Ca(OH)2解吸并固定混合吸收液中CO2的实验研究

CO₂化学吸收法分离纯度高,技术成熟,但能耗过高及成本是困扰该技术发展的瓶颈.在常压条件下对利用Ca（OH）₂直接矿物碳酸化固定MDEA/PZ混合吸收富液中CO₂进行了一系列实验研究,考察了吸收液负荷、Ca（OH）₂投加量、pH、温度及搅拌速率等因素对解吸率的影响,并利用动态吸收-解吸循环实验研究了其CO₂吸收性能和循环使用稳定性,最后对碳酸化反应产物进行了XRD、TEM分析.结果表明,在常压条件下,Ca（OH）₂可以通过液相直接矿物碳酸化对CO₂进行直接固定,并实现吸收富液的再生;随着负荷的升高及Ca（OH）₂投加量、pH、搅拌速率的增大,解吸率随之增加;随着溶液温度升高,解吸率下降;经过5次动态吸收-解吸循环实验后CO₂吸收量可以达到并保持在0.57 mol·L^-1,显示出了良好的循环稳定性.     

化学沉淀法处理除氟吸附剂再生尾液的试验研究

通过试验研究了投加石灰法、投加氯化钙法、石灰-氯化钙联合法、石灰-盐酸联合法4种化学沉淀法对除氟吸附剂再生尾液的处理效果和影响因素。结果表明:静置沉淀90min后,使用投加石灰法处理pH值为12、含氟浓度为2 000mg/L的除氟吸附剂再生尾液,处理后残余氟离子浓度大于50mg/L,使用投加氯化钙法,处理后残余氟离子浓度小于20mg/L,使用石灰-氯化钙联合法和石灰-盐酸联合法,处理后残余氟离子浓度均小于10mg/L;4种方法的最佳搅拌强度为150r/min,最佳反应pH值为12左右,最佳静置时间为90min;其中,采用石灰-盐酸联合法处理pH值为12、含氟浓度为2 000mg/L的高氟再生尾液,在石灰投加量超过理论量60%(即为6.231 6g/L),加入65.4mL/L 2M的HCl时,出水可以达到国家污水排放一级标准,且pH值在7左右。     

聚硅酸锌絮凝剂絮凝性能及水中残锌量的研究

对聚硅酸锌絮凝剂(PZSS)中硅锌物质的量比、投加量、水样pH值、絮凝慢搅时间及搅拌强度、沉降时间等因素对其絮凝性能、处理后清液和滤液残锌量的影响进行了研究,同时通过光子相关光谱法(PCS)、紫外吸收(UVA)扫描法对其粒径分布、Zn2+和Zn2+水解聚合物与聚硅酸的作用进行了进一步证明。结果表明,硅锌比1∶1、投加量1 mL/L、水样pH 7.0、慢搅时间10 min,沉降10 min的条件下,即可得到浊度和溶液中残锌量符合国家生活饮用水卫生标准的处理液。     

臭氧氧化-混凝深度处理印染废水试验研究

通过研究反应时间、pH值、H2O2投加量、PAC投加量、不同工艺顺序对处理印染废水结果的影响,表明臭氧氧化效果随处理时间增加而增强,但增强幅度越来越小;随着pH值、H2O2初始投加量的增加,先增大后减小。30%H2O2初始投加量为0.4mL·L-1,pH为10,臭氧投加速率5.96mg·min-1·L-1,时间为30min,再加入30mg·L-1的PAC,调节pH为8搅拌絮凝,静止30min后,印染废水的CODcr和色度去除率分别为60%和96%,UV254为0.082,去除效果明显。     

好氧颗粒污泥细菌藻酸盐对Cu~(2+)的生物吸附和机制探讨

以好氧颗粒污泥中提取的细菌藻酸盐为原料制备干藻酸钙吸附剂,对水溶液中的Cu2+进行了吸附研究.对比了不同pH值和吸附剂投加量对吸附性能的影响,同时对吸附过程进行了模型拟合,测定了该吸附剂的解吸性能,并用傅立叶变换红外二阶导数光谱和原子力显微镜分析对吸附机制进行了探讨.结果表明,藻酸钙对Cu2+的吸附反应是一个比较快速的过程.当Cu2+初始浓度为100 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为0.7g/L时,吸附最佳pH值为4,吸附能力为67.67 mg/g.吸附过程可用Langmuir和Freundlich模型来描述.好氧颗粒污泥藻酸钙吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附过程中有离子交换和pH值升高现象发生,溶液中的Cu2+与吸附剂上Ca2+交换的同时需要有H+的参与来维持电荷平衡.傅立叶变换红外二阶导数光谱和原子力显微镜分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥藻酸钙吸附剂中MG嵌段与Cu2+和Ca2+结合的方式不同,Cu2+能与吸附剂表面的MG嵌段发生螯合,使藻酸钙表面的结构更加有序.以100 mmol/L HCl为解吸剂,解吸效率可达到91%.     

