Biological formation of 5-aminolevulinic acid by photosynthetic bacteria

In this study, ? stains of Rhodopseudomonas sp. were selected from 36 photosynthetic bacteria stains storied in our laboratory.Fthodopseudomonas sp. strain 99-28 has the highest 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA) production ability in these ? strains. Rhodopseudomonas sp. 99-28 strain was mutated using ultraviolet radiation and a mutant strain L-1, which ALA production is higher than wild strain 99-28 about one times, was obtained. The elements affecting ALA formation of strain 99-28 and L-1 were studied. Under the optimal condition( pH 7.5,supplement of ALA dehydratase(ALAD) inhibitor, levulinic acid(LA) and precursors of ALA synthesis, glycine and succinat, 3000 Ix of light density), ALA formation of mutant L-1 was up to 22.1.5 mg/L. Strain L-1 was used to treat wastewater to remove CODc, and produce ALA. ALA production was 2.819 mg/L, 1.531 mg/L, 2.166 mg/L, and 2.424 mg/L in monosodium glutamate wastewater(MGW),succotash wastewater(SW), brewage wastewater(BW), and citric acid wastewater(CAW) respectively. More than 90% of CODc, was removed in four kinds of wastewater. When LA, glycin and succinate were supplied, ALA production was dramatically increased,however, CODcr could hardly be removed.     

Evaluation of fungal potentiality for bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge

This study was undertaken to screen the filamentous fungi isolated from its relevant habitats (wastewater, sewage sludge and sludge cake) for the bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge. A total of 35 fungal strains were tested against wastewater sludge (total suspended solids, TSS 1%-5% w/w) to evaluate its potentiality for enhancing the biodegradability and dewaterability using liquid state bioconversion(LSB) process. The strains were divided into five groups i. e. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Basidiomycete and Miscellaneous, respectively. The strains WWZP1003, SCahmA103, SCahmT105 and PC-9 among their respective groups of Penicillium,Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Basidiomycete played potential roles in terms of separation (formation of pellets/flocs/filaments),biodegradation(removal of COD) and filtration(filterability) of treated domestic wastewater sludge. The Miscellaneous group was not considered due to its unsatisfactory results as compared to the other groups. The pH value was also influenced by the microbial treatment during fermentation process. The filterability of treated sludge was improved by fungal treatment, and lowest filtration time was recorded for the strain WWZP1003 and SCahmA103 of Penicillium and Aspergillus groups respectively compared with other strains.     

Isolation and characterization of a profenofos degrading bacterium

Profenofos, a well known organophosphate pesticide, has been in agricultural use over the last two decades for controlling Lepidopteron pests of cotton and tobacco crops. In this study, a bacterial strain, OW, was isolated from a long term profenofos exposed soil by an enrichment technique, and its ability to degrade profenofos was determined using gas chromatography. The isolated strain OW was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa according to its physiological and biochemical properties, and the analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strain grew well at pH 5.5–7.2 with a broad temperature profile. Bioremediation of profenofos-contaminated soil was examined using soil treated with 200 g/g profenofos, which resulted in a higher degradation rate than control soils without inoculation. In a mineral salt medium (FTW), removal in the level of profenofos of 86.81% was obtained within 48 h of incubation. The intermediates of profenofos metabolism indicated that the degradation occurred through a hydrolysis mechanism, and one of the metabolites was found to be 4 bromo-2-cholorophenol (BCP) which in turn was also mineralized by the strain. The results of this study highlighted the potentiality of P. aeruginosa as a biodegrader which could be used for the bioremediation of profenofos contaminated soil.     

