气象因素对北京市大气颗粒物浓度影响的非参数分析

利用2005年9月-2006年9月北京市大气颗粒物分级(不同粒径)监测资料和同期分时段气象观测数据,采用非参数分析(Spearman秩相关系数)法对北京市3种粒径大气颗粒物在不同季节的浓度水平与气象因素的影响进行了研究.结果表明:不同季节影响颗粒物质量浓度的气象因素各不相同;春季ρ(PM2.5),ρ(PM2.5～10)和ρ(PM10)都与气压呈显著负相关;夏季颗粒物质量浓度受降水影响很大;秋、冬季ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)均与日照时数呈显著负相关;冬季p(PM2.5),ρ(PM2.5～10)和ρ(PM10)均与平均风速呈显著负相关,与气温、相对湿度呈显著正相关.细粒子和粗粒子质量浓度对气象因素变化的响应程度也有较大区别.春、夏季地面平均风速对粗粒子质量浓度的影响比细粒子显著,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)随风速增加而增大;秋季日照时数对细粒子质量浓度的影响比粗粒子更显著,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)随日照时数增加而减小;冬季相对湿度对粗粒子质量浓度的影响比细粒子显著,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)随相对湿度增加而减小.     

苏州市气溶胶消光特性及其对灰霾特征的影响

为研究气溶胶消光特性对城市灰霾特征及形成的影响机制,采用2010年1月─2013年12月4 a的苏州市逐时散射系数、能见度、颗粒物质量浓度以及风速、风向、气温、气压、相对湿度等数据,对该市气溶胶散射系数、消光特性及影响因子进行了研究.结果表明:苏州市气溶胶散射系数为(301.1±251.3)Mm-1,日变化呈双峰型,早高峰出现在07:00─08:00,晚高峰出现在20:00─21:00;其年内变化呈夏季低、冬季高.气溶胶散射系数与ρ(PM2.5)的相关系数为0.77,高于与ρ(PM1)和ρ(PM10)的相关性,PM2.5散射效率为6.08 m2g.气溶胶散射系数受风速、风向等气象要素的影响:风速4 ms时,气溶胶散射系数下降迅速;风速在4~6 ms时,气溶胶散射系数随风速下降缓慢.苏州市气溶胶单次散射反照率平均值为0.84,散射消光比平均值为0.79,说明该地区气溶胶消光以散射性气溶胶为主.气溶胶散射消光、气溶胶吸收消光、空气分子散射消光、NO2吸收消光分别占大气消光的82.33%、13.63%、2.72%和1.32%.研究表明,对气溶胶散射消光贡献最大的非吸收性PM2.5是苏州市能见度下降、灰霾增加的最重要原因.     

鞍山大气颗粒物浓度的变化特征

利用鞍山大气成分监测站Grimm180观测的2007年颗粒物数浓度,ρ(PM10),ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM1.0)以及台站的常规气象观测资料,分析了该地区颗粒物数浓度的谱分布、质量浓度的变化特征及与气象条件的相关性.结果表明:颗粒物数浓度谱分布符合Junge分布;参数v与能见度呈负相关,v值越大且PM0.45占PM10的数浓度比例小于90%,能见度较差;颗粒物质量浓度日变化呈双峰特征,ρ(PM10),ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM1.0)之间有很好的相关性,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)平均值为0.654,ρ(PM1.0)/ρ(PM2.5)的平均值为0.832,ρ(PM1.0)/ρ(PM10)平均值为0.545;鞍山地区年主导风向为SE,颗粒物质量浓度变化受辽宁沙尘移动路径的影响较小,主要受排放累积型污染影响,其中大雾天气条件下颗粒物质量浓度较高,大雾期间的回归方程截距较年平均回归方程的大,这对研究颗粒物质量浓度的突变特性具有指示作用.     

北京地区PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征

北京市区2003-01-16-04—30PM10和PM25的监测结果表明，虽然ρ(PM10)，ρ(PM2.5)的变化幅度较大，但是其变化趋势非常相似。PM10，PM2.5质量浓度的日变化呈双峰特征分布。ρ(PM2.5)／ρ(PM10)的平均值为56．6％，说明可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中细粒子(PM2.5)的含量大于粗粒子(PM2.5-10)。     

沈阳一次雾霾天气颗粒物浓度及光学特征变化

利用2011年10月17~22日连续在线观测沈阳地区大气能见度、颗粒物质量浓度ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(PM1.0)、以及通过太阳光度计测量数据反演得到的气溶胶光学厚度、Angstrom波长指数、气溶胶粒子谱分布数据,结合相对湿度、风速、温度等气象资料,分析了2011年秋季沈阳一次雾霾天气过程中能见度与颗粒物质量浓度及气溶胶光学特征变化.结果表明:相对温度偏高、小风天气以及颗粒物质量浓度累积是造成沈阳能见度下降、引发雾霾天气的主要因素;雾霾期间细粒子所占比例较高,ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(PM1.0)平均值分别为138.8、103.3、94.9μg/m3,比雾霾过程前均增加约2倍左右,PM2.5/PM10和PM1.0/PM10分别为74.7%和68.6%;当RH80%时,能见度与颗粒物质量浓度相关性显著(R20.90),RH80%时,能见度与颗粒物浓度间的相关性减弱;雾霾期间气溶胶光学厚度明显增加,雾霾前气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom波长指数平均值分别为0.82和0.94,雾霾期间气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom波长指数平均值分别为1.42和1.25;雾霾天气过程中,细模态粒子的峰值浓度约是雾霾前细粒子浓度的2倍,说明沈阳地区大气污染物以细粒子为主,进而影响气溶胶光学特征发生变化.     

