CNFM的制备及其协同电动技术修复土壤重金属的研究

首先采用静电纺丝工艺制备壳聚糖纳米纤维膜并优化了其制备条件,将制备的纳米纤维膜协同电动技术对土壤中的重金属（Cu、Cr）进行了修复.结果表明,纳米纤维膜制备的优化条件为：m（壳聚糖CS）/m（聚乙烯醇PVA）为20：80,乙酸质量浓度为20%,混合溶液质量分数为8%;所制备的纳米纤维膜平均直径为37.11nm,对金属的吸附平衡时间为4h.单一的电动修复来处理土壤中的重金属效率较低,Cu和Cr的去除效率仅为34.9%和11.7%;采用电动技术协同壳聚糖纳米纤维膜能显著提高重金属的去除效率,二者的去除效率分别达到了82%和91%.     

超声波与Triton X-100联合修复芘污染土壤的研究

该文研究了超声波联合非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100修复芘污染土壤的效果及不同因素对修复效果的影响。结果表明:增加处理次数有助于提升土壤中芘的去除率,3次处理总去除率较1次处理提高了30%。Triton X-100浓度的增加,可提高污染土壤中芘的去除率,且Triton X-100浓度为10.0 g/L时较2.0 g/L时去除率提高了18.90%。水土比为12∶1时,芘去除率达到峰值,水土比过高或过低芘去除率都会降低。随着超声时间的增加去除率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,超声时间为20 min时,对土壤中浓度为0.4 g/kg的芘去除率达到最高的75.30%。相同条件下对低浓度芘污染土壤的处理效果好于高浓度污染土壤,芘浓度为0.1 g/kg的土壤去除率比1.0 g/kg的土壤上升了46.70%。该研究结果表明超声波和表面活性剂联合处理技术具有一定的应用于土壤修复的价值和潜力。     

EK∕PRB修复砷污染土壤影响因素及机理

为明确EK/PRB（电动联合渗透反应格栅）修复As污染土壤过程中各因素的影响机理、提高As的去除效率,以As污染高岭土为研究对象,考察PRB加入、PRB位置、pH调控及腐殖酸强化影响下,EK/PRB系统中电流密度、土壤pH分布和土壤中As残余量、电渗透系数及电渗流的变化规律;探讨EK/PRB修复后土壤中As形态的迁移转化规律.结果表明:①单独EK修复对土壤中As的去除效率较低,加入PRB后去除率为由42%增至57%,并且EK/PRB修复可以将土壤中的As由不容易去除的可还原态转变成较容易去除的酸溶态.②采用盐酸调节阴极pH,可以将土壤中As的去除率由57%增至63%,但同时能耗也明显升高,由5.22 kW·h/g升至39.38 kW·h/g.③添加腐殖酸会促进土壤中As的迁移、提高As的去除效率,但也会增加土壤中难处理的可氧化态和残渣态As的占比.研究显示,EK/PRB除As过程中以PRB的去除作用为主,阴极pH调控及腐殖酸强化均可以提高土壤中As的去除率.      

金发草对土壤中菲、芘的修复机制

采用盆栽试验法,研究岩生植物金发草(Pogonatherum paniceum L.)对土壤中芘、菲的去除效果与修复机制.结果显示,在试验浓度范围(20～322 mg·kg^-1)内,种植金发草能有效去除土壤中芘、菲污染. 70 d后,菲、芘去除率分别为50.97%～86.77%、 46.45%～76.7%;比对照1(加0.1% NaN₃)高63.56%、 58.6%,比对照2(无NaN₃)高46.09%、 42.92%.金发草能吸收、富集部分菲和芘,根、茎叶组织中菲、芘含量随菲、芘添加浓度的升高而增大,且根部大于茎叶部、芘大于菲,但生物浓缩系数却逐渐减小.修复过程中,非生物因子、植物代谢、富集、微生物降解对菲的去除率分别为5.1%、 0.32%、 4.22%、 17.47%,对芘的去除率分别为2.56%、 4.27%、 2.01%、 15.68%;植物-微生物间的交互作用对菲、芘的去除率分别为41.56%、 36.64%.说明植物-微生物交互作用是金发草修复土壤中菲芘污染的主要机制.     

铬-菲复合污染土壤的电动修复效果

为了解决常规电动修复方法对土壤重金属-有机物复合污染去除效率低的问题,采用向电解液中添加表面活性剂以及控制阴极电解液为酸性的电动强化修复技术,以Cr和菲为代表性污染物,研究电压和表面活性剂〔TritonX-100(曲拉通100)、SDBS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)〕以及阴极电解液pH对修复效果的影响. 结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)以阴离子团形式呈现向阳极迁移的趋势,菲呈现向阴极迁移的趋势;随着施加电压的升高,污染物去除率也会相应提高,当电压梯度升至1.0 V/cm时,Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)、菲的去除率分别达到34.3%、76.9%、12.7%. 在电压梯度为1 V/cm的条件下,控制阴极电解液pH为4.00时,Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)、菲的去除率分别升至45.1%、84.8%、23.1%;向电解液中添加表面活性剂后能提高污染物的去除率,其中,添加SDBS能够将Cr-菲复合污染土壤中Cr(T)、Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率由34.3%、76.9%升至39.9%、82.0%,添加TritonX-100能够将有机物菲的去除率由12.7%升至27.0%. 研究显示,修复处理后污染物浓度均有不同程度的降低,充分表明电动处理时提高修复电压、添加表面活性剂以及控制阴极电解液的酸碱性可以明显促进污染物在土壤中的迁移.      

