两种介体物质在漆酶降解磺胺类抗生素中的作用

通过比较两种介体物质丁香醛(SA)和1-羟基苯并三氮唑(HBT)对漆酶降解5种典型磺胺类抗生素的影响,考察了介体的起始浓度、pH值、反应温度、漆酶起始浓度等因子的影响,得到介体SA对漆酶催化降解磺胺类抗生素的效果更好.在漆酶+SA反应体系中,反应体系pH值为5~6,反应温度为30℃,SA起始浓度为0.5mmol/L,漆酶起始浓度为0.5mg/mL时,漆酶对5种磺胺类抗生素的降解效果最佳,降解去除率在15min时达到75%左右,1h内均达到97%以上. 本研究表明,适当的介体物质可大大提升漆酶对磺胺类抗生素的降解效果.漆酶在介体物质的作用下对抗生素类污染物的生态净化具有良好的应用潜力.     

漆酶/ABTS介体系统对吲哚的降解研究

采用纯漆酶与介体2,2-连氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻吡咯啉-6-磺酸)(简称ABTS)组成的漆酶/ABTS介体系统对低浓度吲哚进行降解实验。综合考虑,选取降解条件为pH 3、ABTS 0.5 mmol/L,漆酶添加量1 U/mL时,对低浓度吲哚溶液的降解效果最佳,降解率达到80%以上。介体ABTS的加入对降解率的提高发挥了重要作用。体系中决定吲哚降解率高低的重要因素为pH和介体浓度,漆酶添加量影响较小。在HPLC谱图2.4 min和2.7 min出现的新物质可能是氧化吲哚和靛红。     

真菌WZ-Ⅰ对有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱的酶促降解

从高效降解真菌镰孢霉属WZ-Ⅰ(Fusarium LK.ex Fx)中提取了降解酶,研究了该降解酶的分离条件及对毒死蜱的降解特性,研究表明,其胞内酶对毒死蜱的降解率高达60.8%,细胞碎片对毒死蜱的降解率为48%,但由(NH₄)₂SO₄沉淀提取的胞外酶液对毒死蜱的降解率仅为11.3%,经8次非诱导条件下培养提取粗酶液,酶活力损失较少,判断WZ-Ⅰ菌株的毒死蜱降解酶为胞内酶且属于组成酶.以牛血清白蛋白为标准蛋白测得粗提酶中可溶性蛋白的含量为3.36mg·mL^-1;该酶对毒死蜱的酶促降解最适pH为6.8,在pH 6.0～9.0之间都有较高的活性;最适温度为40℃,在实验温度范围(20～50℃)内该降解酶均具有较好的降解活性,但在55℃时,酶活迅速降低,降低到最高酶活力的41%.测得粗提酶中其米氏常数K_m为1.049 26mmol·L^-1,v_max为0.253 5μmol·(mg·min)^-1.研究结果表明该酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性,对热和pH均具有较好的耐受力,高效降解真菌WZ-Ⅰ所产生的胞内酶对毒死蜱具有较好的降解效果.     

Mn2+在黄杆菌FCN2菌株降解芘过程中的作用研究

利用紫外分光光度法和原子吸收分光光度法研究了Mn²⁺在菌株FCN2生长细胞、悬浮细胞、粗酶液降解芘时的影响作用.在菌体生长期加入0.1～5 mmol/L的Mn²⁺,对菌体的生长及生长量无影响,但对芘的降解均有促进作用,以加入0.1mmol/L的Mn²⁺效果最好,其对芘的平均降解率是对照的1.26倍.此时菌株富集的Mn²⁺为0.025mmol/L;在用无外加Mn²⁺培养的菌株FCN2悬浮细胞降解芘时,加入0.5 mmol/L的Mn²⁺,芘的平均降解率为对照的1.67倍.降解反应发生72h后菌株富集的Mn²⁺为0.18mmol/L;在酶促降解时加入0.1mmol/LMn²⁺,平均降解率为对照的1.30倍.结果表明,在不同时期加入的Mn²⁺对降解芘均有一定的促进作用.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在水溶液中的光降解行为研究

采用模拟日光灯和长波紫外灯（UVA-365nm）2种光源,对水溶液中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPEOs）的光降解动力学、降解过程中NPEO同系物成分的变化、以及氧化剂过氧化氢的加入对光降解的影响进行了研究,并采用LC-MS对光降解的产物进行了分析.研究表明,实验周期内NPEOs在模拟日光和长波紫外光下均发生不同程度的光降解,降解速率常数分别为6.20×10^-3　μmol/(L·h)和1.18×10^-2　μmol/(L·h).在模拟日光下,在NPEOs降解过程中观察到短链的NPEO_1,3分布比例的增加,而在长波紫外光下的降解过程中并没有发现NPEO成分分布的变化.过氧化氢的加入对NPEOs的光降解具有明显的促进作用,特别是在模拟日光下,0.01 mmol/L和1.00 mmol/L H₂O₂的加入使NPEOs的96h降解率由20.9%分别提高至44.4%和91.5%.通过LC-MS分析,初步认为壬基酚三乙氧基乙酸的烷基氧化产物(CA_3～9PEC₃)是溶液中NPEOs光降解的主要产物,并据此推断了可能的反应历程.     

