分贫瘠和重金属污染),以及在尾矿上重建具有物种多样性的植被具有潜在作用,但有必要进一步筛选耐性菌株,并验证自然条件下菌根真菌的作用潜力.