清水塘工业区池塘底泥典型重金属污染特征及其风险评价

为查明株洲清水塘工业区池塘底泥重金属污染现状及其变化趋势,揭示池塘底泥重金属对霞湾港与老霞湾港水体及底泥的潜在影响。将区域内25口池塘分别划属S1、S2、S3区,于2017年12月11日在25口池塘采集32份底泥样品,并进行了Pb、Cd、As含量的测定,采用地累积指数(Igeo)与Hakanson潜在生态危害指数(Eir)对底泥中Cd、Pb、As污染与生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:S1、S2、S3区池塘底泥中Cd、Pb、As含量均超过湖南土壤背景值,分别为土壤背景值的657、44、12倍,表明Cd是清水塘工业区池塘底泥中的主要污染物。变异系数结果显示,各采样点底泥中Cd、Pb、As含量分布离散,受点源输入影响大。底泥中Pb、Cd、As的Igeo均值分别为4. 87、8. 78、2. 95,分别处重度、严重、中度污染等级,不同区底泥中重金属Igeo呈S3>S1>S2的分布特征。潜在生态风险评价结果表明,底泥中重金属Eir呈Cd>Pb>As的分布特征,3个区底泥中Cd的Eir为9396～24 617,污染等级均为生态危害很强; Pb的Eir为101～309,S1、S3区污染等级为生态危害强,S2区则为生态危害较强; As的Eir为74～138,S1、S3区污染等级为生态危害较强,S2区则为生态危害中等。清水塘霞湾港和老霞湾港周边区域池塘底泥中Cd、Pb、As污染严重,呈S3>S1>S2分布,应依据3个区域池塘底泥重金属污染程度顺序,采取挖掘底泥、稳定固化、填埋处理等措施。     

采煤沉陷区土壤中重金属的2种特征趋势研究

为探讨积水与复垦对采煤沉陷区土壤重金属污染风险的影响,选择淮南潘谢矿区典型沉陷复垦区、积水区作为研究区域,并以Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni和Pb 6种重金属作为研究对象,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,研究了土壤和底泥中重金属的生态危害,并讨论了底泥与土壤中各重金属的相关性。结果表明:潘谢矿区中,复垦区土壤所受污染程度远大于底泥,底泥所受污染程度远大于天然土壤。从总体污染水平和生态风险影响程度来分析,三者基质中Cd的污染水平在6种重金属元素中均较为突出;从相关性上来分析,底泥中Ni与Cu、Cr、Pb在0.05水平上相关性显著,天然土壤中Ni与Cu在0.01水平上相关性显著,复垦土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni和Pb 6种重金属的相关性均显著。     

重污染感潮河道底泥释放特征及其控制技术研究

以珠江三角洲城市重污染感潮河道为对象,研究了底泥污染物(重金属、有机物和营养盐)在静态、潮汐作用影响及人工曝气扰动下的释放特征.在此基础上,采用曝气充氧、重金属化学固定、激活底泥土著微生物等联合技术对底泥释放进行控制,研究其控制效果.结果表明:①感潮作用加速了底泥污染物的释放,与静态释放相比,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、COD、NH 4-N和TP的平均释放速率提高了1～4倍,释放量增加了0.3～1.8倍;底泥平均耗氧速率提高了1.28倍.②人工曝气扰动使底泥污染物局部急剧释放,并使泥水界面由弱碱性变成弱酸性;在有氧环境,NH 4-N、TP的释放得到有效抑制.③投加石灰调节pH至8～9,上覆水体Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr的去除率达到85%～98%,同时还可去除92%的TP和86%的浊度;在微碱性好氧条件下,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的释放量稳定在300μg·L-1以下.④底泥土著微生物层对水体及底泥污染物有良好的降解作用,通过间歇曝气COD、NH 4-N、TP去除率分别可达到85%、92%和71%;但微生物层具有较高的耗氧速率,达到45g·m-2·d-1.     