From waste hot-pot oil as carbon precursor to development of recyclable attapulgite/carbon composites for wastewater treatment

The utilization of waste products as valuable materials was a technical imperative for waste management. In this study, the cost-effective attapulgite/carbon(APT/C) composite was developed for wastewater treatment using waste hot-pot oil as a carbon precursor through a facile one-step calcination process. The APT/C composite prepared at 300°C exhibited the excellent adsorption capacity and rapid equilibrium rate over a broad p H range for the removal of various pollutants. More importantly, the removal ratios of the composites toward Methyl Violet and tetracycline still remained 77.6% and 60.2% of the initial adsorption capacity after ten adsorption–regeneration cycles via a facile thermal regeneration strategy, respectively.Beyond all doubt, this research provided a feasible and economical way for the sustainable utilization of waste hot-pot oil in wastewater treatment, achieving the concept of disposal waste with waste and recycling.     

Characterization of a salt-tolerant bacterium Bacillus sp. from a membrane bioreactor for saline wastewater treatment

High salt concentrations can cause plasmolysis and loss of activity of cells, but the salt-torlerant bacterium can endure the high salt concentrations in wastewater. In this research 7 salt-torlerant bacteria, which could survive in dry powder products and could degrade organic contaminants in saline wastewater, were isolated from a membrane bioreactor. The strain NY6 which showed the fastest growth rate, best property for organic matter degradation and could survive in dry powder more than 3 months was selected and characterized. It was classified as Bacillus aerius based on the analysis of the morphological and physiological properties as well as the 16 S rRNA sequence and Neigh borjoining tree. The strain NY6 could survive in the salinity up to 6% and the optimal growth salinity is2%; it belongs to a slightly halophilic bacterium. The capability of its dry powder products for COD removal was 800 mg COD/(g·day) in synthesized saline wastewater with salinity of 2%. According to salt-tolerant mechanism research, when the salinity was below 2%, the stain NY6 absorbed K+and Na+to maintain osmotic equilibrium, and when the salinity was above 2%, the NY6 kept its life by producing a large amount of spores.     

Quantification of hookworm ova from wastewater matrices using quantitative PCR

A quantitative PCR(q PCR) assay was used to quantify Ancylostoma caninum ova in wastewater and sludge samples.We estimated the average gene copy numbers for a single ovum using a mixed population of ova.The average gene copy numbers derived from the mixed population were used to estimate numbers of hookworm ova in A.caninum seeded and unseeded wastewater and sludge samples.The newly developed qP CR assay estimated an average of3.7 × 10~3 gene copies per ovum,which was then validated by seeding known numbers of hookworm ova into treated wastewater.The qP CR estimated an average of(1.1 ± 0.1),(8.6 ± 2.9)and(67.3 ± 10.4) ova for treated wastewater that was seeded with(1 ± 0),(10 ± 2) and(100 ± 21)ova,respectively.The further application of the q PCR assay for the quantification of A.caninum ova was determined by seeding a known numbers of ova into the wastewater matrices.The qP CR results indicated that 50%,90% and 67% of treated wastewater(1 L),raw wastewater(1 L)and sludge(~4 g) samples had variable numbers of A.caninum gene copies.After conversion of the q PCR estimated gene copy numbers to ova for treated wastewater,raw wastewater,and sludge samples,had an average of 0.02,1.24 and 67 ova,respectively.The result of this study indicated that qP CR can be used for the quantification of hookworm ova from wastewater and sludge samples;however,caution is advised in interpreting qP CR generated data for health risk assessment.     

Degradation of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol by an isolated high-efficiency bacterium strain

