The potential of antagonists for fungal control

The use of antagonistic microorganisms to control fungal pathogens is very limited because very few of the species which showed potential under experimental conditions were successful in the field. To be commercially useful, organisms must be easy to propagate and introduce into the soil in sufficient numbers to affect the pathogen and the cost must be significantly less than the expected losses that would result from disease caused by the pathogen.Fungi are more able to grow in soils of low moisture content than bacteria and under such conditions bacteria are likely to be poor antagonists. However, in practice the most attractive microbial antagonists for root diseases appear to be bacteria, particularly species of Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Advances in microbial genetics have provided methods whereby it may be possible in the near future to manipulate microorganisms and produce new antagonistic strains for particular purposes. However, the breeding of strains of this nature will require a much better understanding of interactions between microorganisms, plants and the soil than we have at present.     

西安市秋冬季市区与山区微生物气溶胶组成特征及来源

为探究城市市区与山区微生物气溶胶组成特征及来源,在西安市市区(城区和郊区)及南郊山区设立3个采样点,采集细颗粒物、土壤及叶片样本.通过高通量测序法,解析不同采样点真菌与细菌群落结构,考察其时空变化特征;使用Source Track源解析技术对空气中微生物进行来源分析.结果表明,不同采样点真菌、细菌菌属差异较大,说明地理位置对空气中微生物的群落结构影响显著;冬季市区检测出较多的潜在真菌致病菌和细菌致病菌,且具有较高的相对丰度和多样性.通过源解析技术发现,在局部源叶片和土壤中,叶片表面微生物是空气中微生物的主要潜在源,且秋季叶片对空气中微生物的贡献率高于冬季.本研究不仅为空气中生物气溶胶的溯源研究提供了一定基础,也为深入了解大气中微生物污染特性和为我国空气环境质量评价与疾病预防提供一定的科学依据.     

黄河源区高寒沼泽湿地土壤微生物群落结构对不同退化的响应

为研究高寒沼泽湿地退化过程中土壤微生物群落多样性的变化,应用MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析高寒沼泽湿地退化过程中土壤微生物群落多样性以及相关的环境因子.结果表明,高寒沼泽湿地退化改变了土壤微生物在OTUs水平上的物种组成,OTUs种类变化丘间较冻融丘明显,且土壤真菌OTUs种类变化显著;冻融丘和丘间细菌微生物多样性指数大于真菌微生物;不同退化高寒沼泽湿地土壤优势微生物种类相同,细菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和RB41,真菌为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和被孢霉属（Mortierella）,除RB41外未退化与重度退化间优势微生物丰度有较大差异（P<0.05）,丘间的优势微生物对不同退化较冻融丘敏感;土壤含水量、有机碳、微生物碳、微生物氮和莎草科的盖度是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要因素.综上所述：高寒沼泽湿地退化导致微生物多样性降低,在湿地恢复中应加强湿地冻融丘和莎草科植物的保护以及土壤水分、有机碳和微生物碳氮的补充.     

空气微生物作为大气污染常规分析指标的必要性

空气微生物来源于土壤、植物、水和人类,包括细菌、病毒、酵母、真菌和原生动物。众所周知,空气微生物可以进入呼吸道影响人体健康,导致呼吸系统及相关疾病。因此,微生物在环境空气中的含量及分布状况等是人们最关注的问题。本文综述了空气微生物的种类、来源、危害、监测方法和国内外研究进展,展望了空气微生物的研究前景,并建议将空气微生物作为大气污染常规分析指标。     

天水小陇山红豆杉(Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd)林土壤真菌多样性及其与生态因子的相关性

采用GPS系统采集了天水小陇山红豆杉林9块样地的土样,用稀释平板法对该区域真菌进行分离计数,进一步鉴定到属,并分析了真菌数量和类群与土壤养分、水分和pH等生态因子的相关性.结果表明,该区域土壤真菌数量和类群组成存在较大的空间变异,土壤真菌优势菌群的构成有相似性,青霉属、毛霉属为所有样地的优势菌群.真菌多样性分析表明,小陇山红豆杉物种多样性较丰富,不同样地多样性指数差异明显.土壤真菌总数、类群和多样性与土壤生态因子间的相关性分析表明,真菌总数与土壤pH呈显著负相关(R-0.796),与水分和有机质呈显著正相关;Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤有机质呈显著正相关;各属与土壤生态因子呈现不同的相关性.      

