海藻酸钙/生物炭复合材料的制备及其对Pb (Ⅱ)的吸附性能和机制

利用海藻酸钙(CA)包覆生物炭(BC)制备了一种新型复合材料(CA/BC),用以吸附水溶液中的Pb(Ⅱ).系统研究了溶液的初始浓度、p H、时间对吸附的影响.BC和CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)等温热力学数据符合Langmuir模型,在p H=5的条件下对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为93.20 mg·g~(-1)和155.04 mg·g~(-1).BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,化学吸附是速率控制步骤.CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)动力学数据符合准一级动力学模型,扩散是速率控制步骤.结果表明CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的机制主要包括形成配合物,以及Ca(Ⅱ)与Pb(Ⅱ)发生离子交换.     

绿色合成纳米铁同时去除水体中的Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)

植物提取液绿色合成纳米铁是用于环境修复最有潜力的技术之一.本文利用苦丁茶提取液绿色合成纳米铁(Fe NPs),考察了Fe NPs去除Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的性能,同时,比较了不同温度对Fe NPs去除Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的影响.结果表明,在p H=3.5、温度303 K、Fe NPs投加量为2.0 g·L-1的条件下,反应60 min后,Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)复合溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率为91.0%,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率达31.4%,而单独的Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)溶液中,Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率高达93.8%,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率高达41.7%.根据Fe NPs对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)反应前后的表征结果和Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)去除动力学的研究结果表明,Pb(Ⅱ)的去除反应遵循伪一级动力学,而Cd(Ⅱ)的去除遵循伪二级动力学,去除机理可能是Fe NPs对Pb(Ⅱ)起到还原、吸附作用,而对混合液中的Cd(Ⅱ)起到吸附作用.     

胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附特征

采用批平衡试验法,研究了胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的等温吸附特征及pH值、离子强度、温度及共存Cd2+对复合胶体吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明:在相同离子强度和温度条件下,pH值升高,最大吸附量(Smax)和吸附平衡常数(k)均增大,有利于吸附反应的进行.等温吸附方程以Langmuir方程拟合效果最好.当Pb2+平衡浓度为124.7mg/L时,吸附量增幅最大,达35mg/g.复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学方程以Elovich方程拟合效果最好.pH值增大,平衡吸附速率提高.在相同pH值和离子强度条件下,温度升高,最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数、自由能变△G°的绝对值均增加,表明升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行.在相同温度和pH值条件下,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量随着离子强度的增加而增加.当存在Cd2+时,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量有所降低,但Cd2+对Pb2+竞争吸附影响不大.     

磁性石墨烯吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)研究

以氧化石墨和铁盐为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备出磁性石墨烯复合材料,运用静态吸附实验研究了吸附动力学、热力学、等温吸附模型以及不同因素如p H、温度、时间对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响.结果表明,吸附动力学符合假二级动力学模型;与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir模型更适合描述吸附过程.热力学参数为:ΔHθ=33.89 k J·mol-1,ΔSθ=120.15 J·(mol·K)-1,ΔGθ=-2.51 k J·mol-1(303 K),这表明吸附过程是吸热并且自发的.实验最佳p H值为2,升高温度和延长时间均有利于吸附的进行.初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为5 mg·L-1时,重复利用3次后吸附量由3.9 mg·g-1下降到2.1 mg·g-1.在磁铁存在的条件下吸附剂可轻易从溶液中分离出来,利用Na OH可使其再生,因此可作为去除Cr(Ⅵ)的良好吸附剂.     

合成时间对钛酸盐纳米材料的影响及其吸附水中铅的性能研究

以Ti O2(ST-01)和Na OH为原料,采用碱性水热法通过调节反应时间合成不同形貌的钛酸盐纳米材料(TNs),利用XRD、SEM、BET对材料的形貌、结构、比表面积和化学组成等物化性能进行表征,并通过其对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的静态吸附实验,考察材料对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能和吸附规律.结果表明,12~72 h合成的TNs均为纯净的单斜相钛酸盐,比表面积为243.05~286.20 m2·g-1;12~36 h合成的TNs主要为片状结构,48 h以上的TNs为线状结构.TNs-12、TNs-24、TNs-36、TNs-48、TNs-60和TNs-72对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量分别为479.40、504.12、482.00、388.10、364.60和399.00 mg·g-1,片状的TNs对Pb(Ⅱ)具有比线状更高的吸附能力,其中以TNs-24对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量最高.TNs-24对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附结果符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,吸附平衡时间为120 min;TNs对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为放热过程,低温或室温便有较高的吸附量;最佳吸附p H为5.0;当p H为1.0时,TNs-24的解析率可达到99.00%;再生的TNs对Pb(Ⅱ)循环吸附6次的去除率仍可达到97%以上,可见TNs可很好地去除水中重金属Pb(Ⅱ).因此,最佳合成时间可控制在12~24 h;当溶液中存在共存Cd(Ⅱ)或Ni(Ⅱ)时,TNs-24对Pb(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量及去除率均有所下降;吸附机制主要是Pb(Ⅱ)与TNs层间的H+和Na+发生离子交换作用.     

