表面活性剂强化超声波-离子液体预处理对水葫芦酶解的影响

为探讨表面活性剂对超声波-离子液体(US-IL)预处理木质纤维素的影响,本试验采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)强化US-IL对水葫芦进行预处理,通过酶解、组成成分、表面形貌、结晶度以及化学结构的变化对预处理效果进行考察.结果显示,与未添加SDS相比,超声波-离子液体-十二烷基硫酸钠(US-IL-SDS)预处理能够有效降低纤维素的结晶度并去除木质素,酶解还原糖产量、纤维转化率及其脱木率分别提高72.23%、58.74%及21.01%.并且,SEM、XRD以及FTIR结果也表明SDS能够促进US-IL对水葫芦结构的破坏.因此,将SDS运用于辅助US-IL预处理木质纤维素具有一定可行性和良好的运用前景.     

表面活性剂辅助离子液体预处理稻秆的酶解动力学与结构变化分析

以稻秆为原料进行酶解研究,考察了纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶单独作用及协同作用对稻秆酶解还原糖产量的影响,以确定最佳酶体系,并研究在最佳酶体系中不同种类表面活性剂辅助离子液体对稻秆酶解的影响和动力学特征,最后通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD、SEM对预处理前后的稻秆结构、结晶性进行了分析比较.结果表明,纤维素酶与β-葡萄糖苷酶具有协同作用,而且在最佳酶体系中,与未处理稻秆及单独离子液体预处理相比,不同种类表面活性剂辅助离子液体预处理的稻秆在酶水解48 h时纤维转化率分别增加40%~85%、10%~31%,并且预处理对反应速率的提高有促进作用.     

不同种类表面活性剂联合离子液体预处理稻秆的物化特性研究

预处理是提高木质纤维材料酶解效果的关键步骤,更是木质纤维材料制造生物乙醇的重要环节.因此,对木质纤维材料进行预处理以促进酶解糖化过程具有重要意义.本研究以稻秆为原料,探讨不同类型表面活性剂(包括阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型、生物)联合离子液体对木质纤维材料转化率及酶解初速度的影响,并通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD对处理前后稻秆的结构、结晶性进行了分析比较.结果表明,与单独离子液体处理相比,表面活性剂联合离子液体预处理稻秆可提升纤维转化率,效果为:生物表面活性剂-离子液体非离子型表面活性剂-离子液体阴离子型表面活性剂-离子液体阳离子型表面活性剂-离子液体.与未处理及单独离子液体处理稻秆相比,生物表面活性剂-离子液体预处理稻秆的纤维转化率分别提高55.38%和22.03%.     

超声辅助氨解预处理对纤维素酶酶解餐厨垃圾的影响研究

为了提高餐厨垃圾酶解产糖能力,从而能得到更多的燃料乙醇,就纤维素预处理对餐厨垃圾酶解产糖能力的影响进行了试验研究,考察了餐厨垃圾氨解、超声预处理对酶解产糖的影响规律。结果表明：在纤维素酶加酶量为12 g/100g实验垃圾样品、pH4.8、酶解糖化温度为42℃～58℃、反应时间为60 min的条件下,餐厨垃圾经过氨水-超声（10%氨水,固液比1∶20,超声30min）预处理的酶解产糖率比没进行预处理的产糖率有较大提高。     

园林生物质中离子液体-复合菌剂共降解体系的筛选与构建

园林生物质的绿色高效降解是实现生态系统物质循环的重要环节,离子液体-生物酶作为环境友好型降解体系备受关注.通过合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑（[Bmim]）和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑（[Emim]）型离子液体衍生物,比较了温和条件下各离子液体对园林生物质的溶解再生性.结合复合微生物菌剂开展酶解试验,通过考察酶解率、纤维素酶活力、降解失重率和木质素含量变化等,筛选并构建最优降解体系组合.结果表明,两种离子液体的盐取代物对园林生物质有着较好的溶解再生性,当质量分数为70%~80%时,[Emim]型离子液体-复合菌剂体系的酶解率和酶活力最高.在降解末期,[Emim]Ac_75%和[Emim]FeCl_4·75%体系的降解失重率分别为46.9%和52.6%,均为阳性对照组的1.6倍,同时木质素含量分别减少41.7%和47.2%.[Emim]FeCl_4·75%-复合菌剂体系对园林生物质有着更为显著的降解效应.     

