胶莱平原大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征研究

区域大气降水稳定同位素组成是利用同位素技术研究区域水循环所必须的前提,对于深入了解水循环过程具有重要意义。本研究基于降水样品,分析了胶莱平原及周边地区降水氢氧稳定同位素特征,探讨了降水同位素的环境效应,并通过对比分析不同水汽输送路径站点的降水同位素季节变化趋势,揭示了胶莱平原大气降水水汽来源。结果显示：胶莱平原大气降水线LMWL为δ²H=6.38δ¹⁸O+0.72,胶莱平原大气降水δ¹⁸O存在较显著的温度效应和降水量效应,高程效应不显著。6—9月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于东亚季风,水汽主要来自相邻太平洋海域蒸发水汽;10月—次年5月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于西风,水汽来源于局地蒸发,受极地水汽影响较小。本研究结果将为胶莱平原地表水—地下水—海水之间的相互转化及水循环研究提供基础。     

上海地区大气降水中氢氧同位素特征及其环境意义

本研究基于上海地区2016年9月～2017年8月期间采集的大气降水样品,测定并分析了雨水中δD、δ¹⁸O和δ¹⁷O特征,进一步探索氘盈余（d值）和¹⁷O盈余的环境意义。结果显示：（1）降水同位素年内变化明显,δD、δ¹⁸O和δ¹⁷O同位素比值冬春偏重、夏秋偏轻,单次降水过程中同位素呈不断贫化的趋势;（2）δ¹⁸O存在降雨量效应和反温度效应：大气降水线方程、d值显示上海地区气候整体温和湿润,蒸发作用相对较小;冬春季降水较少,相对湿度较小,同位素较富集;夏秋季降水较多,相对湿度较高,同位素较为贫化;（3）综合分析¹⁷O盈余,发现上海地区大汽降水的水汽处于从海洋向陆地转移的过程当中,在运移过程中受到沿途陆表蒸发,且雨季的大气降水来源主要为海洋气团,干季主要来源于内陆,以本地蒸发为主。     

哈尔滨大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

大气降水同位素的研究对于深入理解地区水循环特征具有重要意义.而基于降水样品实测数据在高纬度寒冷地区的研究尚不多见.本文基于2020年7月—2021年6月一个水文年周期内68个大气降水样品,测定了降水中的δD和δ¹⁸O,分析了哈尔滨降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源.结果表明：①哈尔滨大气降水中δD和δ¹⁸O平均值分别为-89.33‰和-12.46‰,具有明显的冬低夏高的特点,年内变化范围均较大,分别为-275.50‰~-3.67‰和-35.68‰~-1.10‰,较全球平均值低67.33‰和8.46‰,较中国平均值低39.33‰和4.46‰.②哈尔滨大气降水线方程为：δD=7.66δ¹⁸O+6.29（R²=0.98）,斜率和截距与全球的8和10和中国大气降水线的7.9和8.2接近,与东北地区大气降水线的7.20和-2.39相比,斜率差异较小而截距差异明显.③氢氧同位素与气温之间的拟合方程为：δD=0.34T-15.40（R²=0.41, p<0.01）,δ¹⁸O=2.52T-111.18 （R²=0.38, p<0.01）,说明哈尔滨降水同位素具有极显著的温度效应.④过量氘（d-excess）的变化范围为-7.63‰~22.98‰,根据降水量计算得到的加权平均值为10.47‰,说明哈尔滨降水主要以陆地气团为主导;d与气温T之间的拟合关系为：d=-0.19T+11.99（R²=0.13, p<0.01） ,与相对湿度RH之间的拟合关系为：d=0.13RH+0.14 （R²=0.07, p<0.05）;⑤哈尔滨大气降水的水汽来源从全年的气团后向模拟结果来看是由大西洋水汽,北冰洋的水汽,太平洋水汽以及局地蒸发四部分组成,并且来自局地蒸发的陆地气团的比例始终占1/2以上.     

