氮磷限制对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒的影响

采用分批培养的方式研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)在氮、磷单因子营养限制条件下的生长和产毒情况.结果表明,氮限制对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒都有明显的抑制作用,而磷限制对其生长和产毒没有明显的抑制作用.在氮限制条件下,铜绿微囊藻的生物量仅为控制组的30%～50%,产毒量也仅为控制组的10%～60%;并且氮限制会促进细胞分裂,缩短细胞的生长周期.这可能是因为氮是铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒所必需的元素,直接控制着铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒;所以若培养基中的氮浓度比较低,会直接导致微囊藻的生物量较少和产毒量比较低.磷限制甚至磷被耗尽时对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒都影响不大,这可能与铜绿微囊藻体内储存的含磷颗粒物有关.实验结果表明,在本实验条件下,水体中氮限制对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒影响较大.     

扰动对外源性磷在模拟水生态系统中迁移的影响

采用同位素示踪法,模拟研究不同扰动强度对外源性磷在水体、铜绿微囊藻和底泥中迁移的影响.水体中外源性磷首先由快速的物理化学分配进入铜绿微囊藻和底泥中,然后其在水体中的迁移主要受铜绿微囊藻生长状况的影响.实验表明,当扰动强度为30r/min时,铜绿微囊藻生长得最好.单位质量铜绿微囊藻中最大外源性磷含量与扰动强度无关,但扰动能加快铜绿微囊藻对外源性磷的吸收速率.水体中溶解的外源性磷含量随时间持续下降,微囊藻的衰亡能促进水体中磷向底泥中迁移.最终绝大部分外源性磷迁移到底泥中.增加扰动能有效降低水体中溶解性磷的浓度,在扰动为30r/min时,水体中外源性磷从2.183mg/mL下降到0.0180mg/mL.     

水体扰动对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的模拟实验

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,在恒温恒光照(27℃,3 000 lx)和模拟太湖流域夏季温度和光照变化2种培养条件下,研究了不同强度的水体扰动对微囊藻生长的影响,探讨扰动对藻类的影响机制。结果表明,不同扰动强度对微囊藻的生长影响具有一定差异,轻微的扰动(100和200 r/min)促进了铜绿微囊藻的生长,延长了对数增长期,这可能是由于微弱的扰动加速了离子向细胞表面的流动,增加了微囊藻对营养盐的吸收;较大强度的扰动(400 r/min)则能制约铜绿微囊藻生长和增殖,可能是由于扰动产生的剪切力影响了微囊藻光合作用效率。水体扰动对微囊藻的影响机制主要在于干预了藻类对生存环境中营养盐和光的吸收利用,这有助于深化水动力对藻类影响机理的认识。     

不同风等级扰动对贫富营养下铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

为了探讨不同营养水平条件下动力扰动对微囊藻生长产生的影响,在实验室中模拟了不同风浪强度,分别测定了铜绿微囊藻生长的速率.结果显示.贫营养下,对藻体有规律地施以一定的扰动有助于藻类的生长,扰动使得藻比增长率从0.1 d-1最大增加至0.3 d-1;约4.0 m/s风力最有利于铜绿微囊藻的生长,弱扰动对藻类生长促进作用不明显,强扰动对藻类生长限制作用更显著.富营养下,各风力等级下的扰动对铜绿微囊藻比增长率和最大现存量的影响均不明显,藻比增长率基本间于0.27～0.29 d-1.结果表明,水体中营养水平相差悬殊时,扰动所引起的营养物质重新分配相对于其他因子对藻生长具有更重要的影响.太湖目前的富营养化状况下,动力扰动对藻类生长的直接影响不大.     