稀土工业酸性含氟废水处理研究

采用实验室规模的化学混凝沉淀法处理某稀土湿法冶炼厂酸性含氟废水。研究结果表明,当石灰－氯化钙－聚合氯化铝－聚丙烯酰胺联合投加,中和悬浊液中Ca2+∶F￣－≥8∶1,pH值在7～8,搅拌反应30min时,能一次性将含F￣－700～1000mg/L废水降至10mg/L以下。试验结果为该废水的达标处理报供了科学依据,并在工程设计中应用。     

聚合氯化铁对制药废水混凝处理效果的影响

对聚合氯化铁混凝处理制药废水的最佳试验条件进行了研究.证实表明:在溶液pH值为6,PFC投加量为700 mg/L,温度为20℃,搅拌强度为100 r/min,搅拌时间为4min时,效果最佳,COD的去除率为86%.     

降低生活污水中硬度与碱度的试验研究

为了使东滩煤矿生活污水二级生化处理后的出水满足循环冷却水水质要求,采用药剂法进行试验研究,通过投加NaOH降低钙硬度和投加H_2SO_4降低甲基橙碱度。试验结果表明:二级生化出水中的钙硬度、甲基橙碱度、pH分别为401.10 mg/L、237.50 mg/L、7.64,投加110 mg/L的NaOH,经充分搅拌反应并过滤掉水中的沉淀物后,钙硬度、甲基橙碱度、pH分别为233.00 mg/L、195.00 mg/L、9.32;再投加17.64 mg/L的H_2SO_4,甲基橙碱度、pH分别降为177 mg/L、8.42,达到《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》(GB50050-2007)中再生水水质要求。     

硫酸铁与聚合氯化铝处理城市景观水的比较实验研究

针对城市景观水的水质状况加剧恶化,本文对比在不同情况下用氯化铁及聚合氯化铝处理景观水,探讨了投加量、搅拌速度、搅拌时间、静沉时间以及pH对景观水有机物和浊度去除率的影响.结果表明:当水样pH值在6～8之间时,投加4～6mL混凝剂后,当先中速搅拌(120 r/min)2 min,最后慢速搅拌(60 r/min)搅拌10 min.此后静沉35 min,此时CODcr去除率及浊度去除率都可达到最佳情况;其中pH为8时,硫酸铁对CODcr去除率可达82％,浊度去除率率为92％;当PH为7时PAC对城市景观水CODcr的去除可达84％,浊度去除率率为96％.聚合氯化铝的处理效果优于硫酸铁,故而得出处理城市景观水时更适合选用聚合氯化铝.     

富里酸-高岭土复合体对溶液中铀的吸附效果探究

为提高高岭土对溶液中铀的吸附效果,将富含官能团的富里酸与高岭土结合形成富里酸-高岭土复合体,通过静态对比试验,研究了pH值、反应时间和吸附剂投加量等因素对富里酸-高岭土复合体的铀吸附效率的影响。试验结果表明:富里酸-高岭土复合体对铀的吸附效率与高岭土相比有显著的增加,富里酸-高岭土复合体和高岭土对铀的吸附率在pH值为5时分别可达99%和80%;富里酸-高岭土复合体和高岭土对铀的吸附反应均在反应时间为20 h达到吸附平衡,富里酸-高岭土复合体和高岭土两种吸附剂的吸附反应皆遵循准二级动力学吸附规律;当吸附剂投加量在0.1～0.5 g之间时,随着富里酸-高岭土复合体和高岭土两种吸附剂投加量的增加,铀的吸附率也随之增加,铀的最大吸附率分别可达87%和78%;铀的解吸效率随着富里酸溶液浓度的增加而增加,相较于用超纯水作洗脱剂的空白试验,铀的解吸率可达60%;富里酸-高岭土复合体对溶液中铀的最佳吸附条件为:溶液pH=5、反应时间20 h、吸附剂投加量0.5 g。该研究结果可为提高溶液中铀的提取与去除效率提供理论依据。     

Effects of amine, amine salt and amide on the behaviour of carbon dioxide absorption into calcium hydroxide suspension to precipitate calcium carbonate

The amount of carbon dioxide （CO2） absorption and calcium ion （Ca^2＋） concentration besides the pH of aqueous solution were observed during the COz absorption to precipitate calcium carbonate （CaCO3） from calcium hydroxide （Ca（OH）2）. A reaction rate-limiting effect of an amount of CO2 absorption without any organic additives in the early stage of the precipitation was observed, which was attributed to an interruption effect of bicarbonate ion （HCO3） on the precipitation of CaCO3. The improvement for the reaction rate was achieved not only by amine additives but also by neutral additives such as ε-caprolactam or amine salt. When the hexamethylene diamine was dissolved in the solution, successive change of crystal forms of CaCO3 aragonite to calcite in aqueous suspensions, confirmed by Ca^2＋ concentration change and X-ray diffraction, was concluded that a local environment around the amine group in aqueous solution and an interaction of the diamine with precipitated CaCO3 particles were important factors for these reactions.     

