我国村镇生活垃圾可燃组分基本特征及其时空差异

为了解我国村镇生活垃圾组成特征及采取焚烧处置的可行性,本研究在2015年的春夏秋冬4个季节,对我国12个省份共72个村镇生活垃圾产生源进行采样调查,分析了垃圾全组分和可燃组分的质量分数、含水率以及垃圾热值等参数,进行了地域、季节以及村与镇之间差异分析.结果表明,我国村镇生活垃圾可燃组分质量分数(湿基)由高到低的顺序为:厨余类(13%~53%)橡塑类(10%~18%)纸类(10%~15%)木竹类(0~10%)织物类(0~8%).相同行政区域内村与镇之间生活垃圾组分差异较小,南方村镇生活垃圾全组分的平均含水率大于北方,全国村镇生活垃圾平均含水率为40.1%左右.我国北方生活垃圾热值在4个季节均有81%的村镇超过3 500 k J·kg~(-1),而南方村镇生活垃圾在春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节满足这一条件的村镇分别占44%、50%、61%、72%.垃圾经分选后热值得到提高,但南方村镇春季生活垃圾可燃组分热值仍然偏低,南方其它季节56%以上的村镇和北方全年所有村镇的生活垃圾均能满足焚烧处置的热值要求,故对我国北方农村生活垃圾进行焚烧处置是可行的,而南方村镇生活垃圾需加强前处理工艺.     

城市固体废物的焚烧实验

 稳定均匀的燃烧温度是确保减少垃圾焚烧系统大气污染物排放量的一个重要因素.采用内旋流流化床(ICFB)进行了城市生活垃圾焚烧实验,探讨了不同的布风速度、垃圾焚烧量、流化床浓相区高度和不同种类垃圾对焚烧稳定性的影响,并给出了流化床内部温度和CO、NO_X、SO₂等大气污染物的浓度变化.内旋流流化床采用非均匀布风,低速风的移动区尚未流化时,浓相区温度存在一定的不均匀性,低速风区流速超过2倍初始流化速度后,浓相区温度是均匀一致的;流化床的床料具有较好的蓄热能力,较厚的床层有利于提高燃烧的稳定性,可减少垃圾给料和垃圾热值的波动对燃烧温度造成的不利影响;垃圾的焚烧效果与垃圾的热值有直接关系,焚烧低热值垃圾时,为了提高焚烧温度并达到较好的排放指标,需要增加一定量辅助燃料进行助燃;内旋流流化床在燃烧稳定性以及燃烧温度控制上具有一定优势.     

可燃垃圾的焚烧热值分析

可燃垃圾即城市垃圾中不易降解、可燃的有机废物。为寻求城市垃圾高效利用途径,选取可燃垃圾热值的主要影响因素:焚烧原料、破碎粒度、含水率,安排正交试验,通过正交分析,得出各因素对可燃垃圾热值的贡献率:焚烧原料>含水率>破碎粒度;并得出实验材料的最大的热值组合,即未破碎塑料类、自然风干状态,热值为3.902×104 kJ/kg。     

异重流化床垃圾焚烧炉设计和中试运行

设计每天焚烧10t的流化床垃圾焚烧炉,对布气装置进行了创新设计并制作了中试炉。对生活垃圾加燃料和不加燃料两种条件进行了工艺试验,当生活垃圾湿基低位热值小于3500kJ·kg-1时,加20%煤燃料,焚烧烟气温度可达900℃,烟气排放符合环保标准。     

我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中温室气体排放及影响因素 ——以上海某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例

以上海某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,采用上游-操作-下游(UOD)表格法,分析了生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中不同环节的温室气体排放贡献,及影响其排放的主要因素.结果表明,目前我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程是温室气体排放源,以吨垃圾净CO2排放量计,达166~212kg.生活垃圾中自含化石碳对温室气体排放的贡献最大,CO2排放量为257kg/t;因焚烧发电上网而获得的净减排量为120kg/t;垃圾收运、辅助物料消耗及焚烧灰渣处理等引起的排放量总计为27~45kg/t.生活垃圾沥出渗滤液后续处理过程的温室气体排放量为7.7kg/t.节省焚烧过程辅助物料使用和改变焚烧灰渣处置方式能够减少温室气体排放量,但是减排效果有限.我国各地区电能基准线排放因子存在差异,对焚烧过程温室气体排放的影响为0~13%.降低生活垃圾含水率、提高垃圾可发电量是我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程温室气体排放源汇转换的关键途径.     

