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1.
Characterizing natural organic matter (NOM), particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant (HPAC) was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.  相似文献   

2.
A system combining granular activated carbon and powdered activated carbon technologies along with shortcut biological nitrogen removal (GAC-PACT-SBNR) was developed to enhance total nitrogen (TN) removal for anaerobically treated coal gasification wastewater with less need for external carbon resources. The TN removal efficiency in SBNR was significantly improved by introducing the effluent from the GAC process into SBNR during the anoxic stage, with removal percentage increasing from 43.8%49.6% to 68.8%-75.8%. However, the TN removal rate decreased with the progressive deterioration of GAC adsorption. After adding activated sludge to the GAG compartment, the granular carbon had a longer service-life and the demand for external carbon resources became lower. Eventually, the TN removal rate in SBNR was almost constant at approx. 43.3%, as compared to approx. 20.0% before seeding with sludge. In addition, the production of some alkalinity during the denitrification resulted in a net savings in alkalinity requirements for the nitrification reaction and refractory chemical oxygen demand (COD) degradation by autotrophic bacteria in SBNR under oxic conditions. PACT showed excellent resilience to increasing organic loadings. The microbial community analysis revealed that the PACT had a greater variety of bacterial taxons and the dominant species associated with the three compartments were in good agreement with the removal of typical pollutants. The study demonstrated that pre-adsorption by the GAC-sludge process could be a technically and economically feasible method to enhance TN removal in coal gasification wastewater (CGW).  相似文献   

3.
The goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of latex particle aggregation on membrane fouling attachments and the ultrafiltration performance of simulated latex effluent using Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide(CTAB) as a cationic surfactant. Hydrophilic polysulfone and ultrafilic flat heterogeneous membranes, with molecular weight cut off(MWCO) of 60,000 and 100,000, respectively, as well as hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride with MWCO of 100,000, were used under a constant flow rate and cross-flow mode in ultrafiltration of latex solution. In addition, a polycarbonate flat membrane with uniform pore size of 0.05 μm was likewise used during the experiment. The effects of CTAB on the latex particle size distribution were investigated at various concentrations, different treatment times, and diverse agitation duration times. The effects of CTAB on the zeta potential of membrane surfaces and latex particles were also investigated. The data obtained indicate that the particle size distribution of treated latex effluent experienced significant shifts in the peaks toward a larger size range caused by the aggregation of particles. As a result, the mass of fouling contributing to pore blocking and the irreversible fouling were noticeably reduced. The optimum results occurred in the instance when CTAB was added at the critical micelle concentration of 0.36 g/L, for the duration of 10 min and with minimal agitation. Notably, a higher stirring rate had an overall negative effect on the membrane fouling minimization.  相似文献   

4.
Chlorination disinfection has been widely used in reclaimed water treatment plants to ensure water quality. In order to assess the downstream quality risk of a running reclaimed water disinfection process, a set of dynamic equations was developed to simulate reactions in the disinfection process concerning variables of bacteria, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia and monochloramine. The model was calibrated by the observations obtained from a pilot disinfection process which was designed to simulate the actual process in a reclaimed water treatment plant. A Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to calculate the predictive effluent quality distributions that were used in the established hierarchical assessment system for the downstream quality risk, and the key factors affecting the downstream quality risk were defined using the Regional Sensitivity Analysis method. The results showed that the seasonal upstream quality variation caused considerable downstream quality risk; the effluent ammonia was significantly influenced by its upstream concentration; the upstream COD was a key factor determining the process effluent risk of bacterial, COD and residual disinfectant indexes; and lower COD and ammonia concentrations in the infiuent would mean better downstream quality.  相似文献   