An aerobic bacterium strain, F-3-4, capable of effectively degrading 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol(2,6-DTBP), was isolated and screened out from an acrylic fiber wastewater and the biofilm in the wastewater treatment facilities. This strain was identified as Alcaligenes sp. through morphological, physiological and biochemical examinations. After cultivation, the strain was enhanced by 26.3% in its degradation capacity for 2,6-DTBP. Results indicated that the strain was able to utilize 2,6-DTBP, lysine, lactamine, citrate, n-utenedioic acid and malic acid as the sole carbon and energy source, alkalinize acetamide, asparagine, L-histidine, acetate, citrate and propionate,but failed to utilize glucose, D-fructose, D-seminose, D-xylose, sedne and phenylalanine as the sole carbon and energy source. The optimal growth conditions were determined to be: temperature 37℃, pH 7.0, inoculum size 0.1% and shaker rotary speed 250 r/min. Under the optimal conditions, the degradation kinetics of 2,6-DTBP with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L was studied. Results indicated that 62.4% of 2,6-DTBP was removed after 11 d. The degradation kinetics could be expressed by Eckenfelder equation with a half life of 9.38 d. In addition, the initial concentration of 2,6-DTBP played an important role on the degradation ability of the strain. The maximum initial concentration of 2,6-DTBP was determined to be 200 mg/L. Above this level, the strain was overloaded and exhibited significant inhibition.     

Biodegradation of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan by bacterial strain Alcaligenes faecalis JBW4

The recently discovered endosulfan-degrading bacterial strain Alcaligenesfaecalis JBW4 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain is able to use endosulfan as a carbon and energy source. The optimal conditions for the growth of strain JBW4 and for biodegradation by this strain were identified, and the metabolic products of endosulfan degradation were studied in detail. The maximum level of endosulfan biodegradation by strain JBW4 was obtained using broth at an initial pH of 7.0, an incubation temperature of 40℃ and an endosulfan concentration of I00 mg/L. The concentration of endosulfan was determined by gas chromatography. Strain JBW4 was able to degrade 87.5% of α-endosulfan and 83.9% of β-endosulfan within 5 days. These degradation rates are much higher than the previously reported bacterial strains. Endosulfan diol and endosulfan lactone were the major metabolites detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; endosulfan sulfate, which is a persistent and toxic metabolite, was not detected. These results suggested that A. faecalis JBW4 degrades endosulfan via a non-oxidative pathway. The biodegradation of endosulfan by A. faecalis is reported for the first time. Additionally, the present study indicates that strain JBW4 may have potential for the biodegradation of endosulfan residues.     

Isolation of a salt tolerant laccase secreting strain of Trichoderma sp. NFCCI-2745 and optimization of culture conditions and assessing its effectiveness in treating saline phenolic effluents

Most of the hazardous pollutants are phenolic in nature and persists in the environment. The ability of laccases to oxidize phenolic compounds and reduce molecular oxygen to water has led to intensive studies of these enzymes. Therefore the fungal strains with high laccase activity and substrate affinity that can tolerate harsh environmental conditions have a potential for biotechnological applications. Salt tolerant laccase secreting fungi can be utilized in treatment of saline and phenolic rich industrial effluents such as coir effluent and textile effluent that needed to be diluted several fold before microbial treatment. This is the first study describing the isolation and optimization of a salt tolerant strain of Trichoderma sp. potential for industrial applications. The fungus was identified based on morphological characteristics and was subsequently confirmed with molecular techniques and deposited at National Fungal Culture Collections of India （NFCCI） under the Accession No. Trichoderma viride NFCCI 2745. In contrast to other laccase secreting fungi, light conditions did not exert much influence on laccase production of this strain and salinity enhanced its laccase secretion. The fungus effectively removed the phenolic content of the textile effluent, coir-ret liquor and wood processing effluent within 96 hr of incubation. The tolerance of the fungus to high salinity and phenolic compounds makes this strain ideal for treating saline and phenolic rich industrial effluents.     

Nitric oxide removal by wastewater bacteria in a biotrickling filter

Nitric oxide(NO) is one of the most important air pollutants in atmosphere mainly emitted from combustion source. A biotrickling filter was designed and operated to remove NO from an air stream using bacteria extracted from the sewage sludge of a municipal sewage treatment plant. To obtain the best operation conditions for the biotrickling filter, orthogonal experiments(L9(34)) were designed. Inlet oxygen concentration was found to be the most significant factor of the biotrickling filter and has a significant negative effect on the system. The optimal conditions of the biotrickling filter occurred at a temperature of 40℃, a pH of 8.0 and a chemical oxygen demand of 165 mg/L in the recycled water with no oxygen in the system. The bacteria sample was detected by DNA sequencing technology and showed 93%–98% similarity to Pseudomonas mendocina. Moreover, a full gene sequencing results indicated the bacterium was a brand new strain and named as P. mendocina DLHK. This strain can transfer nitrate to organic nitrogen. The result suggested the assimilation nitrogen process in this system. Through the isotope experimental analysis, two intermediate products(15NO and 15N2O) were found. The results indicated the denitrification function and capability of the biotrickling filter in removing NO.     