北京市中坝河底泥污染特征及生态风险评价

为探索北运河流域污染底泥土地利用的可能性,以中坝河为例开展了底泥污染特征分析及溯源,依据内梅罗污染指数法和潜在生态风险危害指数法分别开展底泥氮磷污染和重金属生态风险评价,给出了中坝河底泥土地利用建议.结果表明,中坝河底泥呈弱碱性,有机质、氮磷均值分别为33.11、759.94和1295.21 mg·kg^-1,变异系数分别为73%、29%和85%,说明有机质和全氮沿河道分布不均匀.8种重金属中除As外均超过北京土壤背景值,说明底泥存在重金属累积.Pearson相关性和主成分分析表明,受周边工业和生活污水影响,污染物在河道中下游存在累积.底泥氮磷污染评价结果显示河道下游氮磷污染最重.重金属潜在生态风险危害系数表明,中坝河底泥Cd为强污染,Hg中等污染,RI值分别为116和46,其他重金属为轻度污染.S4和S5 RI分别为344和374,为强污染,其他点位为中等或轻污染,整条河道RI为170,为中等污染级别.总体而言,中坝河底泥肥力较好,风险可控,建议施用于道路绿化带、工厂附属绿地等有潜在污染源的绿/林地或防护林等与人接触较少的绿/林地.     

杭州市河道底泥重金属污染评价与环保疏浚深度研究

重金属是河道底泥疏浚要控制的重要污染物,而疏浚深度是生态疏浚工程中需要确定的关键参数.本文以杭州经济技术开发区河道为研究对象,共采集18处底泥柱状样,采用土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准值、变异系数和相关性分析方法对底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的污染状况进行了评价,同时分析重金属总量和有效态含量在垂向上的变化特征,并引入地累积指数法对各深度底泥中的重金属进行累积性评估,利用本文提出的临界累积深度方法来确定合理的环保疏浚深度.结果表明,河道表层底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的平均含量分别为165.16、342.40、55.34、3.61、34.06、36.70 mg·kg-1,Cd、Cu、As、Zn的有效态含量分别为0.007、3.37、0.095、20.76 mg·kg-1,重金属总量均超过了杭嘉湖平原土壤背景值,其中Cd污染最为严重.各重金属元素在底泥中的变异系数为0.29~2.39,空间分布并不均匀.重金属总量和有效态含量随底泥深度的增大整体呈下降趋势,但受不同时期人类活动污染及河道整治影响而呈不规则变化.各重金属元素的富集程度为CdAsZnPbNiCu,其中,Cd污染等级为2~6级,污染程度为中度污染至极强污染.利用临界累积深度方法推算得到研究区域河道底泥环保疏浚深度为0~0.9 m.     

丹江口水库迁建区土壤重金属分布及污染评价

为了解丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤重金属污染水平及其潜在的生态风险,对丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤中6种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As)的含量及空间分布分别进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其中重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价.结果表明,丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As的平均含量分别为0.61、23.11、58.25、22.65、58.99、16.95 mg.kg-1;与河南省土壤元素背景值及全国水系沉积物平均值相比,6种重金属元素除Zn外均有一定程度的富集,其中,Cd富集程度最为严重,重金属污染形势不容乐观.Cu、Zn、Pb的空间分布趋势基本相似.与国内典型的水库沉积物中重金属含量相比,丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤中Cd、As的富集程度较严重.6种重金属之间的相关性表明,元素Pb与Cu、Zn两两之间均呈显著性正相关性,Cr与Pb、As之间亦分别呈现显著的正、负相关关系.由2种评价方法可知Cd为丹江口水库迁建区表层土壤中最主要的污染元素,且具有较强的生态危害.     