磁性MZF@SiO2对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附

为提高吸附剂固液分离性能,以锰锌铁氧体Mn_(0.6)Zn_(0.4)Fe_2O_4为磁核,利用正硅酸乙酯水解制备了核壳结构磁性吸附剂Mn_(0.6)Zn_(0.4)Fe_2O_4@SiO_2(MZF@SiO_2),以水中重金属Pb(Ⅱ)作为探针分子,研究了其吸附动力学、吸附等温线及吸附热力学,并通过Zeta电位、FT-IR红外光谱及X射线光电子能谱,对吸附机理进行了研究.结果表明,吸附动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,Freundlich方程能更好地描述吸附等温行为;MZF@SiO_2对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为自发吸热过程,MZF@SiO_2对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机理为静电作用、阳离子交换和配位作用.MZF@SiO_2可采用0.01 mol·L-1硝酸进行再生.     

两种不同硅铝比的ZSM-5型分子筛去除水中Pb~(2+)的研究

考察硅铝比不同的ZSM-5两种分子筛(25H和50H,25和50为硅铝比:SiO2/Al2O3)对水中Pb2+离子的吸附去除效能。两种材料均可有效吸附去除水中Pb2+离子,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温式,25H的最大吸附容量达22.22mg/g,吸附动力学符合假二阶动力学模型,吸附速率及吸附容量顺序为:25H>50H。随着投加量的增加,分子筛对Pb2+的去除率呈上升趋势。常见共存阳离子均对分子筛吸附去除Pb2+产生影响。     

添加生物炭对西北黄土吸附克百威的影响

研究了不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附农药克百威的影响,并对溶液p H值和初始浓度对吸附的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,克百威在添加生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型;热力学吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;随着系统温度的升高,添加生物炭的黄土对克百威的吸附量增大,且其对克百威的吸附自由能变(ΔGθ)小于0,吸附焓变(ΔHθ)及吸附熵变(ΔSθ)均大于0,表明吸附是一个自发吸热且体系混乱程度增大的等温吸附过程.溶液p H值和克百威的初始浓度对添加生物炭的土样吸附影响较明显.当p H值为4~7时,添加生物炭的土样饱和吸附量随p H升高呈缓慢降低,当p H值大于7时,吸附容量随p H升高呈明显降低趋势.克百威初始浓度从20 mg·L-1增至50 mg·L-1的过程中,吸附量快速上升,初始浓度大于50 mg·L-1时,吸附量随初始浓度的升高而缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡.     

无机离子与胡敏酸对零价铁去除水中Pb（Ⅱ）、Hg（Ⅱ）的影响

研究了Ca2+、Cl-和胡敏酸(HA)对零价铁(ZVI)去除水中Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的影响及其动力学特征,应用X-射线衍射分析(XRD)初步探讨了ZVI对Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的去除机制.结果表明,ZVI主要通过吸附-共沉淀作用去除水中的Pb(Ⅱ),氧化还原作用去除Hg(Ⅱ).随着Ca2+浓度的增加,Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率分别呈逐渐升高和轻微下降的趋势;增加Cl-浓度有利于Hg(Ⅱ)的去除,但Pb(Ⅱ)去除率增加不明显;Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)去除率随HA浓度的增加分别呈缓慢升高和缓慢下降的趋势.当Cl-、Ca2+和HA共存时,Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的去除率分别达到99.71%和97.95%.在Cl-、Ca2+、HA单独存在和共存时,ZVI去除Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的过程均符合准一级反应动力学特征;Pb(Ⅱ)的去除速率常数以5 mg·L-1HA单独存在时最大(0.0240 min-1),而Hg(Ⅱ)以0.80 mmol·L-1Ca2+单独存在时最大(0.0169 min-1).     

温和水热法合成钛酸盐纳米管及其对水中重金属离子的吸附研究

采用温和水热法一步快速合成了钛酸盐纳米管(TNTs),并应用于对水中重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附.通过选择纳米级锐钛矿替代P25型二氧化钛作为反应原材料,成功将水热反应时间从72 h缩短至6 h.TEM,XRD和FT-IR等表征证实了新合成材料的为管状钛酸盐结构.TNTs对3种重金属离子的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型,且对Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的理论最大吸附量分别高达525.58、214.41和69.65 mg·g~(-1).p H=5时,吸附动力学实验表明对于初始浓度分别为200、100和50 mg·L~(-1)的Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ),在TNTs上的平衡吸附量分别为513.04、212.46和66.35 mg·g~(-1),吸附性能优于传统吸附材料.合成的TNTs结构为三联的[Ti O6]八面体骨架和层间H+/Na+,其吸附机理为金属阳离子与TNTs层间Na+的离子交换.同时,共存离子对吸附的影响实验表明TNTs对重金属离子的吸附存在选择性,即使在较高的共存离子浓度下(10 mmol·L~(-1))TNTs对目标重金属离子的吸附性能依然优异.该研究提供了一种应用钛酸纳米材料高效去除水体重金属离子的方法.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.