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1.
The occurrence, toxicities, and ecological risks of five heavy metals(Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni) in the sediment of Taihu Lake were investigated in this study. To evaluate the toxicities caused by the heavy metals, the toxicities induced by organic contaminants and ammonia in the sediments were screened out with activated carbon and zeolite. The toxicities of heavy metals in sediments were tested with benthic invertebrates(tubificid and chironomid).The correlations between toxicity of sediment and the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)derived previously were evaluated. There were significant correlations(p 0.0001) between the observed toxicities and the total risk quotients of the heavy metals based on SQGs,indicating that threshold effect level(TEL) and probable effect level(PEL) were reliable to predict the toxicities of heavy metals in the sediments of Taihu Lake. By contrast, the method based on acid volatile sulfides(AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals(SEM),such as ∑SEM/AVS and ∑SEM-AVS, did not show correlations with the toxicities. Moreover,the predictive ability of SQGs was confirmed by a total predicting accuracy of 77%. Ecological risk assessment based on TELs and PELs showed that the contaminations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in the sediments of Taihu Lake were at relatively low or medium levels. The risks caused by heavy metals in the sediments of northern bay of the lake, which received more wastewater discharge from upper stream, were higher than other area of the lake.  相似文献   

2.
Surface water was taken from river mouth to the central area of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Suspended solids were condensed by centrifugation 25L surface water samples from each selected site. Suspended solids and surface sediments were further freeze-dried and microwave digested before determining the metals by ICP-AES. Among the metals analyzed in suspended solids and sediments, contents of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in suspended solids were significantly higher than those in sediments while contents of AI, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Pb, and V in suspended solids were 10%-30% higher than those in sediments. Sr and Ti contents in suspended solids and sediments were very similar. Na content in suspended solids was lower than that in sediments. Heavy metals were significantly accumulated in suspended solids. From the river mouth to the center of Meiliang Bay, contents of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in suspended solids showed a gradual decreasing trend indicating the river(Zhihugang River) still discharged large quantity of heavy metals to Meiliang Bay. The study suggests that the geochemical behaviors and ecological effects of heavy metals in suspended solids may serve as a good indicator for the pollution of lake.  相似文献   

3.
The Marano and Grado Lagoon is well known for being contaminated by mercury(Hg) from the Idrija mine(Slovenia) and the decommissioned chlor-alkali plant of Torviscosa(Italy).Experimental activities were conducted in a local fish farm to understand Hg cycling at the sediment–water interface. Both diffusive and benthic fluxes were estimated in terms of chemical and physical features. Mercury concentration in sediments(up to 6.81 μg/g)showed a slight variability with depth, whereas the highest methylmercury(MeHg) values(up to 10 ng/g) were detected in the first centimetres. MeHg seems to be produced and stored in the 2–3 cm below the sediment–water interface, where sulphate reducing bacteria activity occurs and hypoxic–anoxic conditions become persistent for days. DMeHg in porewaters varied seasonally(from 0.1 and 17% of dissolved Hg(DHg)) with the highest concentrations in summer. DHg diffusive effluxes higher(up to 444 ng/m~2/day) than those reported in the open lagoon(~ 95 ng/m~2/day), whereas DMeHg showed influxes in the fish farm(up to-156 ng/m~2/day). The diurnal DHg and DMeHg benthic fluxes were found to be higher than the highest summer values previously reported for the natural lagoon environment. Bottom sediments, especially in anoxic conditions, seem to be a significant source of MeHg in the water column where it eventually accumulates. However, net fluxes considering the daily trend of DHg and DMeHg, indicated possible DMeHg degradation processes. Enhancing water dynamics in the fish farm could mitigate environmental conditions suitable for Hg methylation.  相似文献   

4.
Arsenic(As) fractions in the sediments of seven lakes from East Plain Ecoregion and six lakes from Yungui Plateau Ecoregion, China, were investigated. Results indicated that the total As concentrations in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Lake Ecoregion are higher than those of Yungui Plateau Lake Ecoregion. Residual As is the main fraction in sediment samples of lakes from both ecoregions, followed by reducible As and soluble or oxidizable As. The total As is correlated to oxidizable As and residual As in sediment samples from both lake ecoregions. As distribution in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Ecoregion appears to be affected by human activity, while the As origin mainly comes from natural sources in sediment samples of lakes in the Yungui Plateau Ecoregion. The potential ecological risk index and geoaccumulation index values suggest "low to moderate" risk degree and "unpolluted to moderately polluted" for As in the studied lake sediments.  相似文献   