以粉煤灰为原料制备低温CO2吸附剂的工艺参数优化

利用高铝粉煤灰预脱硅液作为载体原料,通过使用胺基化合物对载体改性制备低温CO_2吸附剂.应用6 sigma中的工具,对制备工艺进行优化,得到理想的吸附剂,并对吸附剂样品进行表征.结果表明制备的CO_2吸附剂表现出良好的CO_2吸附性能.此类CO_2吸附剂具有吸附容量高(160 mg·g~(-1))、吸附速率快、对设备腐蚀低、成本低廉等特点,是一种极具工业应用潜力的CO_2吸附剂.     

亚铁盐对城市污泥中重金属的稳定化作用研究

在不同的药剂投加条件下,通过对重金属的浸出系数和形态分布分析,研究了亚铁盐对污泥中重金属的稳定化效果.结果显示,单独投加亚铁盐时会导致污泥pH值降低,投加5%的硫酸亚铁时,污泥pH值由6.5骤降至4.4,污泥中锌和镍的浸出系数分别达到了363.3%和118.3%.投加亚铁盐辅助氢氧化钙稳定化污泥,能够将污泥pH值维持在偏碱性的范围内,且重金属的浸出系数显著降低.当投加15%的硫酸亚铁和7.5%的氢氧化钙时,锌和镍的浸出系数分别为11.5%和24.1%,污泥pH值为8.4.单独投加氢氧化钙可以有效地稳定污泥中的重金属,但会显著提高污泥的pH值,不利于污泥的后续资源化.在相同pH值条件下,硫酸亚铁和氢氧化钙同时投加的稳定化效果比单独投加氢氧化钙要好.重金属的形态分析表明,锌、铜和铅的稳定态增加,但镍、总铬和镉的不稳定态增加.     

Co-utilisation of CO2 and steelmaking slags for production of pure CaCO3 – legislative issues

The steel industry is characterised by large amounts of CO₂ emissions, but there is no easy means to reduce these emissions. One interesting option for the reduction of CO₂ emissions could be the utilisation of steelmaking slags for carbon dioxide mineralisation. In this option CO₂ is bound with the calcium of the slag material, producing stable carbonate as an end product. The utilisation of steelmaking slags as the raw material for carbon dioxide mineralisation will change the quality of the slags. If, however, this change degrades the slags it could prevent the use of slags in carbon dioxide mineralisation or make it very expensive.The purpose of the research presented here is to evaluate this issue with the help of a case study where the quality of the residual slag from the recently suggested carbonation method was experimentally investigated. The CO₂ mineralisation method, based on steelmaking slags and ammonium salt solutions, was found to change the quality of the slags: the calcium content was reduced, the CaO and Ca(OH)₂ phases were completely dissolved, and the solubility of the V and Cr increased notably. This residual slag would presumably have to be handled as waste. Currently, the steelmaking slag used in the case study is defined as a by-product, but if it is used for CO₂ mineralisation instead of liming its legal status will be re-evaluated. Subsequently, the CO₂ mineralisation process could possibly be defined as an end-of-waste procedure.     

Carbon dioxide adsorption behaviors of aluminum-pillared montmorillonite-supported alkaline earth metals

The Al-pillared montmorillonite-supported alkaline earth metal 5M/Al-PILC (PILC = pillared clay, M = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) and xMg/Al-PILC (x = 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt.%) samples were prepared using an impregnation method. Physical properties of the materials were determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and N₂ adsorption-desorption, and their CO₂ adsorption behaviors were investigated using the thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), CO₂ temperature-programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD), and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared transform spectroscopy (in situ-DRIFTS) techniques. It is shown that 5Mg/Al-PILC possessed the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity (2.559 mmol/g). The characterization results indicate that Al-pillaring increased the specific surface area of montmorillonite, which was beneficial for the adsorption of CO₂. The CO₂ adsorption process on the sample was mainly chemical adsorption, and alkalinity was the main factor influencing its adsorption capacity. The alkalinity of the sample was enhanced by loading an appropriate amount of alkaline earth metal, and the adsorbed CO₂ was present in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate. In addition, the 5Mg/Al-PILC sample exhibited an excellent regeneration efficiency. We believe that the outcome of this research would provide a good option for developing highly effective CO₂ adsorption materials.     