巢湖南淝河河口底泥污染特征及疏浚决策

为了解巢湖南淝河河口区域底泥污染特征,为底泥疏浚提供决策依据,对该区域底泥中营养物、重金属含量及释放特征进行分析,并采用有机指数法、污染指数法及潜在生态风险评价对底泥的污染状况进行评估.结果表明,调查区域总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）以及有机质（OM）的均值为1461 mg·kg^-1、438 mg·kg^-1和1.77%,在表层（0~10cm）富集明显,随着底泥深度增加有逐渐降低的趋势.有机污染指数和污染指数结果表明,表层底泥（0~10 cm）总氮、有机质处于中度污染状态,而总磷处于重度污染状态,且随着底泥深度的增加,污染风险逐渐降低,并在30 cm以下处于低风险.静态释放结果发现底泥氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和TP的平均释放通量分别为8.04 mg·（m²·d）^-1和0.19 mg·（m²·d）^-1,释放潜力较大,且与底泥营养物污染区域一致.对于底泥重金属而言,除Cr和Ni外的其它6种重金属含量均高于安徽省土壤背景值,其中Hg和Cd的含量超标最为严重,且重金属潜在生态风险结果表明,表层（0~20 cm）底泥均处于重污染风险等级,而30 cm以下底泥重金属降为低风险等级.底泥重金属浸出毒性实验结果表明,该区域底泥疏浚后重金属释放风险较低,不属于危险废物.根据以上结果,综合确定了南淝河口区域的重点疏浚面积（3.93 km²）和深度（30 cm）,为底泥疏浚提供了重要依据.     

鄱阳湖底泥中重金属污染现状评价

为了解丰、枯水期鄱阳湖沉积物中重金属含量以及各污染物的潜在生态危害程度,在对鄱阳湖污染现状详细调查与分析的基础上,利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对鄱阳湖底泥中的重金属污染进行综合性的评价分析,并与单因子指数评价结果相比较.结果表明,鄱阳湖底泥已经受到了不同程度的重金属污染.从总体的污染程度分析,各污染物的污染程度大小排列次序为:Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd,这与单因子指数法评价结果一致;各污染物对鄱阳湖生态风险构成危害的影响程度排列次序为:Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu;污染的地区和时间差异大,各采样点污染程度排序为:鄱阳饶河>鄱阳湖龙口>鄱阳湖南矶山>星子冬枯山>星子渔民村,且枯水期普遍大于丰水期.     

红枫湖沉积物中重金属污染特征与生态危害风险评价

调查了红枫湖沉积物中重金属的含量、分布特征与富集情况.分别以现代工业化前正常颗粒沉积物中重金属含量的最高背景值和红枫湖周边环境土壤的背景值为参比值,对红枫湖沉积物中重金属的富集系数和生态危害系数以及各采样点的生态危害指数进行了探讨,并结合瑞典学者Lars H(a)kanson潜在生态危害指数法对红枫湖沉积物中重金属的生态危害进行了评价.结果表明:该湖泊沉积物中重金属含量分布呈现一定的区域特征,北湖湖区重金属平均含量高于南湖湖区;以现代工业化前正常颗粒沉积物中重金属含量的最高背景值为参比值,重金属的富集顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb,污染水平顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn;以红枫湖周边环境土壤平均值为参比值,重金属的富集顺序为Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞As＞Pb＞Hg,污染水平顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn.     

南京市表层土壤重金属污染特征及污染来源

以南京市表层土壤为对象,研究了南京市不同功能区土壤重金属的污染特征,并采用主成分分析法对南京市土壤重金属的主要可能来源予以判别。结果表明：重金属污染主要在工业区和交通繁忙区相对较重,而居民区和公园区的重金属污染相对较轻。从本次调查的土壤重金属污染水平的对应分析结果来看,重金属Pb的富集系数为3.21,表现为强富集;而Cu、Zn的富集系数分别为：1.72和1.80,表现为一定的弱富集;Cr和N i的富集系数分别为0.99和1.00表现相对贫化,基本与背景值较接近.对南京市土壤重金属主成分分析结果表明：南京市市区的土壤重金属污染主要来自于交通排放和工业释放;同时,也应该看到对于城市公园和居民住宅区,城市垃圾、市政工程等也是目前环境污染的一个重要原因。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.