不同氧化剂辅助光催化反应对提高木质纤维素酶解效果的影响

木质纤维素以其可再生、丰富等优点成为可替代能源的理想选择,然而木质纤维素的致密结构使得后续的酶解过程极其困难,因此木质纤维素的预处理显得尤为重要.为了探讨氧化剂对光催化反应预处理木质纤维素的影响,在TiO₂/UV体系中添加不同种类的氧化剂对稻秆进行预处理,考察TiO₂/UV体系中影响光催化的因素〔ρ（TiO₂）、溶液pH及光催化时间〕,并进一步探讨在TiO₂/UV体系中添加O₃、SPC（过碳酸钠）、K₂S₂O₈及KIO₄等氧化剂对稻秆酶解效果的影响.结果表明:在TiO₂/UV体系中,当光催化时间为3 h、ρ（TiO₂）为10 g/L、pH为8时,稻秆的酶解效果最佳（310.17 mg/g）.TiO₂/UV/O₃光催化体系对稻秆的预处理效果强于TiO₂/UV/氧化剂体系,TiO₂/UV/O₃体系预处理稻秆酶解后产生的w（还原糖）最高,达到356.40 mg/g.TiO₂/UV/O₃体系预处理稻秆成分分析显示,木质素去除率为15.52%.FE-SEM（场发射扫描电镜）、FT-IR（红外光谱）及PXRD（X-射线粉末衍射）等表征分析结果表明,TiO₂/UV/O₃体系预处理能够对稻秆结构进行破坏.研究显示,TiO₂/UV/O₃光催化体系对稻秆进行预处理能够有效提高酶解效率.      

玉米芯经酸-超声波强化碱耦合预处理制取燃料乙醇

为研究酸碱耦合和超声波对玉米芯预处理效果的影响,通过成分分析、GC-MS分析、还原糖测定、X射线衍射和Jade软件的计算比较预处理后玉米芯的组成形态、结晶结构特点和酶解得率变化,以获得最佳的预处理条件.结果表明:酸处理后的滤渣继续进行碱处理时,w(半纤维素)和w(木质素)均可降至14％左右;若在碱处理的同时进行超声波强化,当超声波功率为120W,作用时间为5 min时,w(木质素)可进一步降至7.86％,酶解得率从34.09％升至37.32％,玉米芯的结晶度从59.79％降至57.46％.以玉米芯为原料制取燃料乙醇的最佳预处理方式为“酸-超声波强化碱”耦合预处理.     

离子液体[bmim]BF_4掺杂纳米二氧化钛的制备及其光催化性能的研究

采用以离子液体为模板剂,辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米级锐钛矿型二氧化钛。探索了合成N-甲基咪唑的实现条件,用微波法实现离子液体中间体及离子液体[bmim]BF4的合成,以合成的离子液体[bmim]BF4为模板制备纳米级光催化剂二氧化钛,研究该二氧化钛的光催化性能。在离子液体辅助下以溶胶-凝胶法制备的二氧化钛粒径更小,有更好的吸附性能和降解性能,光催化效果更好。     

氢氧化钠和碱性双氧水预处理对水稻秸秆酶解效果的影响

为提高水稻秸秆生物转化产糖效率,分别用氢氧化钠和碱性双氧水对其进行预处理,并考察处理液浓度、温度和时间对木质纤维素酶解糖化效果的影响. 通过分析预处理前后水稻秸秆组分和结构变化,揭示氢氧化钠预处理和碱性双氧水预处理对水稻秸秆酶解效果的影响机理. 结果表明:①在80 ℃的条件下,使用1.25%的氢氧化钠对水稻秸秆水浴处理3 h后效果较好,且酶解72 h后还原糖含量为480.81 mg/g. ②在50 ℃的条件下,使用碱性双氧水(1.5%的氢氧化钠+2%的双氧水)对水稻秸秆水浴处理5 h后效果较好,且酶解72 h后还原糖含量为575.85 mg/g. ③与未预处理的水稻糖化效果(132.7 mg/g)相比,经氢氧化钠预处理和碱性双氧水预处理后,水稻秸秆酶解产糖率分别提高了262.3%和336.2%. ④扫描电镜显示,经氢氧化钠和碱性双氧水预处理后,水稻秸秆的比表面积均显著增加,表面结构更加疏松. ⑤红外光谱和X射线衍射光谱表征显示,氢氧化钠预处理和碱性双氧水预处理均可消解水稻秸秆中的木质素并使其转化成纤维素,从而可以促进后续的酶解糖化效果. 研究显示,氢氧化钠预处理和碱性双氧水预处理都能较好地促进水稻秸秆的酶解糖化过程,得到较高的糖含量.      

咪唑类离子液体的二氧化硫吸附性能

为研究咪唑类离子液体脱除烟道气中SO2的规律,以1-丁基,3-甲基氯代咪唑([Bmim]Cl)、1-丁基,3-甲基硝酸咪唑([Bmim]NO3)、1-丁基,3-甲基氟硼酸咪唑([Bmim]BF4)和1-戊基,3-甲基氯代咪唑([C5mim]Cl)4种离子液体作为SO2吸附剂,研究了不同条件下4种离子液体对模拟烟道气中SO2的吸附性能,并初步进行了离子液体再生脱硫试验.利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对吸附前、后和再生后的[Bmim]Cl结构变化进行了研究.结果表明,4种离子液体对SO2均有吸附能力,且吸附能力为:[C5mim]Cl[Bmim]Cl[Bmim]NO3[Bmim]BF4,其中[C5mim]Cl的累积脱硫量达到200.8mg/g,[Bmim]Cl的最佳脱硫温度为40.0℃;3种阴离子对脱硫性能的影响顺序为:Cl-NO3-BF4-.在温度为90.0℃、压强为0.09MPa、再生4.0h后,[Bmim]Cl的硫容从再生前的65.9mg/g下降到26.5mg/g.脱硫过程中离子液体的结构发生了变化,它对SO2分子同时存在物理吸附和化学吸附.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.