水汽源地和局地蒸发对大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组分的影响

降水氢氧稳定同位素组分是一种良好的示踪剂,对水汽循环的研究有重要意义.本研究基于2016年在南京、溧阳、宜兴和东山这4个站点按降水事件采集的降水样品,测定了降水HDO和H_2~(18)O组分,分析了降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分以及过量氘的时间变化特征;探讨了水汽源地和局地蒸发对降水稳定同位素组分的影响.结果表明:(1)冬夏季风期间水汽源地的差异使4个站点降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分及过量氘有明显的季节变化,主要表现为HDO和H_2~(18)O组分夏季风期间贫化,冬季风期间富集;过量氘夏季风期间小于冬季风期间;(2)夏季风期间,太湖蒸发补给使下游地区的降水过量氘变大,局地大气降水线方程的截距变高;冬季风期间,局地蒸发对降水同位素影响很小,降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分以及过量氘的空间变化不明显;(3) 4个站点局地大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均较高,原因可能是冬夏季风期间的降水水汽来源的差异和冬季风期间水汽再循环过程的影响.     

粤西云浮市大气降水δ18O与水汽来源的关系

2005-04-05～2006-04-01期间在粤西云浮市采集了59次具有显著天气过程的大气降水样品, 并进行了稳定氧同位素测试, 结果显示此期间云浮市大气降水中δ¹⁸O值波动于-12.47‰～-0.18‰之间, 平均值为-4.91‰; 夏秋季(5～9月)的δ¹⁸O值相对偏低, 多数在-10.00‰～-5.00‰, 平均-6.30‰; 冬春季(11月～次年4月)的δ¹⁸O值相对偏高, 多数在-3.00‰～-1.00‰, 平均-2.20‰. 这些δ¹⁸O值与它们相应的气温、水汽压(e)呈较为显著负相关, 相关系数(R)均达-0.60, 而与降水量的负相关性较差, 相关系数(R)为-0.33. 与大致同时期的广州降水中δ¹⁸O月平均值相比, 云浮降水中δ¹⁸O呈相对低值, 可能与云浮市受到了较强的西南季风叠加影响有关. 后推气流轨迹的结果表明, 这些大气降水δ¹⁸O值在前汛期(4～6月)、后汛期(7～9月)和非汛期(10月～次年4月)中的变化很大程度上受不同水汽来源决定, 表明降水δ¹⁸O值在一定程度上具有指示水汽来源的作用: δ¹⁸O值偏高的大气降水其水汽可能主要来源于西太平洋的副热带海区(包括我国南海海域)的变性热带太平洋暖气团; 而δ¹⁸O值偏低的大气降水其水汽则来源于印度洋和孟加拉湾的变性热带海洋气团.     

百脉泉泉群泉水氢氧稳定同位素时空变化特征

研究泉水氢氧稳定同位素时空变化特征,探究泉水的补给来源,对水资源管理及旅游业可持续发展具有重要指导意义。以百脉泉泉群为研究区,通过分析降水及泉水中的氢氧稳定同位素特征,获取了本地大气降水线、泉水同位素时空变化特征及蒸发线,并探究了百脉泉泉水的补给来源。结果表明：大气降水中δ²H的波动范围为−151.55‰—−4.28‰,δ¹⁸O的波动范围为−19.93‰—−0.52‰,δ²H和δ¹⁸O在时间上的分布规律相似,均呈现双峰状（“M”型）,本地大气降水线（LMWL）为：δ²H=7.58×δ¹⁸O+4.17。百脉泉泉水的δ²H的波动范围为−65.23‰—−37.01‰,δ¹⁸O的波动范围为−8.99‰—−4.04‰。泉水δ²H—δ¹⁸O均落在本地大气降水线上或附近,泉水同位素蒸发线（LEL）为δ²H=5.75×δ¹⁸O−13.23,斜率（5.75）小于本地大气降水线斜率（7.58）,表明泉水的补给来源主要为大气降水,且在入渗之前经历了较弱的蒸发作用。各泉泉水的补给区海拔均高于298 m,补给高程呈现百脉泉和东麻湾＞墨泉和梅花泉＞筛子泉和龙湾泉。且因地形、地层、岩性及降水量和持续时间等因素的制约,泉水同位素值及喷涌量的变化滞后于降水,降水至泉水喷涌时的补给周期尚需进一步结合同位素定年及水文地质条件厘定。相关研究结果将为百脉泉泉水资源合理利用及泉域旅游业的可持续发展提供借鉴。     

广州大气降水中稳定同位素对2008年初华南地区冰雪灾害期间水汽来源的反映

以5～30 min的时间间隔,收集、分析了2007年4月～2008年6月期间广州市各单次大气降水样品中稳定同位素数据.选取2008年初中国南方冰雪灾害期间(2008年1月10日～2月2日)五场大气降水,分析了极端天气条件下降水中稳定同位素的变化特征及其影响因素.研究发现,在2008年初冰雪灾害期间,广州市大气降水中的δD、δ18O及d-excess发生了明显的下降;d-excess及大气降水线分析指示在此次冰灾过程中水汽来源发生了异常;气团轨迹追踪显示冰灾最盛期降水水汽为内陆和海洋的混合水汽,且远距离的海洋水汽输送占主导.冰雪灾害历次单次降水过程中稳定同位素呈现3种不同的变化形态,即上升型、V型和W型,这些变化可能与水汽来源及降水形成条件导致的再蒸发、再凝结作用及降雨类型有关.     

