不同堆料比对石油烃废弃物堆肥处理效率的影响

采用高温好氧堆肥化技术,研究了不同堆料比对石油烃废弃物堆肥处理效率的影响。实验设计难度降解有机物／易降解有机物（堆料比）分别为１：１１、１：３０和１：６０,结果表明：１：３０为最适堆料比,在这一条件下,废弃物中的石油烃经２８ｄ堆肥处理可达到５９．１２％的去除率。     

臭氧+曝气生物滤池深度处理工艺试验研究

针对某污水厂出水不达标的情况,本研究采用臭氧(O3)和曝气生物滤池(BAF)组合工艺对其进行深度处理.结果表明,当采用两级臭氧+曝气生物滤池工艺时,出水COD在31～46 mg/L,色度在13～29倍,均达到一级A排放标准.在最佳运行条件下,臭氧氧化使相对分子质量大于50 000的有机物含量减少10％,小于1 000的有机物含量增加14％.曝气生物滤池工艺使相对分子质量小于1 000的有机物含量降低了24％.     

活性污泥法污水厂剩余污泥微氧消化的中试研究

为降低中小型污水处理厂剩余污泥好氧消化的动力消耗，对城市污水处理厂剩余污泥在低溶解氧状况下的消化进行了初步研究，并进行了连续流的中试实验。通过监测污泥体积的消减和挥发性有机物降解的实验结果表明，在低污泥浓度下，曝气量为好氧消化的1／2时，污泥中有机物降解率在50％以上，达到了较好的稳定化效果。污泥微氧消化工艺为中小型污水处理厂的污泥稳定化处理提供了新思路。     

磺胺甲噁唑对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨磺胺甲噁唑(Sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)对猪粪堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪、小麦秸秆为试验材料,研究了SMZ对好氧高温堆肥过程中温度、脱氢酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,在整个堆腐过程中,SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的处理中脱氢酶活性受到不同程度的抑制作用;SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1时对脱氢酶活性有激活作用.SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1的处理中AWCD值与未添加SMZ的处理差异不显著,Simpson指数显著高于其他处理,有利于提高微生物的优势度,Shannon多样性指数显著高于未添加SMZ的处理,提高了微生物群落的丰富度和均匀度.SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的处理中AWCD值显著低于其他处理,对微生物活性具有一定的抑制作用.SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的堆料中微生物对多酚化合物类和多胺类等物质利用率显著低于其他处理,SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1的堆料中微生物对糖类、多聚物类及多胺类等物质利用率较低.主成分分析表明,堆料中微生物中起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类、羧酸类及AA酸类.     

堆肥系统的通风控制方式

对堆肥系统的不同通风控制方式比较结果表明,强制通风静态垛系统宜采用通风速率变化的时间－温度反馈正压通风控制方式（控制堆体中心最高温度为６０℃）,密闭式堆肥系统宜采用Ｏ₂含量反馈的通风控制方式（保持堆料间Ｏ₂ 体积分数为１５％ ～２０％）． 在中国,堆肥系统采用时间控制和时间－温度反馈控制的通风方式比较经济和适宜．     

反应温度对自热式高温好氧消化(ATAD)中试系统运行的影响

城市污水污泥是城市污水处理厂的副产物,需要稳定化处理。本试验设计了由2个圆罐串联的自热式高温好氧消化中试系统处理城市污水污泥。通过批式试验探讨反应器温度对污泥稳定化处理效果的影响,以及影响反应器自升温的因素。试验发现①反应温度对挥发性的有机物的去除有显著影响,反应温度越高,VSS去除率越高。②影响反应温度的主要因素有进泥浓度、消化时间和曝气量。当进泥的VSS浓度为37.2g/L时,ATAD反应器最高温度可到49℃,只需14～17d的消化时间VSS的去除率可达到41.7%,污泥能达到稳定化。     

混合堆肥过程中挥发性固体含量的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥与猪粪混合堆肥表明:升温期和高温期堆体上部有机物降解的差异较大,降温期堆体下部各层有机物降解的差异较大,且堆体内挥发性固体(VS)含量已形成明显的层次效应,腐熟期堆体中部有机物降解的差异较大,堆体内VS含量的层次效应仍很明显;不同堆肥期堆体内VS含量的差异由大到小分别为:降温期≥腐熟期>高温期>升温期,不同部位有机物降解程度由大到小为:上部>中部>下部;VS含量随时间的变化满足一级反应动力学方程,城市污泥和猪粪混合堆肥过程中VS的降解速率约为0.3kg·d^-1,VS含量降低了8.2%.     

高效复合微生物菌群在垃圾堆肥中的应用

利用高效复合微生物菌群对生活垃圾和污泥混合堆肥,通过测定堆肥过程中总菌数、温度、有机物、C/N比等,较系统地研究了高效复合微生物菌群在生活垃圾、污泥混合堆肥系统中的作用.试验证明:在生活垃圾和污泥共堆肥系统中,调节堆料比为厨房垃圾:污泥:粉煤灰土:成熟堆肥污泥:干草=41.6:27.8:13.8:11.1:5.5,有机物约为60%,总氮14%,全磷0.69%,全钾1.25%;初始含水率为58.5%,初始C/N比=30i供气量控制在0.8L/min·kg挥发性有机物,处理1、处理2、处理3堆料中分别接种2%、3%、5%(质量分数)的高效复合微生物菌群,与加入3%灭活菌的对照组进行对比实验.对照组、处理1、处理2和处理3堆肥系统垃圾腐熟时间分别为30d、24d、18d和12d;说明高效复合微生物菌群可以加速生活垃圾和污泥的降解,保证堆肥过程的顺利进行.处理3与对照组相比,堆腐时间缩短了18d,同时成品堆肥中含有大量具有生物活性的微生物,是一种良好的生物活性有机肥料.     

高梯度磁分离处理饮用水技术

高梯度磁分离处理饮用水技术与传统净水工艺相比,生产效率高,反应怏,出水水质好,浊度在0～3度,色度在10度以下,细菌与大肠菌去除率为99～100％,有机物的去除率也比传统工艺高50～70%,对寒冷地区低温低浊度水处理有明显效果。此外,该     

锌污染对猪粪堆肥过程中氧化还原类酶活性的影响

以猪粪和秸秆为主要试验材料,添加不同浓度重金属Zn,采取发酵罐处理方法,在好氧高温条件下,研究了重金属锌污染对猪粪堆肥过程中多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶活性的影响,以及对堆腐过程堆体温度、堆料pH值、胡敏酸E4/E6值的影响.结果表明:①CK以及低量重金属Zn污染的堆料升温快,高温期持续时间长,达到无害化处理.②Zn含量为600mg·kg-1和900mg·kg-1的堆料E4/E6平均值小,有利于腐殖质的缩合和芳构化.③Zn含量为600mg·kg-1的堆料多酚氧化酶平均活性、脱氢酶平均活性最高,有助于堆料中木质素的降解及其产物的转化、微生物生长繁殖.④Zn含量为300mg·kg-1、600mg·kg-1、900mg·kg-1的堆料对pH有较强的控制能力,其脱氢酶活性均表现出一定的不稳定性,可能是重金属对脱氢酶活性有抑制作用的同时发生"抗性酶活性现象".     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.