共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 593 毫秒
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药用活性化合物(PhACs)在氯消毒过程中生成消毒副产物的问题引起了广泛关注.以典型PhACs物质萘普生(NAP)为研究对象,考察各因素对游离氯与NAP反应的影响,探究NAP氯化机制并进行风险评估.结果表明,NAP氯化反应遵循一级反应动力学,NAP在氯化过程中的降解率和反应速率常数随着NAP初始浓度和氨根离子投加量的增加而降低,随着游离氯初始浓度的增加而增大,酸性条件下更有利于NAP的氯化反应.基于HPLC-MS/MS分析鉴定出5种含氯降解中间产物,并提出氯化NAP反应机制.ESCOAR风险预测和发光菌毒性分析表明氯化NAP过程中生成了毒性更高的中间产物,对饮用水安全可能构成潜在威胁. 相似文献
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氯是世界上应用最广泛的饮用水消毒剂,但是它杀灭病毒的能力较差,消毒过程中还可能形成有毒的氯化有机物。本研究认为臭氧灭活病毒的作用迅速、浓度低、效率高,副作用较小,经臭氧消毒后的水无色、无臭、无三卤甲烷等有毒副产物。 二氧化氯也可以用作饮用水消毒剂。使用二氧化氯消毒产生的三卤甲烷要比氯消毒少得多;同时,二氧化氯不与水中常有的氨作用,形成消毒能力较差的氯氨。本研究表明,在大多数的饮用水pH范围内,二氧化氯是一种比氯性能良好的消毒剂。因此,臭氧和二氧化氯可以代替氯,单独地或与氯结合用于水的消毒。 相似文献
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对典型内分泌干扰物炔雌醇(EE2)在模拟饮用水氯化过程中的反应行为进行了深入研究.结果发现,EE2的氯化反应符合二级反应动力学.表观速率常数kapp随pH的变化规律证明EE2分子中的酚环是氯原子攻击的首选位置.EE2的转换是由不同形态的EE2和HClO之间的3个基元反应控制.去质子化的EE2阴离子明显比其中性共轭体更具活性.高效液相色谱/质谱(HPLC/MS)分析表明氯原子可以通过亲电取代反应接到EE2分子中的酚羟基的邻位,先后生成一氯和二氯代EE2,第三个氯原子的取代导致苯环结构的破坏,分子不稳定发生水解.本研究的结果对全面了解EE2在饮用水氯化消毒过程中的反应规律,为评价EE2对人体的潜在暴露提供了依据. 相似文献
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消毒过程是饮用水安全保障研究的热点,本文采用文献计量学的方法对2000—2012年间的学术论文和发明专利进行了分析,明确了全球在饮用水消毒领域的研究动态和趋势以及我国存在的主要差距.结果表明全球对该领域研究的关注度持续增加,其研究热点主要集中在消毒技术工艺和消毒副产物两方面,其中氯化、臭氧氧化、氯化消毒副产物是近十余年的关注焦点.美国和瑞士作为本领域研究的主要领先国家分别在文章产出量和研究水平上位列第一,值得注意的是瑞士在本领域的研究偏重于高级氧化技术和新型消毒副产物.我国的发文量仅次于美国而专利申请量仅次于日本,但研究水平远落后于世界领先国家.我国的研究工作主要集中在氯氧化消毒工艺和常规消毒副产物生成与控制,原创性研究有待加强.本研究对明确我国饮用水消毒技术的发展趋势和研究人员选题具有重要意义. 相似文献
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对饮用水消毒过程中一氯胺的衰减过程,采用二级反应速率模型对其衰减规律进行了非线性拟合;分别考察了pH值、温度、碳酸盐、溴离子、碘离子和天然有机物(NOM)浓度等水质参数变化对一氯胺衰减速率的影响.结果表明,pH值是影响一氯胺衰减速率的重要因素,pH<7.0时尤为明显;温度和碳酸盐对一氯胺的衰减速率均有明显影响;在pH=6.60时,随着溴离子浓度的增加一氯胺的衰减加快;在pH>7.60,0.1 mg/L的溴离子浓度对一氯胺的衰减影响不明显,碘离子对一氯胺的衰减影响较相同反应条件下溴离子的影响明显.此外,一氯胺衰减动力学模拟结果表明,采用二级动力学反应模型可以较好地拟合在卤素离子(Br-I、-)共存条件下的一氯胺衰减规律,对在沿海地区饮用水消毒工艺中不同条件下氯胺消毒剂浓度预测可以提供一定的理论和技术支持. 相似文献
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在中试规模试验中,研究了“短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺”对微生物、消毒副产物和生物稳定性指标的控制效果.该顺序氯化消毒工艺综合利用了游离氯消毒灭活微生物迅速彻底,氯胺消毒副产物生产量低的特点,通过氯化消毒技术的组合,安全经济地实现了消毒卫生学和消毒副产物指标的双重控制.该消毒工艺对细菌总数、异养菌平板计数、总大肠菌群指标的控制效果略好于传统游离氯消毒,对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f2噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺比游离氯消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度减少35.8%~77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%~54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物控制方面就越有优势.该工艺对生物稳定性指标的控制效果明显高于游离氯消毒. 相似文献
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Sina Moradi Sanly Liu Christopher W.K. Chow John van Leeuwen David Cook Mary Drikas Rose Amal 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(7):1-7