垃圾分类对碳减排的影响分析：以青岛市为例

城市生活垃圾(MSW)处理单元是重要的温室气体排放源,垃圾分类可以实现垃圾减量化和提高资源化利用率,但对于温室气体减排的影响还鲜见报道.以青岛市内4区为研究对象,基于生命周期评价方法,研究了垃圾分类前后不同生活垃圾处置模式下的温室气体排放情况.结果表明,垃圾分类可以显著降低处置全过程中的温室气体排放,模式1(混合收集+填埋)、模式2(混合收集+焚烧)、模式3(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化和其他焚烧)和模式4(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化、可回收垃圾资源化和其他焚烧)垃圾处理全过程净碳排放量(以CO₂/MSW计)分别为686.39、-130.12、-61.88和-230.17 kg·t^-1.提高厨余垃圾回收效率并不能显著降低碳排放.随着垃圾回收效率的提高,碳减排量呈线性增加,可回收垃圾回收效率每提高10%,其净碳排放量降低26.6%(16.5 kg·t^-1).适度分离餐厨垃圾、提高可回收垃圾回收效率和降低厨余垃圾厌氧消化沼气泄漏率是目前减少生活垃圾温室气体排放和社会成本的可行策略.     

城市生活垃圾理化性质的动态特性分析

对太原市城市生活垃圾的组成、化学元素及重金属等进行了1年(每月2次)共24次的分析。结果表明,太原市生活垃圾的组成在焚烧过程中,能产生低位热值(Q低)的有机物占(44.28±2.24)％,不产生低位热值的无机物占(13.94±2.01)％,混合物(破碎的动植物碎片及粘附在其上面的灰、土、砂)占(43.36±8.67)％。垃圾中可燃物比例较高,水分含量较低,有利于焚烧和热解,低位热值(Q低)平均值为(5590.8±1252.3)kJ/kg,但低位热值随季节变化较大。垃圾中化学元素硫(S)、氯(Cl)、氮(N)、氢(H)、碳(C)、氧(O)的年平均值分别为(0.20±0.13)％、(0.48±0.11)％、(0.87±0.18)％、(2.56±0.76)％、(30.78±4.06)％、(16.42±5.17)％,与其他城市相比,S、N、Cl的含量较高。垃圾中的重金属铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)的年平均值分别为41.94mg/Kg和1.806mg/kg;汞(Hg)含量变化较大。焚烧后的灰渣中,Pb部分挥发,Cd得到富集,但几乎无Hg检出。     

通风方式对高含水率垃圾生物干化的影响

以高含水率混合收集生活垃圾为研究对象,研究了不同的通风方式(间隙通风10min/20min、间隙通风5min/25min、40℃热空气通风和间隙-连续通风)对生物干化影响.结果表明,40℃热空气通风和间隙-连续通风可提高产物含水率下降幅度、单位质量垃圾水分去除率、单位有机物降解脱水容量、产物低位热值;但堆体高温持续时间短,VS消耗量小,并且有机物稳定化程度低.经过18d的干化试验,4组试验产物含水率分别为39.6%,34.4%,23.7%,24.5%,相应的单位去除率(以原生垃圾质量计)为0.437,0.476,0.523,0.517kg/kg,低位热值为11954,12994,15760,14801kJ/kg,与原生垃圾相比,热值分别提高了121%、140%、191%及173%,以40℃空气通风产物热值最高.     

北京市衍生燃料法处置低品质塑料包装的环境影响

采用生命周期评价法对北京市2种衍生燃料(RDF)法处置低品质塑料包装废物的环境影响进行评价,并与填埋和焚烧处置进行比较. 通过现场及资料调研获得所有生命周期阶段的能量物质输入、输出和环境外排数据. 发电量计算是通过实地调查生活垃圾中低品质塑料包装废物组成特性,用氧弹式量热计测定各组分热值后折算成单位热值,再与北京市生活垃圾焚烧厂G单位热值生活垃圾发电量的调研结果类比,得出其对应的发电量. 结果表明:低品质塑料包装废物的4种处置方式环境影响潜值为直接作为RDF焚烧发电<干燥热压RDF焚烧发电<焚烧<填埋,这4种处置方式的环境影响潜值分别为－0.064 9,0.009 0,0.024 1和0.152 8 Pt. 直接作为RDF处置方式的环境影响主要集中在无机物对健康损害方面;干燥热压RDF处置的环境影响主要集中在无机物对健康损害和化石燃料方面;焚烧和填埋的环境影响主要集中在气候变化和致癌方面.      

生活垃圾源头沥水的减量提质效应研究

针对我国生活垃圾厨余组分含量高、含水率高和热值低的特点,提出以降低厨余组分含水率为主要手段,实现生活垃圾源头减量和提质为主要目标的源头沥水和选择性分质收集模式.在苏州市两个居民小区进行了为期10个月的项目试点,监测结果显示,居民家庭采取源头沥水措施后,生活垃圾产生量减少6.47%,含水率降低2.23%,低位热值提高10.94%.生活垃圾源头沥水的减量提质效应良好,有助于提高后续焚烧及填埋处理设施运行效率和二次污染控制水平,降低运输及处理成本.     