5.
To understand the transfer process of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) on the lake sediment-water interface in a mesotrophic shallow lake in South China, the SRP concentrations and the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) across the sediment-water interfaces were continually monitored. Sediment samples were collected from Xinghu Lake in Guangdong Province. The ORP dynamics at di erent layers of overlying water was similar for six experimental systems, whereas those in porewater were significantly di erent. The ORP in overlying water was 200–300 mV higher than those in sediments. The oxygen penetration depth ranged from 2 to 10 mm in Xiannu Lake sediments. The variation amplitudes of ORP increased with sediment depth, but the mean ORP values were all about 218 mV. The SRP concentrations in porewater maintained at a low level of about 0.049 mg/L because of high atom ratio of total iron and total manganese to total phosphorus. The SRP concentrations and variation amplitudes in porewater increased with sediment depth. The SRP in overlying water mainly originated from SRP transference of the porewater of middle and bottom sediments (3–15 cm). The ORP variation and SRP transfer in porewater played important roles in changing SRP concentrations. A distinct SRP concentration gradient appeared in overlying water when intense exchange occurred at the sediment-water interface; therefore, it was necessary to monitor the SRP concentration profiles to accurately estimate the internal loading.  相似文献   

6.
The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol (OP) and nonylphenol (NP) in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient (HQ) was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.  相似文献   

7.
A detailed investigation of seven heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Zn, Ni) in the water column, interstitial water and surface sediment was conducted to quantify the extent of their contamination in Taihu Lake. Results showed the average total concentrations ranged from 0.93 μg/L for Cd to 47.03 μg/L for Zn. The dissolved concentrations in the overlying water ranged from 0.06 μg/L for Cd to 15.86 μg/L for Zn. The metals in the Taihu Lake surface water were primarily in the particulate phase, especially for Cd, whose particulate concentration represented 94.3% of the total. In the surface sediment, the mean concentrations for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were 41.50, 28.72, 27.82, 65.46, 5.94, 0.82 and 41.17 mg/kg, respectively. The metals in the water column and sediments of Taihu Lake displayed significant spatial variations, and the higher metal concentrations mainly occurred in the north and west of Taihu Lake, especially in Zhushan Bay and West Taihu Lake. A quality assessment indicated that most of the metals in the surface water of Taihu Lake had no or low adverse health effects on organisms, except for Pb and Cu, which may cause chronic toxicity. Compared with the "Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines", the polluting metals were Cr, Ni and Cd, and the polluted regions were confined to Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay and the west of Taihu Lake, especially for north of Zhushan Bay. The polluted areas for Cr, Ni and Cd were 14.36, 34.70 and 13.24 km2, respectively. We suggest that Cr, Ni, and Cd in the polluted areas should be addressed and that tissue chemistry and sediment toxicity assessments be performed as soon as possible.  相似文献   

8.
Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.  相似文献   

9.
As a global toxic pollutant,mercury(Hg)bioaccumulation within food chain could be influenced by human disturbance.Ten typical fish species were collected from Changshou Lake,an artificial lake used to carry out cage fish culture,to investigate the C/N isotopic compositions and Hg bioaccumulation in fish.The results showed that the total Hg(THg)and methylmercury(MeHg)levels in fish muscles((56.03±43.96)and(32.35±29.57)ng/g,wet weight),comparable with those in most studies in China,were significantly lower than the international marketing limit(0.5 mg/kg).Past human input for cage culture in this lake led to abnormal~(15)N enrichment in food chain,as the quantitative trophic levels based onδ~(15)N were different with that classified by feeding behaviors.This phenomenon subsequently demonstrated that it should be considered thoughtfully with respect to the application of the traditional method for understanding Hg bioaccumulation power by the slope of log_(10)[Hg]withδ~(15)N regression in specific water body(i.e.,Changshou Lake).In addition,no significant linear correlation between Hg and body weight or length of some fish species was observed,suggesting that the fish growth in the eutrophic environment was disproportionate with Hg bioaccumulation,and fish length or weight was not the main factor affecting Hg transfer with food web.The occurrence of human disturbance in aquatic system presents a challenge to a better understanding of the Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification within the food chain.  相似文献   