A model is developed to enable estimation of chloramine demand in full scale drinking water supplies based on chemical and microbiological factors that affect chloramine decay rate via nonlinear regression analysis method. The model is based on organic character (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA)) of the water samples and a laboratory measure of the microbiological (F m ) decay of chloramine. The applicability of the model for estimation of chloramine residual (and hence chloramine demand) was tested on several waters from different water treatment plants in Australia through statistical test analysis between the experimental and predicted data. Results showed that the model was able to simulate and estimate chloramine demand at various times in real drinking water systems. To elucidate the loss of chloramine over the wide variation of water quality used in this study, the model incorporates both the fast and slow chloramine decay pathways. The significance of estimated fast and slow decay rate constants as the kinetic parameters of the model for three water sources in Australia was discussed. It was found that with the same water source, the kinetic parameters remain the same. This modelling approach has the potential to be used by water treatment operators as a decision support tool in order to manage chloramine disinfection. 相似文献
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溶解性有机氮乙酰胺氯化生成饮用水THMs的影响因素研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
氯化消毒可以有效杀灭细菌,但同时会产生危害人体健康的消毒副产物(DBPs).溶解性有机氮(DON)是DBPs的重要前体物,为考察DON对THMs的影响,首次选取乙酰胺(AcAm)作为前体物DON的代表物质,采用Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken方法设计试验,考察了AcAm初始浓度、加氯量、pH、温度、溴离子浓度和反应时间等因素对三卤甲烷(THMs)生成的影响.结果表明,在AcAm生成THMs的过程中,AcAm初始浓度、pH和反应温度3个因素的影响程度较小,溴离子、有效氯和反应时间3因素的影响较大,其中溴离子的影响最为显著.溴离子浓度一定时,改变有效氯的含量,生成的THMs总量变化不大,溴离子对THMs的生成有一定的催化作用,控制溴离子的浓度是减少AcAm生成THMs的有效措施.在有效氯为8.77 mg/L、溴离子为0.77 mg/L及接触时间为6.20 h的条件下,THMs存在最大生成量为45.82 μg/L.随着反应时间的推移,溴分配系数n呈上升趋势,控制消毒反应时间,是减少THMs致癌风险的有效方法.同时探讨了AcAm生成THMs的反应路径,表述了溴离子的催化作用机制. 相似文献
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The genotoxicity of drinking water treated with 6 disinfection methods and the effects of disinfection conditions were investigated using the umu-test. The pretreatment procedure of samples for the umu-test was optimized for drinking water analysis. The results of the umu-test were in good correlation with those of the Ames-test. The genotoxicity and production of haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the highest for chlorinated samples. UV + chloramination is the safest disinfection method from the aspects of genotoxicity, HAA production and inactivation effects. For chloramination, the effects of the mass ratio of Cl2 to N of chloramine on genotoxicity were also studied. The changes of genotoxicity were different from those of HAA production, which implied that HAA production cannot represent the genotoxic potential of water. The genotoxicity per chlorine decay of chlorination and chloramination had similar trends, indicating that the reaction of organic matters and chlorine made a great contribution to the genotoxicity. The results of this study are of engineering significance for optimizing the operation of waterworks. 相似文献