天津市PM10, PM2.5和PM1连续在线观测分析

利用2010年9月1日─11月30日在中国气象局天津大气边界层观测站采集的ρ(PM10),ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM1)数据,分析了观测期间可吸入颗粒物的统计特征,结合同期气象观测资料,分析了典型天气条件下ρ(PM10),ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM1)的日变化特征及与风速、风向的关系.结果表明:观测期间,ρ(PM10)日均值有超过12的天数超过《国家环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095─1996)二级标准限值;ρ(PM2.5)有63 d超过美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)1997标准限值,超标率高达76.8%;不同天气条件下,ρ(PM10),ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM1)日变化特征明显,三者一般在大雾或扬沙浮尘天气条件下出现高值,有降水过程时出现低值;可吸入颗粒物以粗粒子(PM2.5～10)和PM1为主,PM2.5～10,PM1～2.5和PM1主要分布在风速小于3 m/s,风向为225°～280°和70°～110°范围内;风速大于3 m/s时,ρ(PM2.5～10)和ρ(PM1～2.5)有所增加.ρ(PM10),ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM1)未出现周末效应,但存在明显的周内变化.     

苏州城区能见度与颗粒物浓度和气象要素的相关分析

利用苏州市2009年9月─2010年5月的颗粒物(包括黑碳,PM2.5和PM10)质量浓度、能见度、相对湿度、风速、风向、气温等观测资料,分析了苏州城区能见度与颗粒物质量浓度及气象要素的相关关系.结果表明:ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)与能见度的r(相关系数)分别为-0.465,-0.359和-0.238,这3种颗粒物中,能见度与ρ(黑碳)的相关性最显著.当相对湿度≤60%时,ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)与能见度的r分别为-0.675,-0.411和-0.364.相对湿度较低时,颗粒物与能见度相关性较好.能见度与温度、风速的r分别为0.132和0.188,与相对湿度的r为-0.632.用颗粒物质量浓度和气象要素建立的能见度多元线性回归模型效果不好,在该模型基础上用ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM10)和相对湿度建立了能见度的多元二次回归模型,R(复相关系数)达到0.865,R2(复决定系数)达到0.749.     

银川市气溶胶变化特征及其与气象条件的关系分析

利用银川市2013年的气溶胶和气象要素观测资料,分析银川市不同粒径颗粒物浓度变化特征及其与气象条件的关系,结果表明:PM10、PM2.5、PM1的季节变化规律基本一致,夏季浓度低变幅小、其他季节浓度高变幅大;PM1、PM2.5存在明显的7 d周期,PM10存在10~12 d的周期。PM1、PM2.5、PM103种粒径的气溶胶浓度具有高度相关性,PM1与PM2.5相关性最好,PM10浓度高、变率大,与细粒子相关性有所降低。PM1和PM2.5的时变化均呈双峰双谷型,PM10的时变化在非采暖期近似于双峰双谷型,采暖期呈单峰型。银川市气溶胶浓度与能见度相关性最好,细颗粒物对能见度影响比粗粒子更为严重。气温与气溶胶浓度呈一致的负相关。风速与细颗粒物PM1、PM2.5浓度呈负相关,与粗颗粒物PM10的相关性较差。银川市相对湿度与粗颗粒物浓度PM10呈较好的负相关,与PM1正相关,与PM2.5相关不显著。     

2004年春季北京一次沙尘暴的理化特性分析

2004-03-27～2004-03-29北京发生沙尘暴天气期间,监测了气溶胶TSP、PM10和PM2.5的浓度,利用撞击式采样器采集了8级膜样品,并用ICP-MS分析了气溶胶中元素的含量,同时监测了地面辐射和风速的变化.结果显示,此次沙尘暴导致TSP浓度比平时增加3～4倍,PM10浓度增加2～3倍,PM2.5浓度有所降低.研究还表明:地壳元素Na、Mg、Al、Mn和Fe主要分布在粗粒子上.而污染元素Zn、Pb主要分布在细粒子上,污染元素主要是本地源.沙尘暴对总辐射有明显的影响,导致地面总辐射衰减了37.8%.受大风影响粗粒子浓度增加显著,细粒子浓度明显减少.     

兰州市大气PM10健康影响效应的可预报性探讨

使用质粒DNA评价法研究了兰州市大气PM10对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤能力及其与ρ(PM10)、采样期间的风速、相对湿度等气象要素之间的关系.结果表明:兰州市大部分PM10对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤能力与ρ(PM10)呈正相关.兰州市PM10全样对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤能力与采样期间的相对湿度和平均风速分别呈正相关和负相关,相关系数分别为0.531和-0.673.通过分析PM10对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤原因可知,PM10对人体健康的影响效应可用便于预报的ρ(PM10)、气象要素(相对湿度和风速等)等进行表征,即其可能具有可预报性.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.