城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化试验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中重金属的固化效果.结果表明:飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过<危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准>(GB5085.3-2007),因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定程度的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%～59.0%和7.4%～73.7%.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化实验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中的重金属的固化效果. 结果表明,飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》（GB5085.3-2007）,因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%-59.0%和7.4%-73.7%.     

矿渣胶结材固化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰

垃圾焚烧飞灰经测试,重金属Pb和Cr超出浸出毒性标准,被认为是一种危险废物,必须加以稳定化处理.水泥熟料激发的矿渣胶结材(CS)按25%、30%、35%和45%的比例掺入焚烧飞灰中,测试飞灰固化体7、28、60 d的强度、重金属浸出浓度及固化体的水化产物.结果表明,掺入矿渣胶结材后的飞灰固化体60 d养护后均达到填埋标准.矿渣掺量35%时,飞灰固化效果最优,28 d就可以达标,表明焚烧飞灰与矿渣在合适的比例下可发生复合反应,形成超叠加效应,增强固化效果.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰成型及低温烧结稳定化研究

对焚烧飞灰进行水泥固化成型,并对成型体进行烧结研究。通过XRD、SEM等表征方法探索垃圾了焚烧飞灰在高温条件下的反应机理,以及添加助熔剂对烧结的影响。结果表明:添加Na2CO3可促进水泥早期的固化,但对水泥后期的固化不利;在养护时间为2 d时,水泥固化飞灰试块抗压强度达到1.91 MPa,完全满足成型的要求;XRD和SEM分析结果表明:固化体烧结后主要生成钙铝黄长石、硅酸钙等,Na2B4O7·10H2O的助熔效果明显;随着烧结温度的升高,重金属Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度和浸出率下降,随着助熔剂Na2B4O7·10H2O添加量的增加,重金属Cu和Cd的浸出率增加,Pb的浸出率降低;浸出实验结果表明:重金属Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度远低于国家标准。     

添加剂和水洗对焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属迁移特性的影响

研究了添加剂（粘土和粉煤灰）、水洗预处理对焚烧飞灰烧结过程重金属（Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni）迁移特性的影响.水洗时间为8、 16、 24 h.烧结实验条件为成型压力3 kN,烧结温度1 100℃,烧结时间4 h.结果表明,在飞灰中粘土添加比例增加到70%时,重金属Cd的固化率从16.96%升高到28.42%,Pb的固化率从10.58%升高到37.02%, Cu的固化率从46.38%上升到55.14%,Zn的固化率从42.14%上升到64.47%,Ni和Cr的固化率总体上呈现下降的趋势.总体上添加粘土对焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属的固定效果有限.当粉煤灰在烧结前样品中的比例增加时,Cd的固化率从16.96%下降到4.67%,Cu的固化率从46.86%上升到81.43%.粉煤灰的加入对于Zn和Pb的影响不大,对于Ni和Cr的影响规律也不明显.水洗预处理可以把Cd、Cu和Pb的固化率提高到80%以上.焚烧飞灰烧结体TCLP浸出测试表明,添加粘土和粉煤灰以及水洗预处理后,焚烧飞灰烧结试体的重金属浸出浓度普遍较低.     

基于固化法共处置飞灰和浓缩液浸出特性研究

在水泥固化时将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（简称飞灰）以不同的比例代替复合硅酸盐水泥并且用垃圾渗滤液浓缩液代替水进行固化实验,研究了飞灰掺量（40%、50%、60%）、浓缩液替代水对水泥固化法固化效果及重金属（Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Ba）浸出的影响.结果表明：飞灰掺入量的增加会降低固化体的抗压强度,但浓缩液替代水对固化体的抗压强度没有显著影响.不同重金属的浸出行为受掺灰率的影响不同,掺灰率的增加会减少固化体中Zn的浸出,增加Pb和Cd的浸出,Zn、Pb、Cr、As在第36d可达到稳定浸出量不再增加,Ba的累积浸出量持续增加,加入浓缩液后固化体中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As等重金属的浸出量未超过标准限值,可以满足固化处理对浸出毒性的要求.     