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Modeling and verifying chlorine decay and chloroacetic acid formation in drinking water chlorination
This study presents a phenomenological model that can be used by the water professionals to quantify chlorine decay and disinfection
byproduct (DBP) formation in water. The kinetic model was developed by introducing the concept of limiting chlorine demand
and extending an established reactive species approach. The limiting chlorine demand, which quantifies chlorine reactive natural
organic matter (NOM) on an equivalent basis, was mathematically defined by the relation between ultimate chlorine residue
and initial chlorine dose. It was found experimentally that NOM in water has limiting chlorine demand that increases with
chlorine dose once the ultimate residue is established. These results indicated that the complex NOM has a unique ability
to adjust chemically to the change in redox condition caused by the free chlorine. It is attributed mainly to the redundant
functional groups that persist in heterogeneous NOM molecules. The results also demonstrated that the effect of chlorine dose
on the rate of chlorine decay can be quantitatively interpreted with the limiting chlorine demand. The kinetic model developed
was validated for chlorine decay and chloroacetic acid formation in finished drinking water. 相似文献
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水中溴离子对氯化消毒副产物的影响 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
根据我国某城市饮用水中三卤甲烷类物质的现状,对水中Br^-的存在,Br^-对THMs,卤代乙酸类物质形成的影响以及THMs,HAAs形成的机理等进行综述,且提出了控制饮用水氯化消毒副产物的相应对策。 相似文献
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饮用水处理过程中抗生素的污染问题引起了人们的广泛关注.监测了6种大环内酯类抗生素(脱水红霉素、克拉霉素、竹桃霉素、罗红霉素、柱晶白霉素和泰乐菌素)在2座饮用水处理厂中的污染情况,并考察了典型大环内酯类抗生素泰乐菌素在氯化消毒处理过程中的反应特性.结果表明,6种大环内酯类抗生素均能在饮用水处理过程中检出,但是其浓度普遍较低,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.18~3.97 ng ·L-1和0.02~1.91 ng ·L-1.6种大环内酯类抗生素在饮用水处理过程中的去除率相差较大,在18%(竹桃霉素)~100%(脱水红霉素)范围内.6种大环内酯类抗生素在氯化处理过程中降解缓慢,且受水质影响较大.其中,泰乐菌素的氯化降解遵循二级反应动力学模式,测得pH 7.0条件下二级反应动力学速率常数为0.77 L ·(mol ·s)-1.监测到的9种泰乐菌素氯化降解产物,反应途径主要包括叔胺羟基化、芳族氧化和内酯环环氧化加成等. 相似文献
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Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination. 相似文献
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以饮用水中典型微生物--大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为试验对象,研究pH值、氯化时间、氯投量及细菌浓度对大肠杆菌在氯化消毒过程中生成消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响,并分析何种氯化条件下,DBPs控制效果最佳.研究表明:随氯投量增加,二氯乙腈(DCAN)呈先上升后下降趋势;随氯化时间延长,三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)和DCAN先增加后减少;在pH值从5升高到9时,1,1,1-DCP、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)、二氯乙酸(DCAA)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)持续降低;细菌污染水源事件在近年常有报道,当水源水中细菌浓度增加时,饮用水中三氯甲烷(TCM)、TCNM、DCAA和TCAA浓度增加,但DCAN、三氯乙腈(TCAN)、二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)和1,1,1-TCP不一定增加.为了达到低毒性的目的,氯投量浓度不宜太高,同时控制氯化时间为6h和pH>8. 相似文献