5.
The concentration of suspended solids of effluent often varies in a wide range, therefore the dose of ultraviolet light (UV) in disinfection process needs to be adjusted to meet the disinfection criterion at a high frequency, and the desired disinfection effect is difficult to be ensured. The particles size and particle-associated fecal coliform (F.C.) contribution, and their influence on UV disinfection were investigated when ClO2 and UV combined disinfection process was used. The results showed that suspended solids content had a major impact on UV disinfection efficiency, especially the large particle size fraction. Particles (D〉10μm) associated F. C. were difficult to be disinfected and were the main part of the railings of F.C. inactivation curve. Pre-ClO2 oxidation could reduce the number of particles in effluent, and make large particles decrease to small ones. Therefore, the influence of particles on UV disinfection could be reduced after pre-ClO2 oxidation, and the resistance ability to particle loadings of combined process was enhanced. Moreover, the combined process has a lot of advantages, such as low toxicity, low operational/maintenance costs; it is also convenient to be established in the existing wastewater plant or the new planned one.  相似文献   

6.
Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.  相似文献   

7.
Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges(i.e. 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and 0.2 μm) for a purple soil(Entisol) and a yellow soil(Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction.We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles( 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles( 0.2 μm). Vermiculite,illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy.Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.  相似文献   

8.
The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation (CBF) process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.  相似文献   

9.
Bioaerosol emissions from wastewater and wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. Most previous work has focused on the evaluation of their biological risks. In this study, however, the adsorption method was applied to reduce airborne microorganisms generated from a pilot scale wastewater treatment facility with oxidation ditch. Results showed adsorption on granule activated carbon (GAC) was an e cient method for the purification of airborne microorganisms. The GAC itself had a maximum adsorption capacity of 2217 CFU/g for airborne bacteria and 225 CFU/g for fungi with a flow rate of 1.50 m3/hr. Over 85% of airborne bacteria and fungi emitted from the oxidation ditch were adsorbed within 80 hr of continuous operation mode. Most of them had a particle size of 0.65–4.7 m. Those airborne microorganisms with small particle size were apt to be adsorbed. The SEM/EDAX, BET and Boehm’s titration methods were applied to analyse the physicochemical characteristics of the GAC. Relationships between GAC surface characteristics and its adsorption performance demonstrated that porous structure, large surface area, and hydrophobicity rendered GAC an e ective absorber of airborne microorganisms. Two regenerate methods, ultraviolet irradiation and high pressure vapor, were compared for the regeneration of used activated carbon. High pressure vapor was an e ective technique as it totally destroyed the microorganisms adhered to the activated carbon. Microscopic observation was also carried out to investigate original and used adsorbents.  相似文献   

10.
In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.  相似文献   

11.
In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R 2 = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.  相似文献   

12.
敖秀玮  李豪杰  刘文君  余京儒 《环境科学》2016,37(11):4241-4246
以北京田村山净水厂原水和炭后出水作为试验用水,对新型消毒剂单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后生成的消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)进行定性分析.向受试水样中分别投加单过硫酸氢钾复合粉和次氯酸钠,比较了复合粉消毒和氯消毒的DBPs生成量,并通过umu试验对水样消毒后的遗传毒性变化进行测试.结果表明,测试水样投加单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒前后的有机物种类变化不大,但仍有新的卤代烃和卤代物生成.与氯消毒相比,单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后生成的三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的含量更低.另外,根据umu测试的结果,经单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后原水和炭后水的遗传毒性均明显低于氯消毒.然而在水中有机物较多和消毒剂投加量较大时,单过硫酸氢钾复合粉用于消毒仍有一定安全风险.  相似文献   