pH值及黏土密度对壳聚糖改性絮凝剂除藻效果的影响

研究了不同pH值的改性絮凝剂对不同pH值铜绿微囊藻的絮凝除藻效果.结果表明:不论是对于室内培养的铜绿微囊藻DS,还是对于野外发生的铜绿微囊藻水华,藻液絮凝后的终点pH值均为影响絮凝效果的关键因素,伴随藻液pH值的逐步升高,需要同步调低絮凝剂的pH值并使终点pH值为7.0~7.3才最有利于形成絮凝体;对于高浮力的野生蓝藻水华,需要提高絮凝剂中黏土的密度才能使絮凝体有效沉降.上述结果说明,在使用壳聚糖改性絮凝剂控制铜绿微囊藻水华时,应根据水体pH值及藻生物量而调整絮凝剂配方,且应优先选择在水体pH值和藻生物量较低时进行控藻.     

连续水流和间歇水流对微囊藻生长的影响

为了解不同的水体流动方式对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。实验在控制温度和光照条件下,室内采用野外原水培养基模拟连续水流和间歇水流微囊藻的生长。实验结果表明,间歇水流下微囊藻在各流速下的生长差异较小,连续扰动下微囊藻在各流速下的生长差异较大,在流速为35 cm/s时达到最大值;间歇性扰动条件下微囊藻密度较连续性水流条件下高。这可能是在间歇扰动下水流主要影响藻细胞对营养盐的吸收,连续扰动的低流速下主要是通过对营养盐的吸收对微囊藻产生影响,在高流速下是水流对藻细胞的机械破坏为主;同时培养基中藻细胞形成群体产生微环境有利于微囊藻的生长。水体流动的方式不同,水流对微囊藻细胞生长的作用将发生改变,这为扰动控制蓝藻生长提供科学依据。     

环境生物学

X171 2(X)301915扰动对外源性磷在模拟水生态系统中迁移的影响/史小丽(南京大学环境学院,污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室)…//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一2(X)2,22(6)一537一541 环图X一58 采用同位素示踪法,模拟研究不同扰动强度对外源性磷在水体、铜绿微囊藻和底泥中迁移的影响,水体中外源性磷首先由快速的物理化学分配进人铜绿微囊藻和底泥中,然后其在水体中的迁移主要受铜绿微囊藻生长状况的影响。实验表明,当扰动强度为30r/而n时,铜绿微囊藻生长得最好,单位质量铜绿微囊藻中最大外源性磷含量与扰动强度无关,但扰动能加快铜…     

不同扰动条件下微囊藻和栅藻竞争能力的比较

以扰动为主要限制因子,研究铜绿微囊藻和栅藻在纯培养和共培养情况下的生长状况,探讨了竞争和种群增长率之间的关系,以判断藻类竞争的结果。结果表明:适宜的扰动有利于微囊藻的增长和聚集,较大强度的扰动则抑制微囊藻的生长。在共培养体系中,铜绿微囊藻有更强的竞争能力和抑制其它生物生长的能力,获得最大生物量和远大于栅藻的增长率。     

无机氮和有机氮对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒影响的比较

以氯化铵和丙氨酸作为氮源,通过测定铜绿微囊藻细胞生物量、胞内藻毒素含量、基质利用率等变化情况探究并比较两种含氮化合物对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果表明铵氮低浓度(10 mg·L-1)促进铜绿微囊藻生长,而高浓度(20 mg·L-1)具有抑制作用;不同浓度的丙氨酸对铜绿微囊藻的生长均具有促进作用,最适生长浓度为20 mg·L-1.铵态氮对藻毒素产生的促进作用不明显,丙氨酸则较大的促进了微囊藻产毒,是同时期对照组的6倍.     

荸荠对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用研究

采取植物种植水培养、植物浸提液培养及植物共培养3种培养方式研究了荸荠对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果发现:荸荠植株种植水、荸荠浸提液以及荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养均对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生了化感抑制作用.100%浓度的荸荠浸提液对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制率达到91.40%,而荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养时对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率为86.83%.这两者之间的差异并不显著,直接验证了荸荠能够通过不断地向水体中释放化感物质来长久、有效地抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.