浅谈生命周期分析与评价

解释了生命周期分析与评价的内涵，简要分析生命周期分析与评价的步骤。比较详细地讨论了生命周期分析与评价今后主要研究课题和发展方向。     

生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用

环境标志说明产品在其整个生命周期中的环境表现满足一定的要求。生命周期评价技术被许多国家作为认证环境标志产品的工具。文章介绍了生命周期评价的定义和框架，以及简式生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用。在分析简式生命周期矩阵不足的基础上，提出了用于评价环境标志产品的改进生命周期矩阵。最后，探讨了生命周期矩阵在其它领域的应用。     

浅谈生命周期分析与评价

解释了生命周期分析与评价的涵涵，简要分析生命周期的分析与评价的步骤，比较详细地讨论了生周期分析与评价今后主要研究课题和发展方向。     

河道护岸工程生命周期碳排放评价探讨

全球变暖已成为人类亟待解决的问题,而解决该问题的关键在于减少全球CO2、CH4和N2O等温室气体的排放。基于生命周期评价方法,将河道护岸工程生命周期全过程划分为材料生产、材料运输、施工建设、维护管理、拆毁处置(或回收)5个单元,进行了河道护岸工程生命周期碳排放来源分析,提出了适合于河道护岸工程的生命周期碳排放评价方法框架。利用此框架,文章对崇明岛典型河道护岸类型——钢筋砼桩板护岸进行了生命周期碳排放计算,得到1功能单位钢筋砼桩板护岸工程的生命周期碳排放为447.05 t。其中,原材料生产单元、材料运输单元和施工单元的碳排放分别为330.33,13.62,103.1 t。目前,崇明岛已有此种护岸工程长度约为2 983 km,得到其总碳排放为133.4万t,占上海2005年碳排放总量的2.30%。     

生命周期评价概述

文章阐述了生命周期评价的基本概念以及评价的基本框架过程。生命周期评价包含３个部分：清单分析，影响评价和改进措施分析，文章对这３个方面从内容到结果分别详细作了论述。     

生命周期评价数据库分析与建模

基于关系数据库和面向对象程序设计理论建立了生命周期评价数据库系统。通过综合分析生命周期评价数据，根据生命周期评价数据的数据类型，将数据分为产品评价数据、产品档案数据、基础材料数据和影响评价基础数据，相应的设计了4个数据库。运用关系数据库理论分别对4个数据库建立了物理结构模型。     

生命周期评价的应用,内涵与挑战

从环境问题与可持续发展出发，指出生命周期评价是在产品层次上实现可持续发展的一种理论评价工具，并探讨了生命周期评价的内涵，论述产品生命周是进行生命周期评价的客观依据，详细探讨应用生命周期评价存在的问题，指出进一步研究生命周期评价的方向。     

地热工程生命周期的环境影响评价

地热资源作为一种清洁能源,具有巨大的开发潜力。随着地热资源开发利用规模的扩大,其开发利用过程中的环境影响及其保护日益受到人们的关注。本文探讨了生命周期评价法(LCA)在地热工程环境影响综合评价中的应用,并利用此法对某深层地热供暖工程的环境影响进行了综合评价。结果表明:地热供暖工程地下部分建设期消耗大量原材料,对环境造成的影响占总影响的98.67%,其他时期环境影响较小;地热供暖工程运营期环境酸化严重。对地热工程进行生命周期环境影响评价,将有利于从根源上分析问题并提出解决方案,并可与传统供暖工程比较评价节能减排的环境效益。     

黄土边坡防护工程碳排放评价体系与模型构建

近年来，边坡防护工程因产生大量的温室气体备受社会各界关注，但关于黄土边坡防护工程碳排放的相关研究鲜有报道。基于生命周期评价理论，将黄土边坡防护工程分为生产阶段、运输阶段、施工阶段与维护管理四个主要阶段，建立黄土边坡防护工程的碳排放评价体系；采用碳排放系数法对各阶段评价指标的碳排放量进行计算，使用CRITIC法对指标进行权重分析，考虑绿色植被的固碳能力，构建黄土边坡防护工程的碳排放评价模型。以具体工程为例，采用该模型对不同方案的碳排放量进行评价，结果表明：柔性支护新技术总碳排放量远小于传统支护技术，能率先达到零排放，节能减排优势明显。可为边坡防护柔性新技术的推广提供理论依据。     

产品生命周期评价体系探讨

生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是一个相对罗新的概念，理论上生命周期评价具有将环境质量融入决策过程的特点，生命周期评价是对产品和过程相关的环境干扰进行定量分析和评估的方法，本文介绍了ＬＣＡ的要领和内容，探讨了ＬＣＡ的技术框架和实施方案，并着重介绍ＬＣＡ的核心－－影响分析的主人指标，提出了ＬＣＡ有待发展完善的方面。     

Collaborative activity with business partners for improvement of product environmental performance using LCA

Collaborative activities with business partners have potential to improve environmental performance of product and life cycle assessment (LCA) is an essential technique to implement eco-design of product and production process. However, collection of LCA data from supply chain is a major issue for LCA practitioners. We propose a Supply Chain Collaboration Model (SCCM), which is a framework for collecting producer-specific LCA data from business partners and for promoting improvement activity of product environmental performance. We demonstrate the practicability of the SCCM using three case studies. In each case study, two or three partner companies organized a product improvement project and carried out process analysis techniques such as LCA and material flow cost accounting (MFCA). As a result, improvement activities from the economical standpoint could provide an incentive for business partners to collect LCA data, and thus the SCCM is an effective framework for eco-design.     