Effects of Ca(OH)2 assisted aluminum sulfate coagulation on the removal of humic acid and the formation potentials of tri-halomethanes and haloacetic acids in chlorination

The effects of addition of calcium hydroxide on aluminum sulphate(or alum) coagulation for removal of natural organic matter(NOM) and its subsequent effect on the formation potentials of two major types of regulated disinfection byproducts(DBPs),haloacetic acids(HAAs) and trihalomethanes(THMs),have been examined.The results revealed several noteworthy phenomena.At the optimal coagulation pH(i.e.6),the coagulation behavior of NOM water solutions versus alum dose,showed large variation and a consequent great change in the formation potentials of the DBPs at certain coagulant doses.However,with addition of a relatively small amount of Ca(OH) 2,although the zeta potential of coagulated flocs remained almost the same,NOM removal became more consistent with alum dose.Importantly,also the detrimental effect of charge reversal on NOM removal at the low coagulant dose disappeared.This resulted in a steady decrease in the formation potentials of DBPs as a function of the coagulant dose.Moreover,the addition of Ca(OH) 2 broadened the pH range of alum coagulation and promoted further reduction of the formation potentials of the DBPs.The enhancement effects of Ca(OH) 2 assisted alum coagulation are especially pronounced at pH 7 and 8.Finally,synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that the reduction in DBPs formation potential by Ca(OH) 2-assisted alum coagulation was connected to an enhanced removal of small hydrophobic and hydrophilic HA molecules.Ca(OH) 2-assistance of alum coagulation appeared to increase substantially the removal of the hydrophilic HA fraction responsible for HAAs formation,prompting further reduction of HAA formation potentials.     

氧化强化对氢氧化钙原位固磷效果的影响

将氢氧化钙［Ca（OH）₂］和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）以梅花散点的方式注射到底泥中,考察两者联用对内源磷的控制效果.结果表明,单独投加Ca（OH）₂可以有效固定沉积物-水界面（SWI）以下约20 mm沉积物中约90%的内源磷,但同时会加剧20 mm以下沉积物的厌氧环境,导致沉积物中稳定态磷向易释放态磷转化,造成潜在活性磷的累积;而H₂O₂的加入极大地降低了Ca（OH）₂投加后深层沉积物潜在活性磷富集的风险,并明显提高了Ca（OH）₂在沉积物中的纵向扩散深度,其影响范围可以达到SWI以下0~40 mm;但40 mm以下沉积物影响并不明显;这主要归因于氧化剂的投加导致氧化还原电位提高了近18倍.底泥内源磷形态变化也证实了氧化剂投加对磷的良好固定效果.与对照实验相比,SWI以下0~20 mm沉积物中易释放态磷含量明显降低,同时沉积物中Ca-P含量增加了约10%.但随着底泥深度增加,易释放态磷减少量逐渐降低,Ca-P的增加也逐渐变缓.     

树脂基固态胺吸附剂室温下对低浓度CO2的吸附性能研究

以大孔甲基丙烯酸酯吸附树脂为载体,聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为有机胺,采用液相浸渍法制备出固态胺吸附剂,并研究了其在室温下对低浓度CO2的吸附行为.同时,利用氮气吸附、热重分析和扫描电镜表征了材料的物理化学性质,并采用热重法和固定床吸附法考察了材料的CO2吸附性能.结果表明,大孔树脂担载50%PEI(质量分数)时吸附性能最佳,对纯CO2的最大吸附量为175 mg·g-1;CO2的吸附行为由扩散动力学与吸附热力学共同决定,低温有利于提高吸附容量;吸附剂对400 ppm~15%浓度的CO2都具有优异的动态吸附性能,其中对400 ppm CO2的吸附量达到86 mg·g-1,对15%CO2的吸附量达到150 mg·g-1;湿度对吸附起促进作用,相对湿度为10%时,对400 ppm CO2的吸附量提高至139mg·g-1;吸附剂具有优异的循环性能,具有直接空气捕集CO2的潜力.     

A novel gas purification system for biologically produced gases

A novel gas purification system employing membrane contactors with dense membranes in the absorption as well as the desorption unit has been tested concerning the separation efficiency of CO₂. The separation efficiency of potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) promoted by piperazine (PZ) as absorption medium has been tested in the absorption unit. Since the absorbent will be regenerated in the desorption unit, the influence of temperature, sweep flow rate and absorbent type (0.5 M K₂CO₃ and 0.5 M K₂CO₃/0.5 M PZ) on the separation efficiency of CO₂ in the desorption unit has been investigated. Desorption by vacuum has been considered as well.In addition experimental results of the coupling of a bioreactor producing hydrogen by anoxygenic photosynthesis (low and fluctuating product gas flow rates and fluctuating compositions) with a membrane contactor for gas purification are reported. This was done in order to show the applicability of this system to processes producing biogases.