城市混合垃圾组分及其燃烧产物特性分析

对混合垃圾自然组分、物性及燃烧产物特性进行了实验研究。结果表明 :城市混合垃圾中无机物、水分、灰分含量较高 ,热值较低 ;燃烧产物中烟气的主要成分是 N2 、CO2 、H2 O、O2 ,以及少量 CO、HCl、NOx、SOx、H2 S等 ;灰渣的主要成分是 Si O2 、Al2 O3、Ca O、Ca SO4等。随着过量空气系数的增大 ,呈现 CO、HCl、SOx、H2 S减少 ,NOx 增加的趋势 ;随着温度的升高 ,CO、H2 S逐渐减少 ,HCl、SOx、NOx 增加 ;适宜的城市混合垃圾燃烧温度应在 80 0～ 1 0 0 0℃     

高水分垃圾焚烧热回收和烟气净化系统的合理布置

用热平衡计算分析了高水分生活垃圾在焚烧前干燥脱水对系统热效率的影响 ,并比较了用不同介质干燥湿垃圾时热回收系统的效率和对烟气净化系统布置的要求。计算表明 :系统产生的可供有效利用的蒸汽量总是随垃圾干燥后应用基水分的降低而上升。采用排烟作为干燥介质时系统热效率也随应用基水分的降低而上升 ;而采用热空气作干燥介质时 ,计算热效率有轻微的下降。采用垃圾干燥应对烟气净化系统进行合理布置。     

基于Aspen Plus的生活垃圾热解气化模拟及正交优化

热解气化技术作为一种城市固体废弃物(municipal solid waste,MSW)无害化处理的方式,其相关研究具有现实意义.利用Aspen Plus软件建立了 MSW固定床热解气化模型,在模型验证的基础上探讨了气化温度、气化压力和空气当量比对MSW热解气化过程的影响.通过二次回归正交试验法得出MSW热解气化过程中...     

城市生活垃圾物性与热解特性的实验研究

对城市生活垃圾中常见垃圾成分进行物性及热解特性的实验研究表明，虽然我国城市生活垃圾（ＭＳＷ）具有高水分、低热值特点，但只要能注重其干燥过程，不投辅助燃料即可维持燃烧，ＭＷＳ中的有机物是一个很复杂的组份，并且有机化合物都有较明显的挥发份析出温度区；而纸、布或含纤维质我的废弃物在不同温度区间的挥发份析出较均匀，且这一温度区相对较宽，温度，物料尺雨及停留时间对热解过程特性有重要影响，实验得到停留时间２、     

城市固态生活垃圾的工业分析与热解特性

对常见生活垃圾进行工业分析与热解特性的试验研究表明 :虽然我国 MSW具有高水分、高灰分、低热值特点 ,但只要能注重其干燥过程 ,不投辅助燃料即可维持燃烧。MSW中的有机化合物组份很复杂 ,并且都有较明显的挥发分析出温度区 ;而纸、布或含纤维质较多的废弃物在其相对较宽的温度区的挥发分析出较均匀。温度、物料尺寸及停留时间对热解特性有重要影响 ,实验得到停留时间、热解温度、气化率三者间的最佳关系遵循 (1 )式。     

Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.     

A steam dried municipal solid waste gasification and melting process

Considering high-moisture municipal solid waste (MSW) of China, a steam dried MSW gasification and melting process was proposed, the feasibility was tested, and the mass and energy balance was analyzed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed drying apparatus, a 200 kg per day fluidized-bed gasifier, and a swirl melting furnace. Moisture percentage was reduced from 50% to 20% roughly when MSW was dried by slightly superheated steam of 150°C–350°C within 40 min. When the temperature was less than 250°C, no incondensable gas was produced during the drying process. The gasifier ran at 550°C–700°Cwith an air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2–0.4. The temperature of the swirl melting furnace reached about 1240°C when the gasification ER was 0.3 and the total ER was 1.1. At these conditions, the fly ash concentration in the flue gas was 1.7 g·(Nm³)⁻¹, which meant over 95% fly ash was trapped in the furnace and discharged as slag. 85% of Ni and Cr were bound in the slag, as well as 60% of Cu. The mass and energy balance analysis indicates that the boiler heat efficiency of an industrial MSW incineration plant reaches 86.97% when MSW is dried by steam of 200°C. The boiler heat efficiency is sensitive to three important parameters, including the temperature of preheated MSW, the moisture percentage of dried MS Wand the fly ash percentage in the total ash.     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

Experimental study on MSW gasification and melting technology

In order to develop municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and melting technology, two preliminary experiments and a principle integrated experiment were fulfilled respectively. The gasification characteristics of MSW are studied at 500-750℃ when equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.2-0.5 using a fluidized-bed gasifier. When temperature was 550-700℃ and ER was 0.2-0.4, low heat value (LHV) of syngas reaches 4000-12000 kJ/Nm3. The melting characteristics of fly ash were investigated at 1100-1460℃ using a fixed-bed furnace. It was proved that over 99.9% of dioxins could be decomposed and most heavy-metals could be solidified when temperature was 1100-1300℃. The principle integrated experiment was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasification and swirl-melting system. MSW was gasified efficiently at 550-650℃, swirl-melting furnace maintains at 1200-1300℃ stably and over 95% of fly ash could be caught by the swirl-melting furnace. The results provided much practical experience and basic data to develop MSW gasification and melting technology.