自然选育酵母菌对不同废水处理及资源化研究

从色拉油加工废水,味精废水、印染废水、钻井废水等4种特性各异的废水中筛选出酵母菌,并根据形态特征和生理生化特征对筛选到的12种酵母菌（包括2种耐氨酵母）进行了鉴定。结果表明：酵母菌处理工艺对色拉油加工废水和味精废水这两类高浓度有机废水具有较好的处理效率,如前者的TOC和后者的COD的去除率均在85%以上。但对人工合成物质含量较高的印染废水和钻井废水处理效果较差。这一结果可能与酵母菌原来所处的环境条件有关。     

酵母菌T-2对蒽醌染料的脱色研究

从温州市上桥一家染料厂的污泥中筛选分离到一株染料脱色优势酵母菌T 2。经初步鉴定为红酵母属 (RhodotorulaHarri sonsp .)。并研究了该菌在不同温度、pH、培养时间、染料浓度、接种量等条件下对染料脱色的情况。同时 ,还研究了不同碳源、氮源等营养条件下对活性艳蓝KN R脱色的情况。实验结果表明 :在 30℃～ 35℃温度范围内T 2菌对活性艳蓝KN R的脱色率为 89.9%～ 95.1 % ,最佳脱色温度为 35℃ ,pH值在 2 .0～ 7.0范围内T 2对活性艳蓝KN R的脱色率为 81 .7%～ 92 .6 % ,最佳脱色 pH为 3.0 ,碳源、氮源、接种量及染料浓度对其脱色率均有影响     

天山北麓典型水库病毒多样性及其中潜在病原体的分析

为了解天山北麓中段水库中病毒多样性及其功能和潜在危害,选取三屯碑水库(STW)、八一水库(BYW)和蘑菇湖水库(MGW)为典型水库进行病毒宏基因组学分析.水库水样经FeCl₃絮凝和聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)富集获得浓缩病毒颗粒,利用病毒宏基因组学方法分析病毒多样性及其功能,挖掘并分析病原体的基因序列.结果表明:①天山北麓中段典型水库STW、BYW和MGW中分别获得病毒序列36 784 178、32 434 254和30 537 928条,形成重叠群15 400、11 894和30 771个.②水库病毒分属9科、26种,在科分类阶元上优势病毒均属于有尾噬菌体目(Caudovirales),BYW和MGW中肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridae)的相对丰度最高,STW中长尾噬菌体科(Siphoviridae)的相对丰度最高;在种分类阶元上,STW、BYW和MGW中相对丰度最高的病毒分别为链霉菌噬菌体(Streptomyces phages)、微囊藻噬菌体(Microcystis phages)和欧文氏菌噬菌体(Erwinia phages).③病毒功能基因分析表明,噬菌体主要衣壳蛋白和尾蛋白等结构蛋白以及病毒复制和装配相关蛋白编码基因的相对丰度较高.④水库中存在多种植物和动物的致病性病毒,其中MGW中肠病毒相对丰度较高,并从中获得了人类手足口病的病原体——柯萨奇病毒A10(Coxsackievirus A10,CV-A10)的VP1基因序列,其与原始株Kowalik序列一致.研究显示:天山北麓中段水库优势病毒均为噬菌体,病毒复制活跃;不同水库的病毒群落组成存在差异,其与周边环境和人类活动等因素相关;水库中检测出CV-A10等致病性病毒,存在潜在公共卫生风险.      

