多孔聚合物载体用于一体化生物流化床反应器中处理高浓度有机废水

采用一体化生物流化床反应器处理高浓度有机废水,在反应器的厌氧和好氧区分别加入特制的多孔聚合物载体。主要研究系统负荷运行期的CODCr去除效果以及多孔聚合物载体的生物膜形成特性,并对系统的NH3-N去除效果作了初步考察。实验结果表明:在系统负荷运行期内,当系统总进水CODCr浓度均值为3601.8mg/L,系统CODCr容积负荷均值为2.54kg/(m3.d),总出水CODCr浓度均值为384.0mg/L,系统总CODCr去除率均值达90.6%。生物相分析表明,多孔聚合物载体在厌氧区和好氧区的挂膜情况比较理想,形成的生物颗粒球形度很好。脱氮实验表明,按硝化反硝化的模式操作,当进水NH3-N浓度为280.3～350.7mg/L,整个系统的NH3-N去除率在68.5%～91.7%。     

人工快速渗滤系统处理糖蜜酒精废水的研究

本实验研究应用人工快速渗滤系统处理糖蜜酒精废水,实验结果表明,当湿干比为1∶1,配水时间4 h,处理效果最佳,负荷可达到2.13～2.94 m3/(m2·d).在进水CODCr浓度＜800 mg/L时,CODCr的去除率达到80%以上,但随着进水CODCr浓度的升高,CODCr的去除率缓慢下降,当CODCr浓度超出2 500 mg/L时,系统的生物膜降解不再发生作用,只存在简单的机械过滤作用.     

山东某淀粉厂污水处理改造工程

介绍了采用UASB SBR工艺处理淀粉废水的工程实例 ,UASB反应器采用中温消化 ,水力停留时间 32h ,有机负荷 7～ 8kg m3 ·d ,CODCr去除率大于 90 %。SBR池周期为 12h ,滗水率 5 0 %。在进水平均CODCr=10 0 0 0mg L时 ,处理后出水CODCr<15 0mg L ,可达标排放     

DO对新型SBBR处理畜禽养殖废水脱氮的影响

本文以畜禽废水为处理对象,通过试验将序批式运行模式应用到好氧三相内循环生物流化床反应器中形成新型SBBR,考察在不同溶解氧(DO)浓度条件下新型SBBR反应器运行处理效果及氮的转化情况,结果表明:在室温下,进水CODCr浓度为2 000 mg/L,总氮(TN)浓度为140 mg/L,交替好氧-缺氧模式为3.0h(曝气)...     

折流式厌氧反应器处理高酚煤气化废水试验研究

针对固定床气化废水总酚浓度高、毒性强、可生化性差等特点,采用折流式厌氧反应器(ABR)进行强化处理,分析了ABR反应器启动过程和总酚、COD、B/C处理效果。结果表明,在稀释原水并添加20 mg/L邻苯二酚作为共代谢基质下,ABR反应器在32 d内完成快速启动。稳定运行期,在进水COD 1 458～1 773 mg/L、进水总酚396～473 mg/L,进水pH 7.71～8.16、水温30±1℃的条件下,ABR出水COD、总酚浓度分别为793～1 004 mg/L、227～271 mg/L,COD、总酚的平均去除率分别为45.0%、42.3%,废水可生化性由0.131提高至0.403。     

微压流化式复合生物反应器处理含酚废水效能的研究

通过连续动态试验,对新型微压流化式复合生物反应器(MP-FHBR)处理模拟苯酚废水的效能进行研究.结果表明,MP-FHBR的COD容积负荷可达4.86kg/(m3·d)、苯酚容积负荷可达1.96kg/(m3·d),出水COD低于200mg/L、出水苯酚浓度低于1mg/L,COD和苯酚去除率分别达到90%和99%以上.当苯酚容积负荷达到2.04kg/(m3·d),苯酚在反应器中逐渐累积,反应器内微生物的TTC-比脱氢酶活性下降.当MP-FHBR进水苯酚浓度为800mg/L时,最佳水力停留时间为9～10h.水力负荷对反应器沉淀池的泥水分离效果影响较大,限制了反应器的进水量,所以MP-FHBR主要适用于处理较高浓度的含酚废水.     

UASB处理生物柴油废水的效果研究

采用升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)工艺处理地沟油回收制备生物柴油废水,通过试验研究了UASB反应器各个阶段对该类废水的处理效果,并考察了甲基磺酸、对甲基苯磺酸两种预酯化催化剂对该类废水处理效果的影响。结果表明:当进水COD为15g/L、容积负荷为15kg/(m3·d)时,UASB反应器COD的去除率稳定在87%左右,出水VFA为4~6mmol/L,沼气产量为16.8L/d;当容积负荷稳定在5kg/(m3·d),进水甲基磺酸浓度为5500mg/L时,UASB反应器COD的去除率达83%以上,进水对甲基苯磺酸浓度为1 000mg/L时,UASB反应器COD的去除率为58.3%,从废水处理的难易程度角度考虑,建议采用甲基磺酸为预酯化催化剂。     

焦化废水生物流化床系统脱氮中试研究

以厌氧流化床、缺氧流化床作生物反应器 ,聚合物多孔高分子颗粒作微生物固定化载体 ,采用厌氧 缺氧 好氧工艺进行了焦化废水处理中试研究。结果表明 :当系统稳定运行时 ,进水NH3 N、CODCr、酚平均浓度为 5 39 5mg L、14 88mg L、2 4 7 7mg L时 ,出水NH3 N、CODCr酚平均浓度分别为 14 3mg L、2 5 2 4mg L、0 2mg L ;厌氧流化床、缺氧流化床反应器中存在厌氧氨氧化反应 ,在这 2个阶段NH3 N分别去除 9 8%和 3 3%。该生物流化床系统脱氮技术对现有焦化废水活性污泥法处理系统的改造具有指导意义     

低浓度下冲击负荷对厌氧折流板反应器的影响

采用一个9.9L的厌氧折流板反应器处理低浓度废水(500mgCOD/L左右),研究了有机冲击负荷、水力冲击负荷对反应器运行性能的影响。结果表明,ABR具有极好的抗冲击负荷的能力,在350%的水力冲击负荷、持续时间2.5h下仅需4h即可恢复原状。ABR受有机冲击负荷的影响较复杂,在50%和100%浓度的有机冲击负荷下,反应器约经8h恢复原来的水平。在低浓度废水的定义范围之内(COD<1000mg/L),进水COD浓度突然上升等有机冲击负荷不会损害ABR反应器的处理性能,相反可有一定的改善作用。ABR反应器的多隔室结构使之存在缓冲区等分区现象,从而提供了良好的抗冲击负荷的能力。     

完全混合活性污泥法处理马铃薯淀粉废水研究

本文研究了完全混合活性污泥法处理中低浓度马铃薯淀粉废水的稳定性和效果.在试验条件下,当淀粉废水的进水COD<800mg/L时,COD的去除率>80.2%,污泥SV在15%-30%之间,污泥性状良好;当进水COD为1 000mg/L左右时,淀粉颗粒在反应器内积累,导致污泥颜色由棕褐色变成黄褐色,反应器内废水变得粘稠;当进水COD>1 300mg/L时,淀粉颗粒在反应器内中的积累加剧,反应器内污泥变成黄白色,水质更加粘稠,且产生泡沫,系统处于不稳定状态.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.