土壤性质对铜-芘复合污染土壤电动-氧化修复的影响研究

重金属-有机复合污染土壤的修复是污染土壤修复的难点之一.选取我国3种典型土壤（红壤、黄棕壤和黑土）,以铜和芘为模式污染物,分别代表典型的重金属和有机污染物,研究了不同土壤类型对电动-氧化技术处理铜和芘复合污染土壤的影响机制.试验中阴、阳极电解液的组分均为10%的羟丙基-β环糊精、12%H2O2和0.01 mol.L-1 NaNO3溶液,施加电压梯度为1V.cm-1.经过15 d电动修复后,红壤、黄棕壤和黑土中总芘去除率分别为38.5%、46.8%和51.3%,总铜去除率分别为85.0%、22.6%和24.1%.pH较高的黑土产生高电渗流,增加了氧化剂与污染物的接触,同时较低的黏粒含量也有利于芘的解吸.红壤的低pH和低有机质含量影响了重金属的形态分布,提高了铜去除率.研究表明不同土壤的pH、黏粒含量和重金属的形态分布等是影响不同类型土壤上铜和芘迁移和修复效率的主导因素.     

电动力和铁PRB技术联合修复铬(Ⅵ)污染土壤

考察了电动力学方法对模拟铬(Ⅵ)污染土壤以及天津市原同生化工厂遗留下的铬渣山周边土壤的修复效果,并将该技术与铁可渗透反应格栅(permeable reactive barrier,PRB)技术联用,找出了较好的联用方式,与单一电动修复进行了对比.研究表明,电动力学技术能有效地修复被铬(Ⅵ)污染的土壤,模拟污染土壤铬(Ⅵ)的去除率达98%～100%,总铬去除率在阳极室附近为80%左右,而阴极室附近则为90%以上,恢复到土壤背景值;铬(Ⅵ)去除的同时伴随着铬(Ⅵ)向铬(Ⅲ)的转化,修复结束时土壤中残留的铬90%以上为铬(Ⅲ);污染极其严重的铬渣山下土,由于含约28%的铬(Ⅲ),修复结束时铬(Ⅵ)的去除率达98%以上,而总铬去除率仅为75%～77%;阳极室附近土壤pH降低而阴极室附近土壤pH升高,处于两极中间位置的pH变化不大.电动力学与铁PRB原位联用方式能充分地利用这2种技术的优点,修复后,土壤任意位置的总铬去除率接近90%,阳极室附近尤为好于单一电动修复,对土壤pH的影响也较小.     

微生物对土壤与沉积物吸附多环芳烃的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附多环芳烃（PAHs）菲、苯并［a］芘过程的影响.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与苯并［a］芘都可进行吸附或生物降解,48h液相PAHs浓度达到平衡时,微生物对菲消除了98％,对苯并［a］芘消除85％;接种的样品48h吸附等温线均呈线形,能较好地符合线性方程;在接种微生物情况下,沉积物与土壤对菲和苯并［a］芘吸附特征均发生较大变化,对菲的吸附量增大约35倍,而对苯并［a］芘的吸附量却降低了2/3左右;未接种微生物的土壤和沉积物对菲解吸率为20％,接种的样品组为2.9％,而对苯并［a］芘的解吸结果与菲相反,未接种的对照组为4％,接种的样品组为13％.微生物在土壤与沉积物吸附PAHs的过程中起主导作用.     

贵州石漠化土壤中菲和芘解吸行为的研究

为了探明典型多环芳烃(PAHs)在石漠化土壤中的迁移行为,揭示石漠化土壤理化性质对PAHs迁移的影响机制,选取贵州省不同石漠化等级区域的石灰土,采用批解吸法结合Pearson相关系数分析,研究菲和芘在不同溶液中的解吸行为。结果表明:石漠化等级越高,菲和芘的解吸越容易,菲和芘的解吸滞后系数(HI值)分别从无石漠化土壤的0.73和0.46降至重度石漠化土壤的0.54和0.28,菲和芘的非线性指数(N值)分别从无石漠化土壤的0.514和0.557增至重度石漠化土壤的0.606和0.637。解吸动力学研究表明:随着石漠化等级升高,菲和芘的快解吸组分(F_rap)含量增加,增幅分别为24.14%和18.14%,快解吸速率(K_rap)分别从6.56,1.26 h-1增至8.16,7.98 h-1。土壤有机质含量、孔隙度、比表面积和阳离子交换量是影响贵州石漠化土壤解吸菲和芘的4个主要因子,均与菲和芘的解吸能力呈负相关。不同解吸环境对比实验表明:石漠化土壤的富钙特性是影响菲和芘解吸的重要因素,电解质溶液中Ca2+会促进菲和芘的解吸。在石漠化等级越高的土壤中菲和芘解吸越容易,这与土壤的富钙特性紧密相关。     

蚯蚓辅助微生物修复芘污染土壤

通过微宇宙实验,研究了蚯蚓对不同土壤中芘的微生物降解率的影响及蚯蚓对芘的富集率.结果表明,有机质较高土壤中芘的微生物降解率和蚯蚓富集率都低于有机质低的土壤,而老化作用降低了芘的生物有效性.无论在新鲜染毒还是老化的土壤中.蚯蚓均可提高土壤中芘的去除率和微生物降解率.在新鲜染毒的红壤和潮土中,蚯蚓可使芘的去除率由41.78%和27.02%分别提高到89.24%和57.53%,其中分别有51.48%和41.63%是蚯蚓促进的微生物降解作用引起的,37.76%和15.90%归因于蚯蚓富集作用.而在老化的红壤和潮土中,蚯蚓可使芘的去除率由36.53%和20.50%分别提高到91.93%和45.46%,其中分别有54.43%和32.83%是蚯蚓促进的微生物降解作用引起的,37.50%和12.63%归因于蚯蚓富集作用.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.