掺加垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出毒性及力学特性分析

以广州某垃圾焚烧场的焚烧飞灰为研究对象,通过浸出试验研究了不同预处理方法处理飞灰以及掺预处理飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出毒性,并通过无侧限抗压强度(UCS)试验探讨了垃圾焚烧飞灰对水泥土力学特性的影响。结果表明:焚烧飞灰在固液比1∶8条件下,水洗40 min后仅出现铬浸出浓度超标的现象;除硫酸亚铁外,EDTA二钠、磷酸钠和硫化钠均未能同时有效减少飞灰中铬和铅的含量;掺预处理飞灰的水泥土试样强度随着飞灰掺量、水泥含量及龄期的增加而提高; 10%预处理飞灰替代5%水泥后两者水泥土强度相近,说明掺入飞灰可以有效减少水泥用量。掺入飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出浓度远低于预处理飞灰的重金属浸出浓度,符合GB 5085. 3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》排放标准限值。     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰的硅酸盐水泥稳定化效果研究

采用南方某城市生活垃圾焚烧厂的飞灰进行了硅酸盐水泥稳定化效果及工艺的研究,实验分别就水泥添加量、添加剂的使用、养护时间和浸取剂pH值等因素,考察了飞灰中重金属(Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn)的稳定化效果.结果表明,当硅酸盐水泥/飞灰=10%(质量比)时,采用硅酸盐水泥处理焚烧飞灰的稳定化产物中重金属的浸出浓度都已满足危险废物填埋场入场控制标准;当使用硅酸盐水泥对焚烧飞灰进行稳定化处理时,1d后其水化反应基本完成,此后稳定化处理后焚烧飞灰的重金属浸出毒性趋于稳定;pH相关性实验表明,当使用浸取剂的pH值在3～11的范围变化时,处理后的焚烧飞灰其浸出液的pH基本稳定在7左右,证明该法产生的稳定化产物对环境pH值有很好的适应性.     

全烧垃圾流化床炉飞灰制备免烧砖的性能研究

开展了水泥固化全烧垃圾循环流化床焚烧炉飞灰特性及其制备免烧砖的研究.同时,分析了飞灰的特性,研究了水泥用量对砖体抗压强度和重金属浸出毒性的影响,并对固化前后飞灰在不同p H值溶液环境下的重金属渗滤特性和基于改进RCR连续提取法的重金属形态分布进行了对比研究.结果表明:飞灰中Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni的浸出浓度分别达到1.76、60.29、5.36、1.48 mg·L-1,远超出生活垃圾填埋标准的规定,Cd、Zn、Cu的酸可交换态部分很高,分别为48%、21.26%、20.72%.水泥基材具有良好的稳定效果,添加量达到30%时,免烧砖中重金属的浸出毒性已远低于标准值.随着水泥掺量的提高,免烧砖的抗压强度呈上升趋势,当水泥比例为30%时,强度可达到12.8 MPa,35%水泥比例的砖体,其抗压强度则达到国标建筑用砖的MU15级.与原始飞灰相比,砖体中重金属在不同渗滤液p H下的浸出趋势并未改变,浸出量却显著下降,p H的适应范围变宽.另外,重金属中酸可交换态部分降至低于1%,主要转变成了可还原态,对环境的污染风险大幅降低.     

复配材料固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥研究

利用高效重金属稳定化材料与硅酸盐水泥配制复配材料（FP）,用于固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥。设置3个FP掺量梯度:10%、20%、30%;3个固化体养护时间:7,28,42 d;以硅酸盐水泥为对照（CK）。以抗压强度与颗粒固化体浸出浓度为指标,考察FP的固化与稳定化效果。结果表明:相比于原底泥浸出,10%FP掺量下,As的浸出浓度在7 d时已降低93%以上;28 d时,不同FP掺量下Pb的浸出浓度可降低82.5%~97.68%;Cu、Zn的浸出浓度在FP掺量为30%、养护42 d时达最低值,分别下降了60.97%和89.07%。FP组Cu、As的浸出浓度在掺量为10%、养护7 d时已显著低于CK,而其Zn的浸出浓度在FP掺量达30%、养护42 d时显著低于CK（P<0.01）。增加FP掺量、延长养护时间均能显著提高FP组固化体的抗压强度（P<0.05）,在养护42 d时,FP组抗压强度显著高于CK（P<0.05）,当掺量为30%时,FP组抗压强度可达2.1MPa以上。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.