10.
Mercury contamination and accumulation in sediments of the East China Sea   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Mercury (Hg) concentrations in sediment samples collected from the inner and middle shelves of the East China Sea (ECS) were analyzed to evaluate Hg contamination levels and to calculate Hg sedimentation rates and total accumulation in the ECS. The range of Hg concentrations in surface sediments of the inner shelf was 26.5–47.6 ng/g, and that for the middle shelf was 4.1–13.9 ng/g. Hg concentrations correlated well with organic carbon contents but varied inversely with sediment grain size. Enrichment factors indicated that the whole inner shelf and a small portion of the middle shelf were slightly contaminated by Hg. Hg accumulation rates in the ECS ranged between 0.42–48.7 ng/(cm2·yr), with higher values observed in the inner shelf. Total Hg accumulation in the calculated area (accounting for 80% of the ECS continental shelf area) ranged from 25 to 30 tons/yr; approximately 51% and 17% of the accumulated Hg mass was deposited in the Yangtze estuarine zone and the inner shelf, respectively.  相似文献   

11.
长江下游主要湖泊沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
对巢湖、鄱阳湖和太湖表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Cd和Pb等8种重金属污染特征进行了分析,并用Hkanson生态危害指数法评价其生态危害。结果表明,三大湖泊整个湖区中Hg和Cd含量的空间变化均较大,且含量均明显高于深层基准值。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,Hg和Cd所产生的生态风险危害程度在三大湖泊中均较高,为全区湖泊生态风险危害指数的主要贡献者,湖泊的生态风险性从低到高的排序分别是巢湖、太湖、鄱阳湖,巢湖和太湖的生态环境较好,鄱阳湖的生态环境相对较差。  相似文献   

12.
太湖沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评估   总被引:66,自引:10,他引:66  
袁旭音  王禹  陈骏  孙成  许乃政 《环境科学》2003,24(1):121-125
分析了太湖沉积物中的有机氯农药残留情况,发现DDT及其代谢产物、HCH的异构体、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、六氯苯、七氯等在几乎所有的样品中均被检出.其中β-HCH、p,p'-DDE和六氯苯的残留水平最高,平均值分别达到6.572ng/g、1.432ng/g和2.158ng/g(干重),沉积物的HCHs含量明显高于DDTs.有机氯农药的主要来源为地表径流入湖、大气沉降和工业污水排放.数据表明太湖沉积物的HCHs、DDTs比报道的中国江河沉积物高,但低于海湾沉积物.根据海洋风险评估值进行对比,太湖沉积物中有机氯农药的生态风险较低.  相似文献   

13.
基于已有文献资料数据,以中国东部平原湖区(31个),蒙新湖区(4个),二龙湖,青海湖及抚仙湖共38个典型湖泊为研究对象,总结分析四大类常用抗生素(四环素类,磺胺类,喹诺酮类和大环内酯类)在湖泊水体和沉积物中的污染特征.结果表明,四大类抗生素污染在中国典型湖泊中普遍存在,其中水体中抗生素污染水平依次为磺胺类(2147ng/L) > 喹诺酮类(1458ng/L) > 四环素类(481ng/L) > 大环内酯类(205ng/L),沉积物中抗生素的分布具有垂向差异特征,表层沉积物抗生素浓度高于深层沉积物.抗生素检出浓度在不同湖区间存在较大差异,其中东部平原湖区水体和沉积物中抗生素浓度显著高于其他湖区.相比入湖河流,湖区(如太湖贡湖湾和青海湖)水体中抗生素污染相对较高,表明湖区可能作为抗生素的汇集地.湖泊水体中的抗生素浓度分布呈现季节性差异,如太湖水体中抗生素浓度在春,夏及冬季高于秋季,而鄱阳湖,白洋淀和二龙湖在旱季(4月)高于雨季(8月);而湖泊沉积物中抗生素季节性差异较不明显,这可能与抗生素在沉积物中的迁移性有关.  相似文献   