再生水灌水水平对土壤重金属及致病菌分布的影响

为了探讨再生水不同灌水水平对土壤重金属、活性微生物和典型环境致病菌分布的影响,采用室内土柱灌水实验,研究再生水、自来水不同灌水水平对土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和土壤细菌、真菌、大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌分布的影响.结果表明：相同灌水水平下,与自来水灌溉处理相比,再生水灌溉处理下土壤重金属含量略有提高,但仍远低于《土壤环境质量标准》[GB15618-1995]限值,因此短期再生水灌溉不会造成土壤重金属污染;再生水不同灌水水平对比分析表明,充分灌溉相比非充分灌溉提高了表层土壤Cd、Pb含量,Cu、Zn含量无明显差异.此外,相同灌水水平下,再生水灌溉相比自来水显著提高了表层土壤细菌总数和大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量,对土壤真菌总数影响不大;再生水不同灌水水平对比分析表明,充分灌溉相比非充分灌溉显著提高了表层土壤细菌和真菌总数及大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量.土壤重金属与土壤活性微生物及典型环境致病菌之间的相关性分析表明,土壤Cd、Pb、Zn含量与土壤细菌、真菌总数及大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量之间呈正相关性,推断较低含量重金属对土壤活性微生物及典型致病菌的生长繁殖存在一定程度上的刺激作用.因此,再生水灌溉促进了土壤活性微生物的繁衍,并且在一定程度上增加了土壤重金属和环境致病菌的污染风险;合理控制再生水灌水水平可以有效阻控土壤重金属和致病菌含量.     

喀斯特地区丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AM真菌）在喀斯特地区生态修复中具有潜在的可利用性,关于喀斯特地区AM真菌多样性以及生态功能的研究已成为近年来的热点问题。本文归纳了喀斯特地区分离出的AM真菌名录,旨在为喀斯特高效生态修复菌种筛选提供支撑材料。综述了喀斯特地区土壤石灰性、营养物质匮乏、空间异质性强,植被逆向演替、植物种类多样等特点对喀斯特地区AM真菌多样性的影响规律,总结了AM真菌对于喀斯特地区土壤结构、营养元素循环、植物抗旱性、植物个体养分吸收、植被演替方面的生理生态功能及作用机理,以期为喀斯特地区AM真菌适生性研究、AM真菌潜在生态功能有效利用、AM真菌-植物共生体系筛选与培育等环节做出指引,为菌根技术在喀斯特生态修复中的应用提供理论基础。未来的研究应进一步深入探究AM真菌多样性影响机制,探讨AM真菌与植物适生性之间的关系,以及加强AM真菌-植物共生体系筛选与培育。     

Effect of methamidophos on soil fungi community in microcosms by plate count, DGGE and clone library analysis

Methamidophos was widely used a pesticide in northern China. The potential influences of methamidophos on soil fungal community in black soil were assessed by plate count, 28S rDNA-PCR-DGGE, and clone library analysis. Three methamidophos levels (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg) were tested in soil microcosms. Results from plate count during a 60-d microcosm experiment showed that high concentrations of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) could significantly stimulate fungal populations. DCGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting patterns showed a significant difference between the responses of culturable and total fungi communities under the stress of methamidophos. Shannon diversity indices calculated from DGGE profiles indicated that culturable fungi in all microcosms with methamidophos treatment increased after 1 week of incubation. However, the diversity indices of total fungi decreased in the first week, as compared to the stimulation of culturable fungi. At the 8th week, however, all the microcosms treated by methamidophos were similar to the control microcosms in community structure as suggested by the Shannon diversity indices for both culturable and total fungi. In contrast, after 1 week the fungal structure of culturable and unculturable both were disturbed to different extent under the stresses of methamidophos by clustering analysis. Clone sequencing analysis indicated the stimulation of pathogenic and unculturable fungal populations by methamidophos treatment, suggetsing potential risks of plant disease outbreak.     

Soil fungistasis and its relations to soil microbial composition and diversity: A case study of a series of soils with di erent fungistasis

Fungistasis is one of the important approaches to control soil-borne plant pathogens.Some hypotheses about the mechanisms for soil fungistasis had been established,which mainly focused on the soil bacterial community composition,structure,diversity as well as function.In this study,the bacterial community composition and diversity of a series of soils treated by autoclaving,which coming from the same original soil sample and showing gradient fungistasis to the target soil-borne pathogen fungi Fusarium gr...     

接种菌根对根际微生物群落和磷营养的影响

以白三叶草和紫花苜蓿为供试植物,采用三室装置对不同接种处理的根际土壤微生物数量以及磷营养状况进行了研究.研究结果表明,接种混合茵根真菌的侵染率显著高于其他两种接种单一菌根真菌的处理.接种菌根对植物生长以及根际土壤微生物群落数量的促进作用均较为明显,三种接种处理植物之间的生物量差异不大,接种AM菌根促进了细茵和放线茵数量的增加,对真菌数量略有促进.接种菌根对根际土壤磷吸收有显著的促进作用,有利于植被的生长,为进一步的生态恢复与生物多样性研究奠定理论基础.     

