游离氨对硝化菌活性的抑制及可逆性影响

为考察游离氨(FA)对硝化菌(氨氧化菌AOB和亚硝酸盐氧化菌NOB)活性的抑制影响,采用SBR反应器,基于FA与过程控制协同作用在实现短程硝化的基础上,考察了不同FA浓度(1.0,5.3,16.6,13.4,9.9,5.2,1.0mg/L)梯度下,FA对AOB和NOB活性的抑制作用及可逆性.结果表明,当FA浓度达到13.4mg/L时,系统内亚硝态氮积累率(NiAR)逐渐增加,硝态氮积累率(NaAR)逐渐减小,且NiAR/ NaAR>1时,系统实现了稳定短程硝化.在此FA浓度条件下,FA对AOB和NOB活性均产生一定的抑制作用,但相对于AOB,NOB对FA的抑制作用更加敏感.当AOB活性被短暂抑制后,其活性又迅速恢复;而NOB活性被完全抑制.此后当FA浓度又逐渐降至1.0mg/L时,AOB活性始终维持较高水平,而NOB活性尚未恢复.也即是说,在本试验控制的FA浓度条件下,FA对AOB活性的抑制作用是可逆的,而对NOB活性的抑制作用不可逆.     

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on long-term stability of partial nitrification process

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is regarded as one of the crucial factors to influence partial nitrification process. However, achieving and keeping stable partial nitrification under different DO concentrations were widely reported. The mechanism of DO concentration influencing partial nitrification is still unclear. Therefore, in this study two same sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) cultivated same seeding sludge were built up with real-time control strategy. Different DO concentrations were controlled in SBRs to explore the effect of DO concentration on the long-term stability of partial nitrification process at room temperature. It was discovered that ammonium oxidation rate (AOR) was inhibited when DO concentration decreased from 2.5 to 0.5 mg/L. The abundance of Nitrospira increased from 10^11.5 to 10^13.7 copies/g DNA, and its relative percentage increased from 0.056% to 3.2% during 190 operational cycles, causing partial nitrification gradually turning into complete nitrification process. However, when DO was 2.5 mg/L the abundance of Nitrospira was stable and AOB was always kept at 10^10.7 copies/g DNA. High AOR was maintained, and stable partial nitrification process was kept. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity was significantly higher than nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity at DO of 2.5 mg/L, which was crucial to maintain excellent nitrite accumulation performance.     

有机负荷对垃圾沥滤液短程硝化系统影响及微生物相探析

以短程硝化系统为研究对象,实际垃圾沥滤液为反应物,序批式生物反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR)为基础,研究了短程硝化反应系统的启动过程及不同进水有机负荷对短程硝化系统的影响,并对经高有机负荷冲击后短程硝化系统恢复期污泥的脱氮功能基因和微生物群落进行分析.结果表明:采用实际垃圾沥滤液在较短的时间内成功启动了短程硝化反应系统,于第15.5 d时系统的氨氮去除速率(ARR)达到652 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)达到91.4%.该系统在受高有机负荷冲击后,降低有机负荷,系统仍能恢复高效短程硝化反应.对受冲击后恢复稳定的短程硝化系统中微生物相进行分析,结果发现,短程硝化系统具有完整的脱氮功能基因(AOB amoA、nxrB、nirS、nor、nosZ).污泥中细菌主要功能菌属是索氏菌属(Thauera)和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),前者为异养菌,可进行反硝化,相对丰度为27.6%,后者是氨氧化菌(AOB),相对丰度为9.6%;此外,还存在一定比例的其他功能菌属.研究表明,采用短程硝化系统处理实际垃圾沥滤液,增强其脱氮效能具有潜在的研究价值.     

污泥水富集硝化菌的群落结构及动力学参数研究

采用序批式反应器处理富含高氨氮的污泥水并培养富含硝化菌的活性污泥,利用荧光原位杂交技术解析硝化菌的群落结构,并分别测定了氨氧化菌、亚硝酸盐氧化菌的基质半饱和常数、温度修正系数.结果表明,污泥中氨氧化菌的含量（AOB/DAPI）为15.7%±3.7%,优势菌属为Nitrosomonas europaea-Nitrosococcus mobilis;亚硝酸氧化菌的含量（NOB/DAPI）为12.9%±3.2%,优势菌属为Nitrobacter spp..氨氧化速率在10～40℃之间的温度修正系数τN为1.092,亚硝酸盐氧化速率在15～30℃之间的温度修正系数τN为1.061,氨氧化菌（以NH⁺₄-N计）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（以NO^－₂-N计）在20℃的基质半饱和常数KN分别为(1.60±0.29) mg/L、(2.78±0.30) mg/L.     