高分辨率降水氧氘同位素变化及洞穴水响应:以河南鸡冠洞为例

大气降水稳定同位素受温度、雨量、海拔高程、水汽源等多种因素控制,进而影响洞穴水及沉积物的同位素变化.为了更好地认识我国南北交汇带季风敏感区洞穴水对降水的响应过程,本研究分析了2015年8月4~6日河南栾川县鸡冠洞强降雨和洞内4处地下水点样品,并结合2009~2015年栾川地区近6年大气降水氧氘同位素数据研究发现:1采用HYSPLIT模型可以将鸡冠洞强降雨划分为不同水汽来源的2个阶段:高空来自南中国海的水汽以及近地面来自内陆局地蒸发的水汽,并且可以记录在单场降雨期间雨水的δ~(18)O变化特征上.2近地面来自内陆局地蒸发水汽的蒸发过程一定程度上掩盖了温度效应,并使局地大气降水线的斜率、截距和雨水过量氘均减小.3此次降雨期间鸡冠洞洞穴滴水δ~(18)O特征主要响应夏季风海源水汽的降水;鸡冠洞洞穴滴水对降雨响应最快,间隔时间约为3 h,滴水δ~(18)O随滴率升高变重,之后缓慢变轻;地下河具有相似的模式,稍有滞后;靠近洞口的池水反映出不同阶段的雨水δ~(18)O变化的差异.     

降水过量氘指示的北极冬季海冰消融及水汽变化

在全球变暖背景下,持续减少的海冰正在通过降水和蒸发改变着北极水循环。降水同位素及其过量氘参数（d）作为水循环示踪剂对北极水文气候变化研究具有重要帮助,但由于观测资料匮乏,目前有关北极水循环的同位素示踪研究鲜有报道。本文以冬季海冰主要消融区——巴伦支—格陵兰海（BGS）为例,调查了BGS冬季降水d值与海冰和大气环流的关系。结果表明：BGS降水d值与海冰范围呈显著正相关,而与巴伦支—喀拉海（BKS）反气旋指数呈显著负相关。BGS降水d主要受海冰变化导致的局地蒸发控制,当海冰减少时,局地蒸发水汽增加,贡献了更多低d的降水。增强的BKS反气旋通过绝热下沉增温和向极的水热输送,加强了BGS海冰消融与局地蒸发,降低了降水d值;而较低纬地区输送水汽以高的d值为特征,其对BGS降水的直接贡献有限。该项研究从同位素的视角厘清了局地蒸发与较低纬地区水汽输送对北极降水的相对重要性,不仅有助于理解海冰减少对北极水循环的影响,也对北极古气候重建具有重要启示。     

水汽源地和局地蒸发对大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组分的影响

降水氢氧稳定同位素组分是一种良好的示踪剂,对水汽循环的研究有重要意义。本研究基于2016年在南京、溧阳、宜兴和东山这4个站点按降水事件采集的降水样品,测定了降水HDO和H218O组分,分析了降水HDO、H218O组分以及过量氘的时间变化特征;探讨了水汽源地和局地蒸发对降水稳定同位素组分的影响。结果表明:(1)冬夏季风期间水汽源地的差异使4个站点降水HDO、H218O组分及过量氘有明显的季节变化,主要表现为HDO和H218O组分夏季风期间贫化,冬季风期间富集;过量氘夏季风期间小于冬季风期间;(2)夏季风期间,太湖蒸发补给使下游地区的过量氘变大,局地大气降水线方程的截距变高;冬季风期间,局地蒸发对降水同位素影响很小,降水HDO、H218O组分以及过量氘的空间变化不明显;(3)4个站点局地大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均较高,原因可能是冬夏季风期间的降水水汽来源的差异和冬季风期间水汽再循环过程的影响。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.