Development of a life cycle assessment tool for construction and maintenance of asphalt pavements

The increasing use of recycled materials in asphalt pavements calls for environmental assessment of such impacts as the energy input and CO₂ footprint. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is being accepted by the road industry for such purpose. It aims to quantify and collate all the environmental impacts from the life time of the product or process. This paper reviews relevant LCA resources worldwide, identifies the knowledge gap for the road industry, and describes the development of an LCA model for pavement construction and maintenance that accommodates recycling and up-to-date research findings. Details are provided of both the methodology and data acquisition. This is followed by a discussion of the challenges of applying LCA to the pavement construction practice, and recommendations for further work. In the case study, the model is applied to an asphalt paving project at London Heathrow Terminal-5 (LHR), in which natural aggregates were replaced with waste glass, incinerator bottom ash (IBA) and recycled asphalt pavements (RAP). Production of hot mix asphalt and bitumen was found to represent the energy intensive processes. This is followed by data analysis and sensitivity check. Further development of the model includes expanding the database to accommodate the recycling and maintenance practice in the UK, and taking into account the effect that roadwork has on traffic emissions. The LCA model can be further tested and calibrated as a decision support tool for sustainable construction in the road industry.     

The ecoinvent database system: a comprehensive web-based LCA database

The paper describes the general structure of the ecoinvent database developed by the Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. The database accommodates more than 2500 background processes often required in LCA case studies.Quality guidelines, established in order to ensure coherent data acquisition and reporting across the various institutes involved, are described. These include aspects such as the reporting of pollutants (e.g., heavy metals), or the nomenclature of processes and elementary flows.The data (exchange) format is also described. Processes are documented with the help of meta-information and flow data (including both unit process raw data and aggregated LCI results). The structure of the data format corresponds to the ISO/TS 14048 data documentation format. Data exchange between project partner institutes and between the database and its customers (database users) is based on XML-technology. Matrix inversion is used to calculate the cumulative LCA data using efficient algorithms and making use of the fact that LCA matrices are usually sparse.     

The feasibility of including sustainability in LCA for product development

The feasibility of combining the concept of sustainability principles and the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is examined. The goal is to achieve an operational tool that incorporates sustainability in product development and strategic planning. While the method outlined has the structure of LCA, it emphasises aspects and parameters often omitted from traditional LCA. The analysis and results can be either qualitative or semi-quantitative. Although a qualitative analysis is less time consuming, it can still highlight the important issues. Qualitative information, which is easily lost in a quantitative analysis, can be emphasised. One of the conclusions is that the method is well suited for screening analysis.     

生命周期评价在环境管理中应用的局限性及其技术进展研究

生命周期评价法(Life Cycle Assessment)在国际上广泛应用于工业企业部门、政府管理部门和服务行业,但最突出的贡献是在环境管理方面的应用.LCA的技术框架分为确定目的与范围、生命周期清单分析、生命周期影响评价(LCIA)和结果解释4个部分.LCIA的方法可归纳为中点法和终点法.LCA存在数据获取、清单分配、边界选择、评价模型、时空限制,以及结果不确定性等方面的局限性.为适应环境管理和评价技术本身的要求,LCA评价技术朝系统化方向发展,目前主要有IO-LCA、ALCA、CLCA、LCC、S-LCA和LCSA等评价技术.不同的评价技术从不同侧面拓展了LCA的应用领域和回避LCA评价的局限性,使得LCA越来越成为环境管理不可或缺的工具.     

污水处理厂环境影响的生命周期分析

生命周期分析技术除了强调污水处理工艺对于污水处理以及污泥的处理和处置必须具有令人满意的功能以外，还强调它们产生的其他方面的重要环境影响，涉及污水厂的能源管理，污水厂的设计，原材料管理以及有关污水厂的总体环境政策。每一种污水处理工艺在净化污水的同时，在其他 施工建设，生产运行和报废拆毁的三个阶段中均存在能源的使用以及污染物的排放问题。     

LCA环境影响分析新探

影响分析是ＬＣＡ的核心内容,也是难度最大的部分。目前采用的定性方法和定量方法都存在不少缺点。本文在笔者构筑的ＬＣＡ指标体系的基础上探索在影响分析中引入了我国现行的环境质量评价方法和手段使影响分析的方法更易于操作,其结果更具有客观性和可比性。本文论述了各项评价指标和计算方法及要素指标的形成并指出利用５个要素指标的数据能比较全面地反映产品的环境性能。     

The uses and abuses of life cycle analyses by non-governmental organizations

During the preparation of the first edition of The LCA Sourcebook, SustainAbility Ltd contacted 120 European non-governmental organizations (NGOs) likely to be involved in life cycle analysis (LCA) work. The results of the survey are summarized below.     

Results of the first adapted design for sustainability project in a South Pacific small island developing state: Fiji

With high population densities concentrated in predominately coastal zones, the South Pacific will, in this century, be heavily impacted by global temperature and sea level rises. Small island developing states do have a number of unique problems, namely, small scale economic development together with environmental sustainability. This paper presents the lessons learnt from the implementation of the first cleaner production and design initiative project conducted in a Pacific small island developing state(s) (SIDS) using the design for sustainability (D4S) methodology. The final product was analysed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. Implemented within a medium-sized enterprise operating in Fiji, the Cook Islands, and Samoa, the project focused on improving an existing product and its associated life cycle to make it more environmentally friendly to manufacture, retail, and dispose of. The project outcomes revealed that D4S provides a suitable tool for a country like Fiji to pursue more intensively an eco-friendly manufacturing agenda. However, when combined with LCA, the qualitative nature of D4S shows that not all solutions produce the best overall result. Specifically, the “improved” design, whilst being less impactful on Fiji in terms of disposal, has a higher impact globally due to the production and manufacture of the new materials used. For this reason designers need to address the impact criteria and decide whether a domestic or international agenda is of greater concern within the SIDS context.