Inhibition factors and Kinetic model for ammonium inhibition on the anammox process of the SNAD biofilm

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) activity of simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) biofilm with different substrate concentrations and pH values. Kaldnes rings taken from the SNAD biofilm reactor were incubated in batch tests to determine the anammox activity. Haldane model was applied to investigate the ammonium inhibition on anammox process. As for nitrite inhibition, the NH₄⁺-N removal rate of anammox process remained 87.4% of the maximum rate with the NO₂⁻-N concentration of 100 mg/L. Based on the results of Haldane model, no obvious difference in kinetic coefficients was observed under high or low free ammonia (FA) conditions, indicating that ammonium rather than FA was the true inhibitor for anammox process of SNAD biofilm. With the pH value of 7.0, the r_max, Ks and K_I of ammonium were 0.209 kg NO₂⁻-N/kg VSS/day, 9.5 mg/L and 422 mg/L, respectively. The suitable pH ranges for anammox process were 5.0 to 9.0. These results indicate that the SNAD biofilm performs excellent tolerance to adverse conditions.     

IFAS工艺短程硝化过程中功能菌的动力学特性

实验采用生物膜-活性污泥复合工艺（IFAS）,探究了不同进水NH₄⁺-N负荷以及游离氨（FA）浓度下的好氧氨氧化细菌（AOB）和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）的动力学特性,考察了不同微生物聚集体（悬浮污泥和载体生物膜）对于NH₄⁺-N去除的贡献,同时对其中的生物吸附和生物降解进行定量分析.利用荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术观察了总菌、AOB和NOB的数量以及空间结构的变化.结果表明,随着进水NH₄⁺-N浓度逐渐升高,出水NO₃^--N浓度逐渐下降,NO₂^--N得到大量积累,当进水NH₄⁺-N浓度为480mg/L时,NH₄⁺-N去除率和亚硝酸盐氮积累率（NAR）分别稳定在95%和80%以上,而FA由（2.77±0.07）mg/L增加至（16.35±0.3）mg/L时,NAR由9.42%增加至83.31%,实现了对NOB的抑制.在NH₄⁺-N的去除过程中生物吸附和微生物降解分别占NH₄⁺-N去除量的3.4%和88.1%,悬浮污泥和生物膜中AOB占比分别由27.4%和10.3%增加至41.3%和18.1%,表明悬浮污泥比生物膜更有利实现对于AOB的富集.     

间歇曝气对部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理氨氮废水的影响

采用间歇曝气在MBBR反应器中成功实现一段式部分硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)过程.结果表明,在实验温度为35℃,进水氨氮浓度为150.00mg/L,进水氮负荷为0.24kg/(m3·d),DO浓度为(1.41±0.24)mg/L条件下,反应器总氮去除效率达到83.74％.生物膜中厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)和氨氧化菌(...     

CANNED工艺细菌种群结构变化的FISH研究

采用电镜观察和荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）,对亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮（CANNED）工艺在不同游离氨（FA）质量浓度下反应器内细菌形态和种群结构进行了研究. 结果表明:在亚硝化段,ρ（FA）为0.5 mg/L时,氨氧化菌（AOB）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）分别占总菌数的0.9%和2.8%;ρ（FA）为12.4～48.6 mg/L时,AOB和NOB分别占33.6%～47.4%和1.0%～2.9%,能够实现短程硝化. 在电化学生物反硝化段,当ρ（FA）为0.5～12.4 mg/L时,脱氮硫杆菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和真细菌分别占总菌数的7.2%～15.3%,7.2%～10.3%和9.1%～14.3%;当ρ（FA）增加到48.6 mg/L时,上述3种细菌所占比例分别增加到总菌数的34.5%,44.2%和60.8%,表明随着ρ（FA）的增加,提高ρ（FA）有利于上述3种菌的生长,与SEM结果一致.      

Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate (Nv) had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4 -N/(m3d), and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows: more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency (nitrite as the main product), 60%-74% NH4 -N removal efficiency, and NO2--N/NH4 -N ratio (concentration ratio) of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent. The impact of temperature was related to iVv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30癈 was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria could be acclimated to higher FA (free ammonium) in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms in the reactor.     

硝化过程中影响亚硝酸盐积累的因素

采用间歇式批试验法,改变pH值、DO浓度和温度,试验发现:当pH值分别为8.2、7.5、9.2、6.5和5.0,DO分别为1.0mg/L、2.0mg/L、4.5mg/L和温度为30℃、25℃、35℃和10℃时,氨氧化速率依次减小。进水氨氮浓度为50mg/L～250mg/L,保持pH值为8.0±0.2时,游离氨浓度为4.45mg/L～22.68mg/L左右,最大HNO2浓度远<0.2mg/L,游离氨和HNO2对好氧氨氧化菌的影响较小。结果表明,pH值、DO浓度和温度对好氧氨氧化菌的富集有显著影响。在富集过程中,控制pH值、DO浓度和温度是关键因素,游离氨和HNO2进行适当控制,以保证抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌而不抑制好氧氨氧化菌。