乙草胺与硫酸铜对黑土微生物的复合生态影响

为了探究2种不同类型农药联合施用对土壤微生物的复合生态影响,以除草剂乙草胺和杀菌剂硫酸铜为例,采用传统毒理学方法和BIOLOG法对其进行评价.结果表明,乙草胺和硫酸铜的联合施用对细菌、放线菌和真菌活菌量以及土壤脱氢酶活性基本呈现急性抑制效应,但随时间延长其作用逐渐减弱甚至发生逆转,而对土壤底物诱导呼吸强度表现为明显促进.利用Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数模型和主成分分析法对BIOLOG数据进行分析,表明2种农药的联合施用显著破坏了黑土微生物群落物种多样性的丰富度和均一性,主成分分析法也表明土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性发生了改变.     

基于高通量测序和代谢组学解析重金属污染对农田微生物群落组成和功能的影响

重金属污染会影响微生物组成和群落结构,其与微生物的相互关系一直是重金属污染生态学研究的热点.河南省新乡市是中国著名的电池生产城市,因电池生产废水污灌造成严重的土壤重金属污染.目前有关新乡市长期灌溉电池废水造成的重金属污染对微生物群落组成和代谢功能的影响鲜见报道.采集了新乡市某长期生产电池厂旁3个重金属污染位点,重金属含量测定表明Cd和Pb超过相关标准,分别超标34~66倍和1.5~2.32倍.采用高通量测序分析了细菌和真菌群落组成,结果表明细菌由芽孢杆菌属、节杆菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和类诺卡氏菌属等优势属,真菌由油壶菌属、小不整球壳属、Gibellulopsis和被孢霉属等优势属组成,表明经过长期的重金属胁迫,新乡长期重金属污染土壤富含重金属抗性细菌和真菌.环境因子和微生物群落相关性分析表明,总量Cu、DTPA提取态Cu和水溶态Pb显著影响细菌群落组成,总量Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn、DTPA提取态Cu和水溶态Pb显著影响真菌群落组成.目前,关于重金属污染对微生物群落代谢影响的研究较少,采用非靶向代谢组学分析表明,不同位点间代谢产物具有差异.通路富集分析表明,这些差异代谢物涉及代谢过程、环境信息处理和翻译等遗传信息加工等,在微生物缓解重金属导致的胁迫和环境适应中可能起到作用.     

不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤微生物区系及群落功能多样性的影响

通过外加醋酸镉和氯化镉的室内培养试验研究了不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤中微生物区系及群落功能多样性的影响 .结果表明 :在相同镉浓度下相伴OAc-对镉污染红壤的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量及微生物群落功能多样性的抑制作用大于相伴Cl-.统计分析显示 ,在供试红壤中OAc-与Cl-对其微生物区系及微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD值 )、Shannon指数的影响均达到显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且在红砂土上表现更为明显 .外加醋酸钾和氯化钾的培养试验结果表明 ,阳离子为钾时 ,相伴OAc-与Cl-对红壤微生物区系结构及群落功能多样性没有产生明显抑制作用 ,相伴OAc-甚至存在一定的刺激作用 .可见 ,相伴OAc-对镉污染红壤微生物的毒害作用大于相伴Cl-,其原因并非是阴离子本身的毒性效应 ,而镉的生物有效性变化可能是不同相伴阴离子镉盐导致毒性差异的原因之一 .     

岩性对喀斯特灌丛土壤固氮菌与丛枝菌根真菌群落结构及丰度的影响

运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)法,检测喀斯特灌丛生态系统中不同岩性条件下土壤固氮菌与丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌群落结构与丰度的变化,揭示岩性对灌丛生态系统土壤中固氮菌与AM真菌群落结构与丰度的影响.结果表明不同岩性条件下,土壤固氮菌与AM真菌丰度存在显著差异,其中,固氮菌与AM真菌丰度在石灰岩土壤中最大,白云岩土壤中最小,石灰岩-白云岩夹层土壤介于两者之间;同样,不同岩性土壤中固氮菌与AM真菌群落结构存在显著性差异.土壤Olsen-P、有机碳、黏粒含量与固氮菌丰度存在显著正相关关系,而土壤全氮、黏粒含量与AM真菌丰度存在显著正相关.RDA分析表明,植物均匀度影响固氮菌群落组成结构,而植物均匀度、香农多样性指数及丰富度指数影响AM真菌群落组成结构.以上的研究结果表明:岩性主要是通过影响植物与土壤养分来影响土壤固氮菌与AM真菌群落组成结构及丰度.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

Adaptability of microbial inoculators and their contribution to degradation of mineral oil and PAHs