活性黑5脱色产物对直接黄11生物脱色的促进作用研究

以沼泽红假单胞菌W1为研究对象,考察了活性黑5（reactive black 5,RB5）脱色产物对直接黄11（direct yellow 11,DY11）生物脱色的影响,并对其机制进行了分析.结果表明,RB5脱色产物能明显加快DY11生物脱色的速率.初始浓度为200 mg/L的DY11加入RB5脱色产物后脱色动力学常数k值可由17 mg/(L·h)增加到42.5 mg/(L·h),优化RB5脱色产物投量,k值可进一步提高到48.8　mg/(L·h).循环伏安分析结果表明,RB5脱色产物具有电化学活性,可媒介电子的转移,其可逆氧化峰（E₀）位于83　mV,可逆还原峰（E_r）位于－220　mV.FT-IR和HPLC-MS的分析结果表明,RB5脱色产物中具有电化学活性的物质为TAHNDS_DP-1.TAHNDS_DP-1具有醌式结构,能通过得失2［H］的方式在氧化态和还原态之间转化,可作为氧化还原介体加速菌株W1对DY11的还原.     

PO43-协同钴介体电催化体系用于亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解性能研究

以阳离子型染料亚甲基蓝（MB）废水为研究对象,采用钴介体电催化（MEO/Co（Ⅱ））与PO₄^3-协同作用体系（简称PO₄^3--MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系）,进行MB电催化降解实验,研究Co²⁺浓度、电流密度、pH值、电解质浓度等因素对PO₄^3--MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系电催化降解MB的效果,并对其分解产物及机理进行了分析与探讨.结果表明：①PO₄^3--MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系主要的氧化性中间产物为Co³⁺,同时存在少量羟基自由基及过磷酸盐.②PO₄^3-与MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系之间具有明显的协同催化作用.PO₄^3--MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系在40 min内对MB的降解率高达100%,是钴介电体系降解率的1.2倍,直接电化学氧化体系降解率的5倍.③Co²⁺浓度、电流密度及pH值对PO₄^3--MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系氧化性能影响较大,而PO₄^3-浓度、电解质浓度对PO₄^3--MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系的氧化性能影响较小.④PO₄^3--MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系对MB的降解过程为：先从MB分子的N—C连接处断键,形成吩噻嗪、2-氨基-5-（N-甲基甲酰胺）苯磺酸及N¹,N¹-二甲基-1,4二氨苯等物质;然后将其降解为苯胺、苯酚、苯磺酸等;最终分解成CO₂和水等无机物.⑤PO₄^3--MEO/Co（Ⅱ）体系对MB的降解机理为：通过铂钛电极直接电催化,以及Co³⁺、过磷酸根、羟基自由基的间接氧化,其中,起主导作用的是Co³⁺的电催化氧化.     

基于计算模拟与响应面分析漆酶对己烯雌酚的降解作用

己烯雌酚（Diethylstilbestrol,DES）作为水环境中最具雌激素活性的合成化合物之一,其给生物体和环境带来的危害已经引起人们的关注.本研究首先通过分子对接与分子动力学模拟从理论上分析漆酶与DES的相互作用;其次通过实验分析其降解动力学模型及不同反应条件和介质对漆酶催化转化DES的影响;最后使用响应面分析方法优化漆酶-ABTS系统催化转化DES的最佳条件.计算结果表明,漆酶与DES的反应能够自发进行且它们之间主要存在氢键和疏水作用力.实验结果表明,反应6 h左右,50 mg·L^-1的DES的降解率达到93%以上;根据Michaelis-Menten模型得到的动力学参数K_m和V_max分别为36.18 mg·L^-1和45.98 mg·L^-1·h^-1,模型的R²为0.99.漆酶催化降解DES的最佳pH为6,最佳温度为55℃.几种介质中,ABTS对漆酶催化降解DES的作用最强.通过响应面分析发现,在pH=5.5、55.98℃、1.52 mmol·L^-1 ABTS、31.52 mg·L^-1 DES的条件下,反应0.5 h后ABTS-漆酶系统可将DES完全降解.本研究可为漆酶催化转化DES提供理论基础和实验方法.     

高铁酸盐对藻类肝毒素的降解

研究高铁酸盐对悦目颤藻(Oscillatoria amoena)肝毒素(Microcystin-LR)的降解效能及其与pH的关系. 结果表明,处理有机质含量很高的藻类肝毒素粗提液,当高铁投加量增到40mg/L,pH控制在6～10,肝毒素几乎被完全降解.同时高铁的还原产物Fe³⁺、Fe(OH)₃发挥其助凝、絮凝的作用,对水体中有机质吸附沉降去除,TOC去除率达到50%左右,铁几乎无残留.高效液相色谱分析发现,作用机制可能是高铁氧化或异构化Adda基团的共轭双键,使Adda基团的结构发生变化,从而降低其毒性.     

升流式厌氧污泥床处理含五氯酚废水的工艺特性

研究了升流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）在中温条件下处理含五氯酚（PCP）模拟废水时的工艺特点及PCP降解机理。结果表明,在以处理啤酒废水的厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物（接种量约15gVSS/L）,运行温度为35±1℃,水力停留时间20～24h,进水COD浓度为2500～2800mg/L,进水PCP浓度由1.0mg/L上升至8.0mg/L条件下,120d左右完成启动,COD和PCP去除率分别为86％及94％以上。高效液相色谱仪检测结果分析表明,PCP厌氧降解的途径是首先经间位脱氯生成四氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚,再经邻位和对位脱氯生成2,4-二氯酚和邻氯苯酚,最后矿化为CH₄和CO₂。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.