餐厨垃圾废水制备液态解磷菌剂研究

本研究探讨了餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基质生产液态解磷巨大芽孢杆菌菌肥的可行性.结果表明,餐厨垃圾废水培养的巨大芽孢杆菌经过3~4d的调整期即进入对数生长期,第6~7d活菌数达到最大,而经过湿热预处理得到的II类废水较I类废水更适宜用作巨大芽孢杆菌的培养基质,其菌液活菌数是I类废水培养的活菌数的5倍（4.8×10¹⁵CFU/mL）.废水中的盐分对巨大芽孢杆菌的生长代谢影响显著：活菌数随着NaCl含量的增加先升高后快速降低,最利于菌种培养的NaCl浓度为10g/L.pH值和温度极显著影响巨大芽孢杆菌的生长,而摇床转速和接种量对菌株培养影响不显著,正交试验确定的较优培养条件为pH=8、T=35℃、转速80r/min、接种量2%（V/V）.餐厨垃圾废水制备的解磷菌肥可实现土壤中固化磷的有效磷化：施用0.025‰~2.5‰质量比例解磷菌剂的土壤生长的黄豆苗干重可达到按照5‰质量比例施加无机复合肥生长的黄豆苗的70.7%~84.5%,其中微生物菌肥的最佳施用量为0.25‰.     

味精废水的清洁生产治理技术

介绍了味精废水清洁生产的工艺技术,并与传统的物化-生化方法进行了比较。运行结果表明:该工艺既节约能源,又经济可靠。     

Purified terephthalic acid wastewater biodegradation and toxicity

The biodegradation and toxicity of the purified terephthalic acid（PTA） processing wastewater was researched at NJYZ pilot with the fusant strain Fhhh in the carrier activated sludge process（ CASP）. Sludge loading rate（SLR） for Fhhh to COD of the wastewater was 1.09 d^-1 and to PTA in the wastewater was 0.29 d^-1. The results of bioassay at the pilot and calculation with software Ebis3 showed that the 48h-LC50 （median lethal concentration） to Daphnia magna for the PTA concentration in the wastewater was only 1/10 of that for the chemical PTA. There were .5 kinds of benzoate pollutants and their toxicities existing in the wastewater at least. The toxicity parameter value of the pure chemical PTA cannot be used to predicate the PTA wastewater toxicity. The toxicity of the NJYZ PTA wastewater will be discussed in detail in this paper.     

1株BTEX降解新菌株的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

取自炼油污水处理厂曝气池的活性污泥经过苯系物定向驯化后,选育到1株能同时高效降解苯、甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯(BTEX)的菌株byf-4,基于形态特征、生理生化、16S rDNA序列系统学分析和Biolog鉴定,可确定该菌株为染料分枝杆菌Mycobacterium cosmeticum,其为新发现的1株具有降解BTEX性能的菌株.该菌株最佳生长温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0,其对4种苯系物的降解优先顺序为苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯;菌株降解苯、甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯的比耗氧速率分别为165.3、170.5、49.3和57.4 mg.(min.mg)-1;菌株降解BTEX的过程遵循Haldane动力学模型,对苯、甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯的最大比降解速率分别为0.518、0.491、0.443和0.422 h-1,菌株最大比生长速率分别为0.352、0.278、0.172和0.136 h-1.     

一株利用生物柴油废水产氢的光合菌的筛选、鉴定

从37株光合细菌中筛选出1株能够利用甘油做碳源进行有效产氢的菌株(DB803).根据该菌株的形态、生理生化特征、16S rDNA序列和ERIC-PCR结果分析,初步鉴定该菌株为类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides).研究了该菌株在30℃, 4000lx光照厌氧条件下利用不同浓度的生物柴油废水产氢的能力,当培养基起始COD浓度为11.5g/L时,其在对数生长期平均产氢速度为38mL/(L·h),同时,废水COD去除率达91.2%.