Five dominant bacteria strains（A cetobacter sp., Alcdigenes sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.） and five fungi strains （Cephalosporium sp. Ⅰ, Cephalosporlum sp. Ⅱ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅰ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅱ and Fusarium sp.） isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil were used to assess the potential capability of mineral oil and PAH enhanced degradation separately and jointly using the batch liquid medium cultivation with diesel oil spiked at 1000 mg/L. The experiment was performed on a reciprocal shaker in the darkness at 25℃ to 30℃ for 100 d. The dynamic variation in the activity of microbial inoculators in each treatment and the degradation of the target pollutants during the period of experiment were monitored. Results showed a more rapid biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs at the beginning of the experiment （about 20 d） by dominant bacteria, fungi and their mixture than that of the indigenous microorganisms, however, thereafter an opposite trcnd was exhibited that the removal ratio by indigenous microorganisms was superior to any other dominant treatments and the tendency lasted till the end of the experiment, indicating the limited competitive capability of dominant microorganisms to degrade the contaminants, and the natural selection of indigenous microorganisms for use in the removal of the contaminants. At the end of the experiment, the removal ratio of mineral oil ranged from 56.8 % to 79.2 % and PAHs ranged from 96.8 % to 99.1% in each treatment by microbial inoculators,     

Soil fungistasis and its relations to soil microbial composition and diversity: a case study of a series of soils with different fungistasis

Fungistasis is one of the important approaches to control soil-borne plant pathogens.Some hypotheses about the mechanisms for soil fungistasis had been established,which mainly focused on the soil bacterial community composition,structure,diversity as well as function.In this study,the bacterial community composition and diversity of a series of soils treated by autoclaving,which coming from the same original soil sample and showing gradient fungistasis to the target soil-borne pathogen fungi Fusarium gr...     

玉门油田污染荒漠土壤石油降解菌多样性

为探索石油污染荒漠土壤石油降解微生物多样性、筛选高效石油降解菌,采用涂布平板法从石油污染荒漠土壤分离具有石油降解能力细菌,采用细菌形态观察和16S rRNA基因序列分析其多样性,并设计特异性引物,对分离细菌降解相关基因进行检测.结果表明,分离的37株细菌分别属于放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、γ变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、β变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和α变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria),分别占35.14%、32.43%、13.51%、13.51%、5.41%,归属于21个属的34个种类.优势菌属为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),占总数的51.35%,其中有36株细菌能以石油为唯一碳源稳定生长,对原油有明显的降解能力.在石油质量浓度为1 500 mg/L的基础培养基中,菌株YM43在培养7 d后对石油的降解率达55.47%,另有8株细菌的降解率不低于30.55%,11株细菌的降解率介于10.05%~28.37%,18株细菌的降解率不高于8.05%. PCR检测表明,有25株细菌含有烷烃单加氧酶基因,6株含芳烃双加氧酶基因,6株含联苯双加氧酶基因,4株含萘双加氧酶基因,3株含甲苯双加氧酶基因,2株含邻苯二酚双加氧酶基因.研究显示,石油污染荒漠土壤中可培养细菌具有高度多样性,分离的菌株有较强的石油降解能力,其降解功能与所存在的降解基因有关.      

抚顺西露天油页岩可培养微生物的分离与鉴定

为了解油页岩中可培养微生物的多样性,利用稀释平板培养法对我国抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩中可培养微生物进行分离纯化,并对所获菌株进行16S rDNA(细菌)和rDNA ITS(真菌)序列测定和系统发育树分析.以营养琼脂培养基分离到8株细菌,以马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基分离到4株真菌.16S rDNA序列测定结果表明细菌菌株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus),短杆菌属(Brevibacillus),类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和红球菌属(Rhodococcus); rDNA ITS序列测定结果显示真菌菌株分别属于芽枝霉属(Cladosporium),曲霉属(Aspergillus),犁头霉属(Absidia)和正青霉属(Eupenicillium). 2株细菌(ZK4和ZK5)能够在以油页岩为唯一碳源和氮源的固体培养基上连续生长5代以上,且长势良好, 可作为油页岩生物转化的潜力菌株进行深入研究.     

青藏铁路沿线土壤可培养微生物种群多样性分析

选择青藏铁路沿线不同海拔高度的10个地点采集土壤样品,采用3种不同的培养基分离培养其中的微生物;提取各土壤样品可培养微生物菌体基因组DNA,进行16S rDNA的PCR扩增,对可培养微生物种群多样性进行分析.结果表明,该地区可培养微生物的数量为1×106～8×106 CFU/g.16S rDNA序列分析发现,分离培养的微生物主要包括厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobacteria) 3个类群,分别占菌株总数的53.1%,29.6%和16.0%.其中,Bacillus sp.为优势菌属,占菌株总数的29.6%;Bacillus simplex为优势种,占菌株总数的12.3%.