14.
太湖沉积物重金属污染生态风险的综合评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为研究太湖沉积物重金属污染的生态风险。在2012年2月采集太湖7个采样点的表层沉积物,分析测定重金属总量以及可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的金属含量,采用风险评价准则、潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属污染进行生态风险评价。结果表明:太湖沉积物中重金属除竺山湾处于偏中度污染水平,其他各点均处于轻度污染状态。全湖Ni、Zn和Cu的可利用态比例较高。太湖沉积物重金属污染为低生态风险,竺山湾生态风险高于其他地区。Ni和Pb的生态风险高于其他金属。需对太湖竺山湾污染物排放进行控制,对全湖沉积物中Ni污染进行优先控制与去除。  相似文献   

15.
为揭示太湖东部疏浚湖区沉积物中重金属分布特征及其潜在生态风险,于2012年在东太湖与胥口湾共设置5个点位采集沉积物样品,测试了底泥部分理化性质及重金属元素含量(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn),并运用潜在生态风险指数法综合评价了疏浚湖区沉积物的重金属污染现状和潜在风险程度.结果表明,太湖东部不同类型湖区间沉积物的营养盐及重金属含量分布存在差异,总体上胥口湾草型湖区的重金属含量相对东太湖养殖湖区较高,营养盐含量则相对较低;在垂直剖面上,沉积物营养盐和重金属均表现出表层富集的特征.太湖东部湖区各疏浚点位的营养盐和重金属含量均低于未疏浚点位,表明底泥生态疏浚能有效去除沉积物中的营养物质和重金属污染物,但疏浚效果随时间逐渐减弱.各重金属元素及营养盐之间均呈显著正相关关系,表明这些污染物具有较好的同源性.潜在生态风险指数RI的评价结果表明,各点位沉积物的重金属潜在危害程度依次为X1>D1>D3>X2>D2,其中未疏浚点位胥口湾X1的潜在生态风险高于东太湖D1,且X1、D1均属于中等生态风险,而疏浚点位D2、D3、X2属于轻微生态风险,底泥疏浚有效降低了沉积物中的重金属潜在生态风险.  相似文献   

16.
太湖营养状态对沉积物中总汞和甲基汞分布特征的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为探讨营养状态对太湖沉积物汞的分布及其甲基化的影响,以太湖不同营养水平的湖区为研究对象,采用PSA和GC-CVAFS方法,分别测定了沉积物总汞(THg)、甲基汞(MeHg)含量;另测定了沉积物有机质含量和水体总氮、总磷浓度.结果显示,太湖表层沉积物THg含量为32.30~150.28ng/g,均值为62.94ng/g,含量高低与营养化程度一致,其垂向分布主要受到人为活动和有机质的影响;MeHg含量为0.32~1.01ng/g,均值为0.51ng/g,不同营养水平的湖湾区MeHg含量差别不大,其分布受有机质的影响,高含量富集在表层,随深度的增加逐渐降低并趋于稳定;甲基化比率比较低主要是太湖水体溶解氧含量高抑制了甲基化过程.  相似文献   

17.
底泥作为汞重要的"汇"及二次"源",在湖泊系统汞生物地球化学循环中起到了重要作用。本文以武汉主要城市湖泊为研究对象,探究了表层底泥中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)的分布特征、潜在生态风险及主要影响因素。结果表明,武汉15个城市湖泊表层底泥THg平均浓度为152±170 ng/g (24~611 ng/g),与国内其它湖泊系统相比处于较高水平;MeHg浓度为52.0±46.8 pg/g (ND~161.0 pg/g),低于其它湖泊系统。空间分布上,底泥THg浓度呈现由武汉市中心向外逐渐递减的趋势,MeHg含量并未呈现类似THg的分布趋势。潜在生态风险评价(PERI)结果显示,所有采样点位中汞潜在生态风险极高和高风险等级占比均为5.7%,且主要分布在市中心附近,说明武汉市中心附近湖泊底泥汞污染程度较重,而市中心外围湖泊底泥汞生态风险较低。相关性分析结果显示,有机质可能是影响武汉城市湖泊底泥THg分布的重要因素之一,而MeHg主要受控于无机汞的原位甲基化过程。底泥THg浓度-湖泊距市中心距离间显著的负相关关系、THg浓度-湖泊所在区GDP/人均GDP间的显著正相关关系均表明人为活动对武汉城市湖泊汞分布影响明显。  相似文献   