13.
郑丹  刘文君  徐洪福 《环境科学》2007,28(6):1236-1240
分别采用2 μm、8 μm醋酸纤维滤膜过滤活性炭柱出水,滤出水分别通入BAR反应器,以活性炭出水做对照试验通入BAR反应器,加氯(次氯酸钠)量均为0.5 mg·L-1(总氯),对比3种水质情况下生物膜的形成过程,采用颗粒计数仪测定BAR进水的颗粒物分布.结果表明,悬浮颗粒物能携带大量细菌避开消毒剂的作用,且对生物膜上的细菌量有直接影响.生物膜上的细菌量为:活性炭出水>8 μm滤出水>2 μm滤出水.颗粒物的存在使生物膜结构不稳定,推迟了达到最大生物量的时间,且颗粒物数量越多,粒径越大,生物膜稳定性越差,达最大生物量的时间越长,试验中2号BAR生物膜达最大生物量的时间比1号BAR中生物膜迟4 d,3号BAR生物膜达最大生物量的时间比2号BAR生物膜迟8 d;进水颗粒物数量对出水的细菌量影响很大,颗粒物数量越多,出水细菌量越多.  相似文献   

14.
活性炭深度处理工艺用于地下回灌的水质研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以北京高碑店污水处理厂二级生化出水为对象,研究了用于地下回灌的活性炭三级处理工艺。活性炭可有效降低DOC,UV-254和COD,部分去除可吸附有机卤化物(AOX)。再经过土壤含水层处理,约90%的可吸附有机溴化物(AOBr)可被去除。Ames试验结果显示活性炭工艺可有效降低二级生化出水中的致突物。GC/MS分析表明,活性炭吸附可降低有机物含量,再经土壤含水层处理,大部分有机物及优先控制的污染物可被去除。  相似文献   

15.
固定化生物活性炭处理含硝基苯微污染水的可行性研究   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
王晨  马放  山丹  杨基先  蓝远东  高国伟 《环境科学》2007,28(7):1490-1495
以硝基苯为主要目标污染物,探讨固定化生物活性炭(IBAC)工艺对含硝基苯微污染水的净化效能以及利用该工艺处理含硝基苯微污染水的可行性.采用筛选、驯化的工程菌,对活性炭(GAC)进行固定化,使之成为固定化生物活性炭处理含硝基苯微污染水.试验对比了IBAC和GAC去除硝基苯、高锰酸盐指数、浊度、UV254、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮的性能,测定了炭柱进出水中生物综合毒性,考察了炭柱在接种后以及运行相对稳定时炭上细菌总数的变化.结果表明,IBAC启动速度快,对微污染物净化效能较高;IBAC对硝基苯的去除效果更好,在遭遇冲击负荷时,恢复净化能力的时间较短;炭柱进水中硝基苯控制26 μg/L以下时可保证出水检不出硝基苯;加入硝基苯会明显增加水的毒性,IBAC出水毒性低于GAC出水;IBAC上细菌总量较高,沿水流方向,炭柱上的菌量都是先增加后减少.  相似文献   

16.
城市污水深度处理中有机物的去除   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
以城市污水地下水回灌为回用目的 ,研究不同的污水深度处理工艺及对二级生物处理出水中有机物的去除 .研究结果表明 ,原水若未经深度处理 ,直接由土壤含水层处理的出水不能满足推荐的回灌水水质要求 .对原水分别采用混凝沉淀、过滤、臭氧氧化、粉末活性炭和粒状活性炭吸附等处理单元及组合工艺进行深度处理效果的对比 ,最终选用由混凝沉淀 ,砂滤 ,粒状活性炭过滤与土壤含水层处理相结合的工艺流程 .城市污水处理厂的二级出水经该工艺处理后 ,出水中的 DOC可降至 3mg/L以下 ,且活性炭柱的产水床体积可达 350 0 BV.  相似文献   

17.
青岛近海夏、秋季生物气溶胶分布特征研究   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
于2009年7~11月采用Andersen生物粒子采样器在青岛近海连续采集了生物气溶胶样品,应用荧光显微镜计数法和平板计数法测定了总微生物(包括"可培养类"和"非可培养类")、"可培养类"陆源及海源微生物的浓度.结果表明,总微生物中"非可培养类"微生物平均占总微生物的99.58%;"可培养类"微生物平均仅为0.42%;...  相似文献   

18.
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