18.
Estuaries are important sites for mercury (Hg) methylation, with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) thought to be the main Hg methylators. Distributions of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in mangrove sediment and sediment core from Jiulong River Estuary Provincial Mangrove Reserve, China were determined and the possible mechanisms of Hg methylation and their controlling factors in mangrove sediments were investigated. Microbiological and geochemical parameters were also determined. Results showed that SRB constitute a small fraction of total bacteria (TB) in both surface sediments and the profile of sediments. The content of THg, MeHg, TB, and SRB were (350 150) ng/g, (0.47 0.11) ng/g, (1.4 1011 4.1 109) cfu/g dry weight (dw), and (5.0 106 2.7 106) cfu/g dw in surficial sediments, respectively, and (240 24) ng/g, (0.30 0.15) ng/g, (1.9 1011 4.2 1010) cfu/g dw, and (1.3 106 2.0 106) cfu/g dw in sediment core, respectively. Results showed that THg, MeHg, TB, MeHg/THg, salinity and total sulfur (TS) increased with depth, but total organic matter (TOM), SRB, and pH decreased with depth. Concentrations of MeHg in sediments showed significant positive correlation with THg, salinity, TS, and MeHg/THg, and significant negative correlation with SRB, TOM, and pH. It was concluded that other microbes, rather than SRB, may also act as main Hg methylators in mangrove sediments.  相似文献   

19.
太湖水域PH3的时空变化特征   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8  
以太湖为研究对象 ,考察了富营养化浅水湖泊中磷化氢的时空分布特征 .结果表明 ,湖面大气中PH3 由于受风向、天气等因素的综合作用 ,时空分布规律不太明显 .表层湖水和底层湖水由于受到风浪扰动 ,天气变化和船只等的影响 ,不同采样点PH3 的含量变化不大 .同时 ,PH3 浓度沿湖水垂直梯度方向的变化亦较小 .而过滤湖水与原始湖水中PH3 的时空变化在同一采样点位、同一采样时间 ,原始湖水中PH3 的浓度明显高于过滤湖水中PH3 的浓度 .底泥中PH3 含量的变化可能与湖底氧化还原环境和温度有关 ,对于水体污染比较严重的地方底泥PH3 含量较高 .  相似文献   

20.
滇池表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
在室内模拟条件下,从滇池表层沉积物对磷的吸附动力学与热力学两个角度出发,研究了滇池沉积物对磷的吸附特征,同时探讨了不同磷形态对磷吸附特性的影响,结果表明:1滇池不同形态磷含量顺序为:有机磷钙(O-P)钙结合态磷(Ca-P)金属氧化物结合态磷(Al-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)可还原态磷(Fe-P)弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P);2沉积物对磷的吸附动力学过程分为2个阶段,即快吸附和慢吸附阶段.快吸附阶段主要发生在0~0.5 h内,而慢吸附阶段主要发生在0.5~4 h.滇池沉积物对磷的吸附过程主要在4 h内完成.3外海北部上覆水磷酸盐(SRP)浓度低于沉积物中磷的吸附/解吸平衡浓度(EPC0),可初步判断该区域沉积物有向上覆水体释放磷的风险.4不同区域沉积物磷的最大吸附量(Qmax)和总最大吸附量(TQmax)均以外海南部最大.5沉积物本底吸附态磷含量(NAP)与钙结合态磷(Ca-P)呈显著正相关关系(R2=0.5139,p0.05),而其他吸附特征参数与磷形态之间相关性均不显著.6与洱海、太湖等湖泊相比,滇池沉积物磷的本底吸附态磷(NAP)和最大吸附量(Qmax)均处于较高水平,磷污染较为严重.  相似文献   

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